Restructuring and other

6 Months Ended

Jun. 30, 2021

Restructuring and Related Activities [Abstract]

Restructuring and other

Restructuring and otherRestructuring and other includes charges or expenses attributable to: (i) employee severance; (ii) management restructuring and related costs; (iii) restructuring and integration; (iv) cost savings initiatives; (v) major litigation; and (vi) acquisition and disposition related costs and other unusual items. The following table summarizes pre-tax restructuring and other costs for the periods presented:

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2021		2020		2021		2020
Employee severance and related(1)	$	1	$	12	$	2	$	30
Restructuring, integration and other(2)	31		4		51		8
Total	$	32	$	16	$	53	$	38
(1) The three and six months ended June 30, 2020 includes $10 million and $24 million, respectively, in severance and other benefits granted to employees as a result of COVID-19 related austerity measures.
(2) The three and six months ended June 30, 2021 largely includes cost associated with strategic and business optimization initiatives (see the Strategic Review section in Note 1).