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Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2018
Goodwill and Intangible Assets Disclosure [Abstract]  
Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill
Intangible Assets, net and Goodwill
Intangible Assets, net    
The following tables present certain information regarding our intangible assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. Amortizable intangible assets are being amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives with no estimated residual values, which materially approximates the expected pattern of use.
 
December 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017

Gross Carrying
Value

Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net Balance
 
Gross Carrying
Value
 
Accumulated
Amortization
 
Net Balance
Amortizable intangible assets:
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Customer relationships
$
1,083.9

 
$
(298.7
)
 
$
785.2

 
$
881.4

 
$
(214.8
)
 
$
666.6

Intellectual property 
930.6

 
(452.6
)
 
478.0

 
788.1

 
(332.7
)
 
455.4

Licenses
546.2

 
(253.5
)
 
292.7

 
419.5

 
(206.9
)
 
212.6

Brand names
123.4

 
(58.9
)
 
64.5

 
125.7

 
(46.5
)
 
79.2

Trade names
107.3

 
(22.5
)
 
84.8

 
98.7

 
(14.7
)
 
84.0

Patents and other
23.3

 
(13.6
)
 
9.7

 
27.1

 
(14.5
)
 
12.6


2,814.7

 
(1,099.8
)
 
1,714.9

 
2,340.5

 
(830.1
)
 
1,510.4

Non-amortizable intangible assets:
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trade names
96.3

 
(2.1
)
 
94.2

 
96.3

 
(2.1
)
 
94.2

Total intangible assets
$
2,911.0

 
$
(1,101.9
)
 
$
1,809.1

 
$
2,436.8

 
$
(832.2
)
 
$
1,604.6

    
The following reflects intangible amortization expense included within D&A:
 
Year Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Amortization expense
$
297.1

 
$
260.0

 
$
251.9


Estimated intangible asset amortization expense for the year ending December 31, 2019 and each of the subsequent four years:
 
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
Amortization expense
$
284.5

 
$
241.1

 
$
223.6

 
$
195.7

 
$
189.3


Goodwill

Following the NYX acquisition, in the first quarter of 2018, we revised our operating segments as described in Note 2. As a result of our resegmentation during the first quarter of 2018, we reviewed our operating segments in accordance with ASC 350 to determine if additional reporting units exist within our operating segments based on the availability of discrete financial information that is regularly reviewed by segment management. We determined that we have nine reporting units: Instant Products, U.S. Lottery Systems, International Lottery Systems, SG Gaming, legacy U.K. Gaming, Casino Management Systems, Table Products, Social Gaming, and SG Digital. The change in our reporting units resulted in the allocation of $116.9 million of the previous Interactive reporting unit goodwill balance to the new Social Gaming reporting unit with the remaining $7.5 million allocated to the new SG Digital reporting unit, which allocation was determined based on the relative fair value approach in accordance with ASC 350.

The table below reconciles the change in the carrying value of goodwill, by business segment, for the period from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2018.
 
 
Gaming(1)
 
Lottery(2)
 
Interactive
 
Social
 
Digital
 
Totals
Balance as of December 31, 2016
 
$
2,428.6

 
$
350.0

 
$
109.8

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,888.4

Acquired goodwill
 
—

 
—

 
14.6

 
—

 
—

 
14.6

Foreign currency adjustments
 
46.9

 
6.2

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
53.1

Balance as of December 31, 2017
 
2,475.5

 
356.2

 
124.4

 
—

 
—

 
2,956.1

Reporting unit reallocation adjustment
 
—

 
—

 
(124.4
)
 
116.9

 
7.5

 
—

Acquired goodwill
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
379.1

 
379.1

Foreign currency adjustments
 
(27.0
)
 
(3.8
)
 
—

 
(1.8
)
 
(22.7
)
 
(55.3
)
Balance as of December 31, 2018
 
$
2,448.5

 
$
352.4

 
$
—

 
$
115.1

 
$
363.9

 
$
3,279.9

(1) Accumulated goodwill impairment charges for the Gaming segment as of December 31, 2018 were $935.0 million.
(2) Accumulated goodwill impairment charges for the Lottery segment as of December 31, 2018 were $136.6 million.