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Stock-Based Compensation (Tables)
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2015
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense by Award Type
The Company recognized the following amounts of stock-based compensation expense by award type for the years ended December 31 (in millions):
Award type:
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Stock appreciation rights
 
$
5.7

 
$
5.0

 
$
5.2

Common stock equivalents
 
0.6

 
0.6

 
0.6

Restricted stock units
 
39.8

 
33.2

 
28.9

Total (1)
 
$
46.1

 
$
38.8

 
$
34.7

 

(1)
Includes charges of $20.1 million, $14.8 million, and $12.5 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, for awards to retirement-eligible employees. These awards vest on an accelerated basis
Schedule of Stock-based Compensation Expense by Expense Category
Stock-based compensation expense was recognized by line item in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31 as follows (in millions):  
Amount recorded in:
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Costs of services and product development
 
$
20.6

 
$
17.6

 
$
15.3

Selling, general, and administrative
 
25.5

 
21.2

 
19.4

Total
 
$
46.1

 
$
38.8

 
$
34.7
Schedule of Fair Value Assumptions of SARS
The fair value of the SARs granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes-Merton valuation model with the following weighted-average assumptions for the years ended December 31:

 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Expected dividend yield (1)
—
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
Expected stock price volatility (2)
24
%
 
25
%
 
35
%
Risk-free interest rate (3)
1.5
%
 
1.3
%
 
0.8
%
Expected life in years (4)
4.41

 
4.43

 
4.49

 

(1)
The dividend yield assumption is based on both the history and expectation of the Company’s dividend payouts. Historically the Company has not paid cash dividends on its Common Stock.

(2)
The determination of expected stock price volatility was based on both historical Common Stock prices and the implied volatility from publicly traded options in Common Stock.

(3)
The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of a U.S. Treasury security with a maturity similar to the expected life of the award.

(4)
The expected life represents the Company’s weighted-average estimate of the period of time the SARs are expected to be outstanding (that is, the period between the service inception date and the expected exercise date).
Stock Appreciation Rights (SARs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of Summary of the Changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs Outstanding
The following table summarizes changes in SARs outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2015:  
 
SARs in
millions
 
Per Share
Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
 
Per Share
Weighted-
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Weighted-
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
1.4

 
$
44.44

 
$
13.26

 
4.34 years

Granted
0.3

 
77.92

 
17.56

 
6.11 years

Forfeited
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Exercised
(0.4
)
 
32.53

 
11.35

 
na

Outstanding at December 31, 2015 (1), (2)
1.3

 
$
56.47

 
$
14.92

 
4.46 years

Vested and exercisable at December 31, 2015 (2)
0.5

 
$
43.51

 
$
13.49

 
3.38 years

 

na = not applicable
 
(1)
At December 31, 2015, 0.8 million of these SARs were unvested. The Company expects that substantially all of these unvested awards will vest in future periods.

(2)
At December 31, 2015, SARs outstanding had an intrinsic value of $45.8 million. SARs vested and exercisable had an intrinsic value of $23.7 million.
Restricted Stock Units (RSUs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of Summary of the Changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs Outstanding
The following table summarizes the changes in RSUs outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2015:  
 
Restricted
Stock Units
(RSUs)
(in millions)
 
Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
1.4

 
$
50.76

Granted (1)
0.6

 
79.22

Vested and released
(0.6
)
 
47.82

Forfeited
—

 
—

Outstanding at December 31, 2015 (2), (3)
1.4

 
$
62.80

 

(1)
The 0.6 million RSUs granted in 2015 consisted of 0.3 million performance-based RSUs awarded to executives and 0.3 million service-based RSUs awarded to non-executive employees and non-management board members. The aggregate target number of performance-based RSUs awarded in 2015 was 0.2 million but the final award was subject to the adjustment from 0% to 200% of the target number depending upon the level achieved in the Company's subscription-based research contract value ("CV') measured at December 31, 2015. The actual CV level achieved for 2015 resulted in an adjustment of 160% to the target number of performance-based RSUs awarded, which in turn resulted in the final grant of approximately 0.3 million performance-based RSUs to the executives for 2015.

(2)
The Company expects that substantially all of the outstanding awards at December 31, 2015 will vest in future periods.

(3)
The weighted-average remaining contractual term of the outstanding RSUs is approximately 1 year.
Common Stock Equivalents (CSEs)  
Share-based Compensation Arrangement by Share-based Payment Award [Line Items]  
Schedule of Summary of the Changes in SARS, RSUs, and CSEs Outstanding
The following table summarizes the changes in CSEs outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2015:  
 
Common Stock
Equivalents
(CSEs)
 
Per Share
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2014
104,203

 
$
18.65

Granted
7,443

 
85.15

Converted to common shares
(5,982
)
 
85.12

Outstanding at December 31, 2015
105,664

 
$
19.57