Income taxes (Tables)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2015

Total Income Before Income Taxes and Provision for Income Taxes

Following is the total income before income taxes and the provision for income taxes for the three years ended December 31, 2015.

Year ended December 31 (millions)		2015			2014			2013
Income (loss) before income taxes
United States	$	(130.6	)	$	(19.9	)	$	28.4
Foreign		71.8			165.4			191.0
Total income (loss) before income taxes	$	(58.8	)	$	145.5		$	219.4
Provision for income taxes
Current
United States	$	1.0		$	2.1		$	8.0
Foreign		42.2			59.4			63.0
State and local		.3			1.0			(.2	)
Total		43.5			62.5			70.8
Deferred
Foreign		.9			23.7			28.5
Total provision for income taxes	$	44.4		$	86.2		$	99.3

Reconciliation of the Provision for Income Taxes

Following is a reconciliation of the provision for income taxes at the United States statutory tax rate to the provision for income taxes as reported:

Year ended December 31 (millions)	2015			2014			2013
United States statutory income tax provision (benefit)	$	(20.6	)	$	50.9		$	76.8
Income and losses for which no provision or benefit has been recognized		69.1			35.7			13.5
Foreign rate differential and other foreign tax expense		(15.9	)		(22.0	)		(23.0	)
Income tax withholdings		12.5			17.1			15.4
Permanent items		(1.9)			1.1			4.0
Enacted rate changes		9.1			–			8.9
Change in uncertain tax positions		1.5			.2			4.4
Change in valuation allowances due to changes in judgment		(5.4	)		7.0			(.5	)
Income tax credits, U.S.		(4.0	)		(3.9	)		–
Other		–			.1			(.2	)
Provision for income taxes	$	44.4		$	86.2		$	99.3

Significant Portions of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards that give rise to significant portions of deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2015 and 2014 were as follows:

December 31 (millions)		2015			2014
Deferred tax assets
Tax loss carryforwards	$	854.5		$	883.3
Postretirement benefits		695.7			791.3
Foreign tax credit carryforwards		263.2			245.5
Other tax credit carryforwards		86.7			88.0
Deferred revenue		65.7			60.5
Employee benefits and compensation		49.9			44.6
Purchased capitalized software		39.5			39.3
Depreciation		36.8			34.9
Warranty, bad debts and other reserves		14.1			12.8
Capitalized costs		13.0			16.3
Capitalized research and development		3.2			36.0
Other		39.7			29.5
		2,162.0			2,282.0
Valuation allowance		(2,024.9	)		(2,107.8	)
Total deferred tax assets	$	137.1		$	174.2
Deferred tax liabilities
Other	$	22.7		$	37.9
Total deferred tax liabilities	$	22.7		$	37.9
Net deferred tax assets	$	114.4		$	136.3

Reconciliation of Changes in Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Year ended December 31 (millions)	2015			2014			2013
Balance at January 1	$	35.0		$	26.3		$	29.2
Additions based on tax positions related to the current year		3.4			14.4			(2.4	)
Changes for tax positions of prior years		(4.0	)		(1.4	)		(.1	)
Reductions as a result of a lapse of applicable statute of limitations		(3.4	)		(1.6	)		–
Settlements		(.9	)		(.9	)		(.2	)
Changes due to foreign currency		(2.4	)		(1.8	)		(.2	)
Balance at December 31	$	27.7		$	35.0		$	26.3