Cost-reduction actions

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

During 2022, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $54.9 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $7.5 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $7.1 million and (b) a charge of $0.4 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded net charges of $47.4 million comprised of charges of $13.6 million related to held-for-sale assets (see Note 14, “Properties” for further details), $10.9 million for asset impairments, $11.3 million for idle leased facilities costs, $9.3 million for contract exit costs, $2.9 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries and a credit of $0.6 million for changes in estimates related to other cost-reduction efforts.

During 2021, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $23.2 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $0.4 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $12.3 million and (b) a credit of $11.9 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $22.8 million comprised of $12.6 million for asset impairments, $6.2 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts and $4.0 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries.

During 2020, the company recognized cost-reduction charges and other costs of $95.5 million. The net charges related to work-force reductions were $25.5 million, principally related to severance costs, and were comprised of: (a) a charge of $39.0 million and (b) a credit of $13.5 million for changes in estimates. In addition, the company recorded charges of $70.0 million comprised of $32.3 million for net foreign currency losses related to exiting foreign countries, $24.0 million for asset impairments and $13.7 million for other expenses related to cost-reduction efforts.

The charges (credits) were recorded in the following statement of income (loss) classifications:


Year ended December 31,	2022		2021		2020
Cost of revenue
Services	$	19.1	$	(2.5)	$	22.2
Technology	7.6		7.6		—
Selling, general and administrative	24.7		11.1		38.5
Research and development	0.6		3.0		2.5
Other (expenses), net	2.9		4.0		32.3
Total	$	54.9	$	23.2	$	95.5

Liabilities and expected future payments related to the company’s work-force reduction actions are as follows:


	Total		U.S.		International
Balance at December 31, 2019	$	49.8	$	5.2	$	44.6
Additional provisions	39.0		13.8		25.2
Payments	(21.5)		(3.2)		(18.3)
Changes in estimates	(13.5)		(2.7)		(10.8)
Translation adjustments	2.1		—		2.1
Balance at December 31, 2020	55.9		13.1		42.8
Additional provisions	12.3		7.9		4.4
Payments	(38.5)		(13.2)		(25.3)
Changes in estimates	(11.9)		(2.1)		(9.8)
Translation adjustments	(1.5)		—		(1.5)
Balance at December 31, 2021	16.3		5.7		10.6
Additional provisions	7.1		3.6		3.5
Payments	(11.5)		(4.1)		(7.4)
Changes in estimates	0.4		(1.0)		1.4
Translation adjustments	(0.6)		—		(0.6)
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	11.7	$	4.2	$	7.5

Expected future payments on balance at December 31, 2022:
In 2023	$	11.7	$	4.2	$	7.5