Year Ended December 31,

2023

2022

2021

Investment income, net

Interest, dividend and accretion income

$

2,856

$

793

$

157

Net realized gain on the sale of investments

—

17

Unrealized loss on investments, net

—

(26)

(1,872)

Interest income from investments in SPEs

8,012

8,078

Interest earned on notes receivable and other interest

2,414

1,083

874

Total investment income, net

13,282

9,862

7,254

Interest expense

Interest incurred for project financing and other interest expense

(21,762)

(9,542)

(7,027)

Interest expense and amortization of discount and issuance costs for Senior Notes issued by SPE

(8,856)

(8,841)

(8,827)

Total interest expense

(30,618)

(18,383)

(15,854)

Gain on contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures

718

2,738

3,558

Equity in income (loss) from unconsolidated joint ventures

22,701

25,986

(865)

Other income (expense), net

Accretion income from retained interest investments

2,594

1,671

1,532

Gain on insurance recoveries

—

9,835

4,853

Loss from hurricane damage

—

(51)

(56)

Miscellaneous income, net

651

1,492

3,852

Other income, net

3,245

12,947

10,181

Total other income, net

$

9,328

$

33,150

$

4,274