16. Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) consists of the following:


	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
	2019		2018		2019		2018
Investment income, net
Interest and dividend income	$	1,637	$	1,802	$	5,752	$	7,025
Accretion income		—		218		84		641
Net realized gain (loss) on the sale of investments		28		125		26		(961)
Other-than-temporary impairment loss		—		(1,660)		—		(1,723)
Unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net		(1,439)		(89)		(1,305)		641
Interest income from investments in SPEs		2,047		2,049		6,143		6,148
Interest accrued on notes receivable and other interest		98		130		252		450
Total investment income, net		2,371		2,575		10,952		12,221
Interest expense
Interest expense and amortization of discount and issuance costs for Senior Notes issued by SPE		(2,201)		(2,197)		(6,599)		(6,590)
Other interest expense		(908)		(729)		(2,476)		(2,315)
Total interest expense		(3,109)		(2,926)		(9,075)		(8,905)
Other income (expense), net
Gain on land contribution to equity method investment		846		—		2,317		—
Accretion income from retained interest investments		335		316		982		909
Insurance proceeds		1,243		—		5,314		—
Hurricane expense		(575)		—		(1,703)		—
Miscellaneous income (expense), net		298		(48)		216		(122)
Other income, net		2,147		268		7,126		787
Total other income (expense), net	$	1,409	$	(83)	$	9,003	$	4,103

Investment Income, Net

Interest and dividend income includes interest income accrued or received on the Company’s corporate debt securities, commercial paper and money market funds, and dividend income received from the Company’s investments in preferred stock. Accretion income includes the amortization of the premium or accretion of discount related to the Company’s available-for-sale securities, which is amortized based on an effective interest rate method over the term of the available-for-sale securities. Net realized gain (loss) on the sale of investments include the gains or losses recognized on the sale of available-for-sale and equity securities prior to maturity. Other-than-temporary impairment loss includes impairments related to the Company’s corporate debt securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Unrealized (loss) gain on investments, net includes unrealized gains or losses on investments - equity securities.

Interest income from investments in SPEs primarily includes interest earned on the investments held by Panama City Timber Finance Company, LLC, which is used to pay the interest expense for Senior Notes held by Northwest Florida Timber Finance, LLC.

Interest Expense

Interest expense includes interest incurred related to the Company’s CDD debt, Senior Notes issued by Northwest Florida Timber Finance, LLC, project financing and finance leases. Borrowing costs, including the discount and issuance costs for the Senior Notes issued by Northwest Florida Timber Finance, LLC, are amortized based on the effective interest method at an effective rate of 4.9%.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 the Company capitalized $0.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively in interest related to projects under development. During both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 the Company capitalized $0.1 million in interest related to projects under development. These amounts are included within investment in real estate, net on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net primarily includes gain on land contributions, income from the Company’s retained interest investments, insurance proceeds, hurricane expenses and other income and expense items. The three and nine months ended September 30, 2019 include a gain of $0.8 million on land contributed to the Company’s unconsolidated Busy Bee JV. The nine months ended September 30, 2019, include a gain of $1.5 million on land contributed to the Company’s unconsolidated Pier Park TPS JV. See Note 9, Real Estate Joint Ventures for additional information. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2019, the Company received $1.2 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of insurance proceeds and incurred $0.6 million and $1.7 million, respectively, of hurricane expenses related to Hurricane Michael. See Note 6. Hurricane Michael for additional information. These amounts were included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

The Company records the accretion of investment income from its retained interest investment over the life of the retained interest using the effective yield method with rates ranging from 3.7% to 11.7%.