NOTE B — BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Interim Financial Statements

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements as of March 31, 2020 and for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are unaudited. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and are presented in accordance with the requirements of Regulation S-X of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) and with the instructions to Form 10-Q. Accordingly, they do not include all the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements.

In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three and six-month periods ended March 31, 2020 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2020. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2019 and footnotes thereto included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K of the Company filed with the SEC on December 12, 2019, as amended.

Principles of Consolidation

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, APDN (B.V.I.) Inc., Applied DNA Sciences Europe Limited, and Applied DNA Sciences India Private Limited, and its majority-owned subsidiary, LineaRx, Inc. (“LRx”). Significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. To facilitate comparison of information across periods, certain reclassifications have been made to prior year amounts to conform to the current year’s presentation. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2019 contained herein has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2019 but does not include all disclosures required by GAAP.

On October 31, 2019, the Company filed a Certificate of Amendment of its Certificate of Incorporation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware that effected a one-for-forty (1:40) reverse stock split of its common stock, par value $.001 per share (“Common Stock”), effective November 1, 2019. All warrant, option, share, and per share information in the condensed consolidated financial statements gives retroactive effect to a one-for-forty reverse stock split that was affected on November 1, 2019.

Liquidity

The Company has recurring net losses, which have resulted in an accumulated deficit of $262,423,267 as of March 31, 2020. The Company incurred a net loss of $5,617,678 and generated negative operating cash flow of $5,151,404 for the six month period ended March 31, 2020. At March 31, 2020 the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $8,662,889 and working capital of $8,129,189.

The Company has historically financed its activities through the sale of Common Stock and warrants. Through March 31, 2020, the Company has dedicated most of its financial resources to research and development, including the development and validation of its own technologies as well as, advancing its intellectual property, and general and administrative activities.

As discussed in Note F, on November 15, 2019, the Company closed on an underwritten public offering of 2,285,000 shares of Common Stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,285,000 shares of Common Stock. Each share of Common Stock was sold together with one warrant to purchase one share of Common Stock at a combined effective price to the public of $5.25 per share and accompanying warrant. Gross proceeds, before underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses, were approximately $12.0 million. After deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses, the total net proceeds were $10.5 million. In addition, during the three month period ended March 31, 2020, 566,950 of these warrants were exercised, resulting in net proceeds to the Company of approximately $2.77 million. Subsequent to the three month period ended March 31, 2020 an additional $2.91 million of net proceeds was received from the exercise of these warrants.

The Company expects to finance its operations primarily through cash received from the November 2019 underwritten public offering and the subsequent warrant exercises, discussed above, as well as collection of its accounts receivable. The Company estimates that it will have sufficient cash and cash equivalents to fund operations for the next twelve months from the date of filing of this quarterly report. Historically, the Company has financed its operations principally from the sale of equity and equity-linked securities.

The Company may require additional funds to complete the continued development of its products, product manufacturing, and to fund expected additional losses from operations until revenues are sufficient to cover its operating expenses. If revenues are not sufficient to cover the Company’s operating expenses, and if the Company is not successful in obtaining the necessary additional financing, the Company will most likely be forced to reduce operations.

COVID-19 Risks and Uncertainties

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (“COVID-19”) as a pandemic which continues to spread throughout the United States. The Company is monitoring this, and although operations have not been materially affected by the COVID-19 outbreak as of and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020, we are unable to predict the impact that COVID-19 will have on our future financial position and operating results due to numerous uncertainties. On March 7, 2020 the Governor of New York declared a health emergency and issued an order to close all nonessential businesses until at least May 15, 2020. Portions of the Company’s business are deemed to be an essential business, such as its government and pharmaceutical contracts, as well as its vaccine and diagnostic candidate development. However, we have experienced, and may continue to experience in the future, facility closures related to our “nonessential” businesses, and pursuant to the government order, the Company has reduced the scope of its operations and where possible, certain workers are telecommuting from their homes. As discussed in Note J below, the Company received a loan of approximately $847 thousand on May 1, 2020 from Bank of America as lender pursuant to the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the “CARES Act”).

As a result of COVID-19 the Company has experienced a decline in revenues from non-biological tagging and related services. Due to the rapid development and fluidity of this situation, the magnitude and duration of the pandemic and its impact on the Company's future operations and liquidity is uncertain as of the date of this quarterly report. While there could ultimately be a material impact on operations and liquidity of the Company, at the time of issuance, the impact could not be determined.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The most complex and subjective estimates include revenue recognition, recoverability of long-lived assets, including the values assigned to goodwill, intangible assets and property and equipment, fair value calculations for stock-based compensation and convertible promissory notes, contingencies, allowance for doubtful accounts and management’s anticipated liquidity. Management reviews its estimates on a regular basis and the effects of any material revisions are reflected in the condensed consolidated financial statements in the period they are deemed necessary. Accordingly, actual results could differ from those estimates.

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as of and for the three and six months ended March 31, 2020 did not have a material impact on the valuation of the Company’s intangible assets or reporting units that contain goodwill. As such, we concluded that a triggering event, which would require interim impairment testing for any intangible assets, or reporting units that contain goodwill, did not occur. The Company will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of impacts related to COVID-19 on its business and any impact they may have on management's estimates. The duration and severity of the outbreak and its long-term impact on the Company’s business is uncertain at this time.

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued accounting standard updates which clarified principles for recognizing revenue arising from contracts with customers (“ASC 606” or “Topic 606”) and superseded most current revenue recognition guidance, including industry-specific guidance.

The core principle of the revenue standard is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to clients in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. ASC 606 applies a five-step model for revenue measurement and recognition and also requires increased disclosures including the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows related to contracts with clients.

The Company measures revenue at the amounts that reflect the consideration to which it is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring control of goods and services to customers. The Company recognizes revenue either at the point in time or over the period of time that performance obligations to customers are satisfied. The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple performance obligations (e.g. taggants, maintenance, authentication services, research and development services, etc.). For such arrangements, the Company allocates revenues to each performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling price.

The Company recognizes revenue upon transfer of control of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive for those goods or services, including any variable consideration.

Due to the short-term nature of the Company’s contracts with customers, it has elected to apply the practical expedients under Topic 606 to: (1) expense as incurred, incremental costs of obtaining a contract and (2) not adjust the consideration for the effects of a significant financing component for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Product Revenues and Authentication Services

The Company’s PCR-produced linear DNA products, including molecular taggants, are manufactured in accordance with contracts with customers. The Company recognizes revenue upon satisfying its promises to transfer goods or services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company transfers control of the goods to the customer, which in nearly all cases is when title to and risk of loss of the goods transfer to the customer. The timing of transfer of title and risk of loss is dictated by customary or explicitly stated contract terms. The Company does not consider payment terms of a performance obligation for customers with contractual terms that are one year or less and has elected the practical expedient. Nearly all of the Company’s sales contracts reflect market pricing at the time the contract is executed, or are one year or less, and generally provide for shipment within 30 to 60 days after the price has been agreed upon with the customer. The Company invoices customers upon shipment, and its collection terms range, on average, from 30 to 60 days.

The cotton ginning season in the United States takes place between September and March each year; therefore, revenues from these customer contracts may be seasonal and are recognized primarily during the first and fourth quarters of the Company’s fiscal year.

Authentication Services

The Company recognizes revenue for authentication services upon satisfying its promises to provide services to customers under the terms of its contracts. These performance obligations are satisfied at the point in time the Company services are complete, which in nearly all cases is when the authentication report is released to the customer.

Research and Development Services

The Company records revenue for its research and development contracts using the over-time revenue recognition model. Revenue is primarily measured using the cost-to-cost method, which the Company believes best depicts the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of actual costs incurred to the total estimated costs expected upon satisfying the identified performance obligation.

Revenues are recorded proportionally as costs are incurred. For contracts where the total costs cannot be estimated, revenues are recognized for the actual costs incurred during a period until the remaining costs to complete a contract can be estimated. The Company has elected to not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table presents revenues disaggregated by our business operations and timing of revenue recognition:


	Three Month Period Ended:
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development services (over-time)	$	286,598	$	593,588
Product and authentication services (point-in-time):
Supply chain		12,646		20,234
Asset marking		110,697		158,078
Large scale DNA production		142,532		6,568
Total	$	552,473	$	778,468


	Six Month Period Ended:
	March 31,		March 31,
	2020		2019
Research and development services (over-time)	$	653,431	$	1,092,117
Product and authentication services (point-in-time):
Supply chain		31,320		244,803
Asset marking		219,269		319,303
Large scale DNA production		281,972		6,568
Total	$	1,185,992	$	1,662,791

Contract balances

As of March 31, 2020, the Company has entered into contracts with customers for which revenue has not yet been recognized. Consideration received from a customer prior to revenue recognition is recorded to a contract liability and is recognized as revenue when the Company satisfies the related performance obligations under the terms of the contract. The Company’s contract liabilities, which are reported as deferred revenue on the condensed consolidated balance sheet, consist almost entirely of research and development contracts where consideration has been received and the development services have not yet been fully performed.

The opening and closing balances of the Company’s contract balances are as follows:


		October 1,		March 31,		$
	Balance sheet classification	2019		2020		change
Contract liabilities	Deferred revenue	$	628,993	$	671,526	$	42,533

For the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2020, the Company recognized $113,791 and $358,275, respectively, of revenue that was included in Contract liabilities as of October 1, 2019.

Inventories

Inventories, which consist primarily of raw materials, and finished goods, are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost determined by using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The Company estimates the degree to which tax assets and credit carry forwards will result in a benefit based on expected profitability by tax jurisdiction.

In its interim financial statements, the Company follows the guidance in ASC 270, “Interim Reporting” and ASC 740 “Income Taxes”, whereby the Company utilizes the expected annual effective tax rate in determining its income tax provisions for the interim periods. That rate differs from U.S. statutory rates primarily as a result of a valuation allowance related to the Company’s net operating loss carryforward as a result of the historical losses of the Company.

Net Loss Per Share

The Company presents loss per share utilizing a dual presentation of basic and diluted loss per share. Basic loss per share includes no dilution and has been calculated based upon the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Dilutive common stock equivalents consist of shares issuable upon the exercise of the Company’s stock options and warrants.

For the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019, common stock equivalent shares are excluded from the computation of the diluted loss per share as their effect would be anti-dilutive.

Securities that could potentially dilute basic net income per share in the future were not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share because to do so would have been anti-dilutive for the three and six month periods ended March 31, 2020 and 2019 are as follows:


	2020	2019
Warrants	2,121,755	422,136
Stock options	241,557	161,455
Secured convertible notes	70,963	104,112
	2,434,275	687,703

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation for employees, directors and nonemployees in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires all share-based payments, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the statement of operations based on their fair values. Under the provisions of ASC 718, stock-based compensation costs are measured at the grant date, based on the fair value of the award, and are recognized as expense over the requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant). The fair value of the Company’s common stock options are estimated using the Black Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions: expected volatility, dividend rate, risk free interest rate and the expected life. The Company expenses stock-based compensation by using the straight-line method. In accordance with ASC 740, excess tax benefits realized from the exercise of stock-based awards are classified as cash flows from operating activities. All excess tax benefits and tax deficiencies (including tax benefits of dividends on share-based payment awards) are recognized as income tax expense or benefit in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Concentrations

Financial instruments and related items, which potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk, consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents and trade receivables. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with high credit quality institutions. At times, such investments may be in excess of the FDIC insurance limit.

The Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three month period ended March 31, 2020 included an aggregate of 18%, 18% and 19% from three customers, respectively. The Company’s revenue earned from sale of products and services for the six month period ended March 31, 2020 included an aggregate of 10%, 12%, 14% and 21% from four customers, respectively.

The Company’s revenues earned from sale of products and services for the three month period ended March 31, 2019 included an aggregate of 14% and 31% from two customers, respectively. The Company’s revenue earned from sale of products and services for the six month period ended March 31, 2019 included an aggregate of 10%, 14%, 15% and 29% from four customers, respectively

One customer accounted for 45% of the Company’s accounts receivable at March 31, 2020 and one customer accounted for an aggregate of 77% of the Company’s accounts receivable at September 30, 2019.

Recent Accounting Standards

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)." The objective of this update is to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. This ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods and is to be applied utilizing a modified retrospective approach. The Company adopted Topic 842 as of October 1, 2019 utilizing the modified retrospective approach. The adoption of Topic 842 did not have a significant impact on its condensed consolidated financial statements, as the Company does not currently have any long-term lease obligations. The Company has elected the short-term lease measurement and recognition exemption as all of the Company’s leases are for twelve months or less.