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INCOME TAXES (Tables)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Components of income tax provision
Years ended December 31,
202320222021
Components of Income (Loss) Before Taxes($ in millions)
U.S.$456.7 $1,231.2 $977.3 
Foreign102.6 444.8 561.4 
Income before taxes$559.3 $1,676.0 $1,538.7 
Components of Income Tax Provision (Benefit)
Current:
Federal$96.2 $225.0 $139.6 
State19.4 31.1 24.5 
Foreign48.0 121.7 131.3 
Total current163.6 377.8 295.4 
Deferred:
Federal(25.3)(32.1)39.1 
State(7.9)(4.3)6.2 
Foreign(23.1)7.7 (98.7)
Total deferred(56.3)(28.7)(53.4)
Income tax provision$107.3 $349.1 $242.0 
Effective tax rate reconciliation
The following table accounts for the difference between the actual tax provision and the amounts obtained by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to the income (loss) before taxes.
Years ended December 31,
Effective Tax Rate Reconciliation (Percent)202320222021
Statutory federal tax rate21.0 %21.0 %21.0 %
State income taxes, net2.7 2.3 1.9 
Foreign rate differential(1.8)1.5 2.9 
U.S. tax on foreign earnings1.7 (0.8)0.3 
Salt depletion(1.7)(0.5)(0.6)
Change in valuation allowance2.0 0.4 (10.4)
Remeasurement of U.S. state deferred taxes(0.2)(0.8)0.1 
Change in tax contingencies(0.5)0.5 1.5 
Share-based payments(1.0)(0.3)(0.7)
Return to provision(3.1)(0.6)(0.5)
U.S. federal tax credits— (0.1)— 
Legal entity liquidation(0.5)(2.0)— 
Other, net0.6 0.2 0.2 
Effective tax rate19.2 %20.8 %15.7 %
Components of deferred tax assets and liabilities
December 31,
20232022
Components of Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities($ in millions)
Deferred Tax Assets
Pension and postretirement benefits$42.4 $42.9 
Environmental reserves38.3 37.4 
Asset retirement obligations16.6 13.9 
Accrued liabilities46.1 47.4 
Lease liabilities88.1 91.4 
Tax credits47.3 37.4 
Net operating losses (NOL)
54.1 23.2 
Other miscellaneous items3.0 2.7 
Total deferred tax assets335.9 296.3 
Valuation allowance(99.5)(76.4)
Net deferred tax assets236.4 219.9 
Deferred Tax Liabilities
Property, plant and equipment439.5 481.7 
Right-of-use lease assets86.5 89.8 
Intangible amortization76.9 68.7 
Inventory and prepaids5.5 12.1 
Taxes on unremitted earnings16.8 12.0 
Other miscellaneous items— 2.4 
Total deferred tax liabilities625.2 666.7 
Net deferred income tax liability$(388.8)$(446.8)
Summary of Valuation Allowance
The activity of our deferred income tax valuation allowance was as follows:
December 31,
20232022
Deferred Income Tax Valuation Allowance($ in millions)
Beginning balance$76.4 $70.1 
Increases to valuation allowances23.6 14.6 
Decreases to valuation allowances(0.1)(6.6)
Foreign currency translation adjustments(0.4)(1.7)
Ending balance$99.5 $76.4 
Unrecognized tax benefits The amounts of unrecognized tax benefits were as follows:
December 31,
20232022
Unrecognized Tax Benefits($ in millions)
Beginning balance$51.6 $43.4 
Increase for current year tax positions1.7 10.3 
Increase for prior year tax positions1.3 0.3 
Decrease for prior year tax positions(0.5)(0.8)
Reduction due to lapse in statute of limitations(5.1)— 
Foreign currency translation adjustments1.3 (1.6)
Ending balance$50.3 $51.6 
Tax years subject to examination
For our primary tax jurisdictions, the tax years that remain subject to examination are as follows:
Tax Years
U.S. federal income tax2020 - 2022
U.S. state income tax2012 - 2022
Canadian federal income tax2015 - 2022
Brazil2015 - 2022
Germany2015 - 2022
China2014 - 2022
The Netherlands2015 - 2022