ENVIRONMENTAL

We are party to various government and private environmental actions associated with past manufacturing facilities and former waste disposal sites. Environmental provisions (credited) charged to income, which are included in cost of goods sold, were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017		2018			2017
	($ in millions)
Provisions (credited) charged to income	$	(0.8	)	$	1.8	$	5.9		$	6.2
Insurance recoveries for costs incurred and expensed	(110.0		)	—		(110.0		)	—
Environmental (income) expense	$	(110.8	)	$	1.8	$	(104.1	)	$	6.2

During the third quarter of 2018, we settled certain disputes with respect to insurance coverage for costs at various environmental remediation sites for $120.0 million. Environmental income (expense) for both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 include insurance recoveries for environmental costs incurred and expensed in prior periods of $110.0 million. The recoveries are reduced by estimated liabilities of $10.0 million associated with claims by subsequent owners of certain of the settled environmental sites. The condensed balance sheets included reserves for future environmental expenditures to investigate and remediate known sites amounting to $129.0 million, $131.6 million and $135.3 million at September 30, 2018, December 31, 2017 and September 30, 2017, respectively, of which $109.0 million, $111.6 million and $118.3 million, respectively, were classified as other noncurrent liabilities.

Environmental exposures are difficult to assess for numerous reasons, including the identification of new sites, developments at sites resulting from investigatory studies, advances in technology, changes in environmental laws and regulations and their application, changes in regulatory authorities, the scarcity of reliable data pertaining to identified sites, the difficulty in assessing the involvement and financial capability of other Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs), our ability to obtain contributions from other parties and the lengthy time periods over which site remediation occurs. It is possible that some of these matters (the outcomes of which are subject to various uncertainties) may be resolved unfavorably to us, which could materially adversely affect our financial position or results of operations.