EX-99.1 2 dex991.htm INVESTOR PRESENTATION POSTED ON JANUARY 20, 2011. Investor presentation posted on January 20, 2011.
Bristow Group Inc.
Presentation to Investors
January 2011
11
Exhibit 99.1


2
Forward-looking Statements
This
presentation
may
contain
“forward-looking
statements”
within
the
meaning
of
the
Private
Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements include statements about our future
business, operations, capital expenditures, fleet composition, capabilities and results; financial
projections;
plans,
strategies
and
objectives
of
our
management,
including
our
plans
and
strategies
to
grow earnings and our business, our general strategy going forward and our business model; expected
actions by us and by third parties, including our customers, competitors and regulators; the valuation of
our company and its valuation relative to relevant financial indices; assumptions underlying or relating to
any of the foregoing, including assumptions regarding factors impacting our business, financial results
and industry; and other matters. Our forward-looking statements reflect our views and assumptions on
the date of this presentation regarding future events and operating performance. They involve known
and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control, that may
cause actual results to differ materially from any future results, performance or achievements expressed
or
implied
by
the
forward-looking
statements.
These
risks,
uncertainties
and
other
factors
include
those
discussed
under
the
captions
“Risk
Factors”
and
“Management’s
Discussion
and
Analysis
of
Financial
Condition
and
Results
of
Operations”
in
our
Annual
Report
on
Form
10-K
for
the
year
ended
March
31,
2010 and Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2010.   We do not undertake any obligation,
other than as required by law, to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of
new information, future events or otherwise.


Company Overview


4
Bristow is the leading provider of helicopter transportation
services to the global offshore industry
Ticker: BRS
Stock price
1
: $38.78
Market cap
1
: ~$1.42 billion
Enterprise value
1
: ~$2.0 billion
~20 countries
578 aircraft
~3,400 employees
$275
$67
Bristow flies crews and light cargo to production platforms,
vessels and rigs
1)
As
of
10/29/2010.
Based
on
36.7
million
fully
diluted
weighted
average
shares
outstanding
for
the
quarter
ended
09/30/2010.


5
Key Investment Considerations
Leading Market Position:
#1 or #2 in each market
Experienced Management Team:
180 years of Senior Management
business experience
Industry Leading Safety Record:
0.17 vs. 2.27 OGI accident rate per
100k of flight hours
As of September 30, 2010
Stable Revenue and Cash Flow
Drive Strong Financial Performance:
’07 -’10 CAGR EBITDA growth: 16.3%
As of September 30, 2010
Well Positioned to Capitalize on
Improving Industry Fundamentals:
~$258m EBITDA LTM 9/30/10
~3.0x Debt / EBITDA 9/30/10
Geographic and Fleet Diversification:
~20 countries with 578 aircraft
As of September 30, 2010
Note: OGI is Oil & Gas Industry


6
Bristow Core Values
Safety
Safety
first,
with
a
“Target
Zero”
goal
of
no
accidents
Quality
and
Excellence
Set
and
achieve
high
standards
in
everything we do
Integrity
Do
the
right
thing
in
conjunction
with
our
Code
of
Business Conduct
Fulfillment
Develop
our
talents
and
enjoy
our
work
Teamwork
Communicate
openly
and
respect
each
other
Profitability
Make
prudent
decisions
and
grow
the
business


7
Industry leading safety record creates marketing and cost
advantage
Safety is the primary core value
‘Target Zero’
safety vision changes culture and behavior to
achieve:
Zero accidents
Zero harm to people
Zero harm to the environment
Bristow safety performance protects customer personnel
and reputation
Safety Performance accounts for 25% of management
incentive compensation
Bristow
accident
rate
is
approximately
one
tenth
the
average rates for the oil and gas industry and all civil
helicopters
Bristow Academy provides industry-specific training to
improve pilot quality
*
Averages for most recently available three-year period: Helicopter Association International 2007-2009,
International Oil & Gas Producers 2005-2007, Bristow Group 2008-2010, excluding Bristow Academy commercial
training
3-year average air
accident rates
*
per 100K flight hours
Bristow
Oil & Gas industry
All civil helicopters
2.79
2.27
0.17


8
Bristow has long-term relationships with the oil and gas operators that
account for 80% of global offshore E&P spending
Industry-leading
safety
performance
-
the
key
customer
requirement
#1 or #2 market position in the major oil and gas provinces: North Sea,
USGoM, Australia, West Africa and Brazil
New-technology fleet of medium and large sized helicopters meets the
needs of premium and fast growing deepwater segment
Stable revenue and cash flows drive strong financial performance;
strong balance sheet ensures continued financial flexibility
Experienced management team
Key Competitive Advantages


9
Bristow services are utilized in every phase of offshore
oil and gas activity, especially production
Largest share of revenues (>60%)
relates to oil and gas production,
ensuring stability and growth
There are ~ 8,000 offshore production
installations worldwide -
compared with
>600 drilling rigs
Bristow revenues driven by both Opex
and Capex
PRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
ABANDONMENT
EXPLORATION
SEISMIC
H e l i c o p t e r     t r a n s p o r t a t i o n     s e r v i c e s
Typical revenues by segment
Exploration
20%
Development
10%
Production
60%
Other 10%


10
Low risk contract structure results in more predictable
revenue and cash flow
Two-tiered contract structure includes both:
Fixed or monthly fee to reserve capacity
Variable fees based on hours flown
In most markets, Bristow earns 65% of revenue without flying
Revenue Sources
Variable
hourly
35%
Fixed
monthly
65%
Operating Income
Variable
hourly
30%
Fixed
monthly
70%
Bristow’s steady performance through the recent financial crisis and
recession highlights the more stable nature of our business


11
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
HOS
BRS
AIRM
PHII
RIG
NE
ESV
TDW
GLF
CKH
PDE
HERO
RDC
DO
TRMA
Coefficient of Variation of EBITDAR Margin, 1999 to 2009
Note: Coefficient of Variation is calculated as (standard deviation of (EBITDAR as a % of revenues)) / (mean of
(EBITDAR as a % of revenues)) using quarterly data from 4Q1999 to 4Q2009, inclusive
Source: JP Morgan
Stability of Bristow cash flows through full cycle
Bristow’s
low
margin
volatility
relative
to
oil
service
peers
highlights
its
close tie to offshore production


12
Our customers are market leaders


13
9/30/2010
Small
31%
Medium
43%
Large
26%
Repositioning fleet toward premium segments
4
Shift of global offshore industry toward deepwater exploration and production
creates need for larger and more technologically advanced helicopters
Bristow has responded by upgrading fleet, personnel and training
9/30/2007
Small
52%
Medium
31%
Large
17%


14
Senior Management Team
William Chiles
President & CEO
July 2004
Richard Burman
Senior Vice President
Operations
October 2004
Mark Duncan
Senior Vice President
Commercial
January 2005
Hilary Ware
Senior Vice President
Administration
August 2007
Randall Stafford
Senior Vice President
General Counsel &
Corporate Secretary
May 2006
Jonathan Baliff
Senior Vice President &
Chief Financial Officer
October 2010
Senior management team has a combined 180
years of business experience
A proven track record of delivering results
Focused on increasing ROCE/WACC spread and cash flow to drive financial
performance
Note: ROCE is Return on Capital Employed


15
Key Accomplishments of the Bristow team
Strengthened relationships with
global customers at the executive
and operating levels
Implemented return targets by
business unit
Improved profitability and cash flow
Established global fleet management
Integrated global operations;
established global flight and
maintenance standards
Divested non-core businesses (53
small helicopters in GOM)
Enhanced the safety culture
Implemented cost reductions in early
2009
Instilled regulatory compliance
culture
Invested about $1.4 billion in new
technology aircraft (Fleet age
reduced from 19 years to 12 years)
Acquired
42.5% of Líder
Aviation in
Brazil, a high growth market


Market Overview


17
Oil and gas industry expanding to new offshore regions
Fastest growth in Africa, Brazil and Asia
Europe becoming a mature production province –
but intense activity will
continue to mitigate decline and leverage infrastructure
Offshore oil and gas production by region
1995
25 mmboe/d
14%
14%
30%
7%
16%
2%
17%
2010
42 mmboe/d
10%
15%
16%
12%
21%
6%
20%
2020E
46 mmboe/d
6%
17%
10%
13%
25%
8%
21%
Source: PFC Energy, March 2010
NAmerica
LatAmerica
Europe
SSAfrica
MidEast/NAfrica
FormerSU
AsiaPac


18
Offshore spending—particularly Opex—projected to grow
over next decade
All segments will show significant spending increases
As production matures in the deepwater, spending will switch from Capex to
Opex
Source: PFC Energy, March 2010
Global offshore E&P spending forecast
$ billion
CAPEX
OPEX
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2000 est
2010 proj
2020 proj
CAPEX
OPEX


19
>6% forecast annual real growth in deepwater installations
Typical
client
facility
is
100
200
miles
offshore
with
a
crew
of
150,
compared with 20 miles offshore and a crew of 20 in shallow water
Brazil, West Africa and USGoM
have 77% of global deepwater
installations with helidecks
Source: PFC Energy, September 2010
Deepwater production installations are fastest growing
segment…
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Total Active Deepwater Platforms


20
…driving demand for medium and large helicopters
Expanding markets for medium and large sized twins
Larger and newer aircraft can support locations further offshore
and comply
with new regulatory and safety requirements
Revenue and income from 3 new large twins approximately equates to 50 small
aircraft
Large twin
Medium twin
Offshore helicopter demand forecast
2010 to 2014
Source: PFC Energy, October 2010
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014


21
Operating Income Q2 FY11*
North
America
14%
Europe
33%
West Africa
26%
Australia
10%
Other
International
17%
Bristow is organized to respond to most attractive global
growth opportunities
Geographically focused on strongest growth markets
Global presence creates flexibility to redeploy aircraft in response to
changing market conditions
*
Excludes centralized operations, corporate, gain on sale of assets and Bristow Academy


22
52
124
102
328
294
141
445
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FY06
FY07
FY08
FY09
FY10
YTD11
Bristow has responded to evolving market by upgrading
helicopter size and technology
Right-sizing the fleet to meet
migration to deepwater
Small
48%
30%
Medium   29%
42%
Large
20%
26%
Invested $1.4 billion in new
technology aircraft
Exceed the most stringent safety
requirements
Increased range with heavier payloads
Reduced average age of fleet from
19 years to under 12 years
Historical fleet profile*
Helicopter capital expenditures
320
125
136
309
Small
Medium
Large
*  Fleet  profile excludes Bristow Academy and unconsolidated affiliates
226
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
FY05
Delivered
Removed
YTD 2011


23
56
145
4
3
7
4
7
17
9
15
1
4
7
8
20
7
11
12
North America
Brazil, Colombia
Mexico,
Trinidad
Nigeria, Ghana
Equatorial Guinea
Europe
Caspian, Mid-East
Libya, East Africa
Malaysia, Thailand
Indonesia
Australia
Small
Medium
Large
19
88
59
Total Opportunities *
30
Selected opportunities for 166 additional helicopters
Chart shows specific customer opportunities identified by Bristow as of April 2010


24
Plan to capture 33% of identified opportunities while
maximizing optionality
12 on
order
large
medium
small
orders
7
5
0
options
10
25
0
As of September 30, 2010


Financial Update


26
Our financial strategy
Improve capital discipline with a specific capital allocation framework
Prudent balance sheet management is a core principle
Liquidity maintained at $200-$250 million
Best risk/return opportunities attract growth capital
Balance shareholder return between capital appreciation
and regular
return of capital
Communicate the capital allocation framework
Focus on providing enhanced value for shareholders by making better
investment
decisions
with
improved
metrics
use
of
ROCE
AND
WACC
Lower Cost of Debt through opportunistic financing that increases flexibility
Lower Cost of Equity by providing more predictable expectations for our
security holders


27
$60
$125
$104
$74
$58
$58
$56
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
$136
$134
$124
$277
$230
$126
$165
$-
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
$300
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
$1.58
$1.63
$1.52
$3.56
$3.41
$2.74
$2.45
$-
$1
$1
$2
$2
$3
$3
$4
$4
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
$605
$582
$586
$1,134
$1,013
$844
$710
$-
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Proven business model and prudent balance sheet
management has delivered even during recent downturn
1)  Revenue from continuing operations
2)  FY09 EBITDA, Net Income, and Diluted EPS include $36.2 mm, $23.4 mm and $0.68, respectively, from sale of GoM
assets
CAGR 
5.9%
Revenue ¹
Fiscal Year End 3/31 ( in millions)
Diluted EPS²
Fiscal Year End 3/31
Net Income²
Fiscal Year End 3/31 ( in millions)
EBITDA²
Fiscal Year End 3/31 (in millions)
CAGR 
11.3%
CAGR
16.3%
CAGR 
15.7%
1
Six months ended September 30
Six months ended September 30
1
$1,168
$260
$3.10
$114


28
What is Our Capital Allocation Framework?
Three Principles
Invest in
Growth Opportunities
Return Capital
to Shareholders
Reduce Leverage
“One-time”
Payout
“One-time”
Payout
Organic Growth
Growth through
Acquisitions
Tender Offer
Tender Offer
Special Dividend
Special Dividend
“Continuous”
Payout
“Continuous”
Payout
Regular Dividend
Regular Dividend
Repurchase Program
Repurchase Program
Create/Build
Liquidity
Yes
No
Principle: Highest Return
Principle: Prudent
Balance Sheet
Management
Principle: Balanced
Shareholder Return
Yes
Yes
Are country hurdle rates met?
Organic Acquisition
Liquidity Adequate?
Yes
Capital Structure
Targets Achieved?
No


29
Prudent balance sheet management is board mandated
Remain conservatively capitalized
Debt to total capitalization below approximately 45%
Debt / EBITDA in the range of 3.0x to 3.5x
Board policy to maintain at least $100 million of liquidity through cash
and revolving credit availability at all times
Liquidity in the range of $200 to $250 million
Maintain Senior Unsecured BB (stable outlook) credit rating
Create more flexibility in capital structure for debt buyback and part of
capital allocation


30
Our new $375 million secured bank credit facility aligns well
with our financial strategy
$175 million 5-year revolver and $200 million 5-year term loan
$100 million accordion feature
Term loan proceeds was used to repay $230 million 6 1/8% senior
notes due 2013 on December 23, 2010; revolver for general
corporate purposes
Initial borrowing margin will be LIBOR + 2.50%
Reverse flexing to 2.375% after June 30, 2011 financials are provided to
lenders
Leverage ratio pricing grid not ratings driven
Additional indebtedness subject to financial ratios
Enhanced restricted payments capability for dividends and stock
repurchases


31
Total capitalization
$2.1 billion
(September 30, 2010)
$1.4 billion
Equity
Today’s Strong balance sheet and liquidity position
Cash on hand at September 30, 2010:  $108.5 million
YTD FY11 EBITDAR
1
of $137.4 million
Significant revolver borrowing capacity (~$135 million
undrawn after redeeming the 6 1/8% notes)
$721 million
Debt
Liquidity
1)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, amortization and aircraft rental expense
2)
Reconciliation in Appendix.  Adjusted debt includes balance sheet debt, unfunded pension liability and NPV of helicopter leases
Capital Structure
$175 million, five-year revolver (Libor + 2.50%)
$200 million, five-year Term Loan
$350 million 7.5% senior notes due 2017
$115 million 3.0% convertible senior notes; first put in 2015
37 million shares of common stock
Leverage
Adjusted Debt to Total Capital 38.0%
2
as of September 30, 2010
Adjusted Debt to EBITDAR 2.13:1
2


32
Helicopter aftermarket provides cash and value for Bristow
Global aftermarket for excess helicopters helps balance supply and demand
in the oil and gas sector
Historically, Bristow has been successful in selling its non-core aircraft for
prices in excess of book value
From FY07 through FY10, Bristow sold 135 aircraft for ~$211 million in
proceeds
Bristow sold aircraft to ~ 30 different buyers, representing a number of different
sectors, including:
Air Medical
Police and Firefighting
Seismic Support
Logging
General Commercial
Training / Personal Use
The size and global nature of the helicopter market, the diversity of end users
and the high level of maintenance required by safety regulations
helps
maintain helicopter values and an active aftermarket
With the oil and gas sector comprising only 4% of the global helicopter
market, there has been liquidity for sale of our assets


33
Projected operating cash covers capex; over $500 million
available for growth and/or distribution to shareholders
78
100
1400
84
762
800
300
230
217
125
552
Projections based on five-year plan; actual financing choices will depend on evaluation of
available
options: subject to numerous conditions, uncertainties and risks, including operating performance,
industry conditions, management decisions regarding financing and use of funds and board approval


34
Our strategy…gaining altitude
Deliver on the Brand promise though the safest and most
valuable services
Create Discipline around capital allocation
Adhere to a prudent balance sheet management
philosophy-
always
Employ a robust return on capital employed and beyond
model for growth capital


Appendix A
Aircraft Information


36
Aircraft Fleet –
Medium and Large -
As of September 30,
2010
Next Generation Aircraft
Mature Aircraft Models
Medium capacity 12-16 passengers
Large capacity 18-25 passengers
Aircraft
Type
No. of PAX
Engine
Consl
Unconsl
Total
Ordered
Medium Helicopters
AW139
12
Twin Turbine
5
4
9
2
Bell 212
12
Twin Turbine
3
23
26
-
Bell 412
13
Twin Turbine
40
44
84
-
EC155
13
Twin Turbine
10
-
10
-
Sikorsky S-76 A/A++
12
Twin Turbine
21
10
31
-
Sikorsky S-76 C/C++
12
Twin Turbine
51
25
76
3
             
130
106
236
5
Large Helicopters
AS332L Super Puma
18
Twin Turbine
30
-
30
-
Bell 214ST
18
Twin Turbine
3
-
3
-
EC225
25
Twin Turbine
14
-
14
3
Mil MI 8
20
Twin Turbine
7
-
7
-
Sikorsky S-61
18
Twin Turbine
2
-
2
-
Sikorsky S-92
19
Twin Turbine
22
1
23
4
78
1
79
7


37
Aircraft Fleet –
Small, Training and Fixed
As of September 30, 2010 (continued)
Next Generation Aircraft
Mature Aircraft Models
Small capacity 4-7 passengers
Training capacity 2-6 passengers
Aircraft
Type
No. of PAX
Engine
Consl
Unconsl
Total
Ordered
Small Helicopters
Bell 206B
4
Turbine
2
2
4
-
Bell 206 L-3
6
Turbine
5
6
11
-
Bell 206 L-4
6
Turbine
31
2
33
-
Bell 407
6
Turbine
44
1
45
-
BK 117
7
Twin Turbine
2
-
2
-
BO-105
4
Twin Turbine
2
-
2
-
EC135
7
Twin Turbine
6
3
9
-
AS350
4
Turbine
-
36
36
-
Agusta 109
8
Twin Turbine
-
3
3
-
92
53
145
-
Training Helicopters
AS355
4
Twin Turbine
3
-
3
-
Bell 206B
6
Single Engine
9
-
9
-
Robinson R22
2
Piston
10
-
10
-
Robinson R44
2
Piston
2
-
2
-
Sikorsky 300CB/Cbi
2
Piston
51
-
51
-
Fixed Wing
1
-
1
-
76
-
76
-
-
Fixed Wing
3
39
42
   
-
Total
379
199
578
12
(1)
(1)
Signed
customer
contracts
are
in
place
for
seven
of
these
twelve
aircraft
as
of
September
30,
2010


Appendix B
Other Company Information


39
#2
#1
#1
#2
#1
#1
#2
#1*
#1*
#1*
#1
* Unconsolidated affiliate
#2
#1*
Leading market position


40
West Africa (WASBU)
Nigeria
Represents 19%* of
revenue
26% of operating
income in Q2 FY11
Operating margin
29.5% in Q2 FY11
Continues to be a high
margin business unit
Recent changes in the
competitive landscape
of the region make
operating results
unpredictable
Lagos
Escravos
Port Harcourt
Warri
Eket
Calabar
* For the three months ended September 30, 2010


41
Europe (EBU)
UK
Netherlands
Norway
Norwich
Aberdeen
Scasta
Stavanger
Den Helder
Bergen
Hammerfest
Represents 38%* of
revenue
33% of operating income in
Q2 FY11
Operating Margin 18.4% in
Q2 FY11
Slight increase in operating
margin for the Sept quarter
is a result of operating
expense decrease
Centralized operations
show first results of
improved cost efficiency
* For the three months ended September 30, 2010


42
Karratha
Exmouth
Learmonth
Varanus
Is
Barrow Is
Australia (AUSBU)
Australia
Perth
Dongara
Essendon
Tooradin
Broome
Truscott
Darwin
BDI provide support
to the Republic of
Singapore Air Force
Oakey
Represents 12%* of
revenue
9% of operating 
income in Q2 FY11
Operating margin
16.3% in Q2 FY11
Negotiations completed
with the pilot’s union
Minor decline in
operating margin is due
to increase in salaries
and benefits
Introduction of new
aircraft results in
change in revenue mix
* For the three months ended September 30, 2010


43
North America (NABU)
Represents 18%* of
revenue
14% of operating
income in Q2 FY11
Operating margin
16.1% in Q2 FY11
Additional work from
BP in support of the
spill control resulted in
6% operating margin
increase
Drilling Moratorium was
lifted on October 13,
2010
* For the three months ended September 30, 2010


44
Other International (OIBU)
OIBU represents 12%* of revenue
for the quarter
17% of operating income in Q2 FY11
Operating margin 30.6% in Q2 FY11
Brazil –
Lider: expecting start up of
new contracts
Recent contract awards coming on
full force
Focused on improving business
performance in Trinidad
Consolidated in OIBU
Unconsolidated Affiliate
* For the three months ended September 30, 2010


45
EBITDA and EBITDAR Reconciliations
($ in millions)
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Income from continuing operations
$8.8
$27.9
$42.5
$40.3
$49.6
Income tax expense
3.8
13.3
19.1
17.5
18.5
Interest expense
18.5
18.4
15.8
14.9
16.8
Depreciation and amortization
32.0
33.1
33.9
37.5
39.4
  EBITDA Subtotal
63.1
92.7
111.4
110.2
124.3
Aircraft rental expense
EBITDAR
$63.1
$92.7
$111.4
$110.2
$124.3
($ in millions)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Income from continuing operations
$49.2
$54.5
$72.5
$107.7
$125.5
$113.5
Income tax expense
$20.4
$14.7
$38.8
$44.5
$50.5
$29.0
Interest expense
$15.7
$14.7
$10.9
$23.8
$35.1
$42.4
Depreciation and amortization
40.5
42.1
42.5
54.1
65.5
74.7
  EBITDA Subtotal
125.8
125.9
164.7
230.1
276.7
259.6
Aircraft rental expense
2.1
6.3
6.3
8.2
8.5
EBITDAR
$125.8
$128.0
$171.0
$236.4
$284.9
$268.1
March 31,
March 31,
($ in millions)
YTD FY10
YTD FY11
Income from continuing operations
$57.7
$59.8
Income tax expense
20.7
11.9
Interest expense
20.7
22.4
Depreciation and amortization
36.7
40.3
  EBITDA Subtotal
135.8
134.4
Aircraft rental expense
4.9
3.0
EBITDAR
$140.7
$137.4
September 30,


46
Leverage Reconciliation
Debt
Investment
Capital
Leverage
(a)
(b)
(c)  = (a) + (b)
(a) / (c)
As of September, 2010
720.6
$      
1,432.6
$     
2,153.2
$         
33.5%
Adjust for:
Unfunded Pension Liability
112.6
        
112.6
              
NPV of GE and Norsk Lease Obligations
43.5
          
43.5
                
Adjusted
876.7
$      
(d)
1,432.6
$     
2,309.3
$         
38.0%
Calculation of debt to EBITDAR multiple
EBITDAR:
FY 2011
274.8
$      
(e)
Annualized
366.4
$      
= (d) / (e)
2.13 : 1