Loans

9 Months Ended

Sep. 30, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Loans

Loans

The following table presents a summary of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Commercial:
Commercial real estate (1)	$2,063,383	$1,829,304
Commercial & industrial (2)	611,565	656,397
Total commercial	2,674,948	2,485,701
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate (3)	2,611,100	2,323,002
Consumer:
Home equity	305,683	285,715
Other (4)	19,384	15,721
Total consumer	325,067	301,436
Total loans (5)	$5,611,115	$5,110,139

(1)CRE consists of commercial mortgages primarily secured by income-producing property, as well as construction and development loans. Construction and development loans are made to businesses for land development or the on-site construction of industrial, commercial, or residential buildings.

(2)C&I consists of loans to businesses and individuals, a portion of which are fully or partially collateralized by real estate.

(3)Residential real estate consists of mortgage and homeowner construction loans secured by one- to four-family residential properties.

(4)Other consists of loans to individuals secured by general aviation aircraft and other personal installment loans.

(5)Includes net unamortized loan origination costs of $12.8 million and $11.6 million, respectively, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 and net unamortized premiums on loans purchased from and serviced by other financial institutions of $296 thousand and $318 thousand, respectively, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Loan balances exclude accrued interest receivable of $22.0 million and $17.6 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, loans amounting to $3.0 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively, were pledged as collateral to the FHLB under a blanket pledge agreement and to the FRBB for the discount window. See Note 9 for additional disclosure regarding borrowings.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

A significant portion of our loan portfolio is concentrated among borrowers in southern New England and a substantial portion of the portfolio is collateralized by real estate in this area. The ability of single family residential and consumer borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is generally dependent on the level of overall economic activity within the market area and real estate values. The ability of commercial borrowers to honor their repayment commitments is dependent on the general economy, as well as the health of the real estate economic sector in the Corporation’s market area.

Past Due Loans

Past due status is based on the contractual payment terms of the loan. The following tables present an aging analysis of past due loans, segregated by class of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	Days Past Due
September 30, 2023	30-59	60-89	Over 90	Total Past Due	Current	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$—	$—	$—	$—	$2,063,383	$2,063,383
Commercial & industrial	3	1	—	4	611,561	611,565
Total commercial	3	1	—	4	2,674,944	2,674,948
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	3,789	2,562	1,434	7,785	2,603,315	2,611,100
Consumer:
Home equity	1,823	62	40	1,925	303,758	305,683
Other	16	3	—	19	19,365	19,384
Total consumer	1,839	65	40	1,944	323,123	325,067
Total loans	$5,631	$2,628	$1,474	$9,733	$5,601,382	$5,611,115

(Dollars in thousands)	Days Past Due
December 31, 2022	30-59	60-89	Over 90	Total Past Due	Current	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$1,187	$—	$—	$1,187	$1,828,117	$1,829,304
Commercial & industrial	265	—	—	265	656,132	656,397
Total commercial	1,452	—	—	1,452	2,484,249	2,485,701
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	4,793	303	3,779	8,875	2,314,127	2,323,002
Consumer:
Home equity	1,103	132	—	1,235	284,480	285,715
Other	16	—	—	16	15,705	15,721
Total consumer	1,119	132	—	1,251	300,185	301,436
Total loans	$7,364	$435	$3,779	$11,578	$5,098,561	$5,110,139

Included in past due loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, were nonaccrual loans of $5.7 million and $7.2 million, respectively. In addition, all loans 90 days or more past due at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were classified as nonaccrual.

Nonaccrual Loans

Loans, with the exception of certain well-secured loans that are in the process of collection, are placed on nonaccrual status and interest recognition is suspended when such loans are 90 days or more overdue with respect to principal and/or interest, or sooner if considered appropriate by management. Well-secured loans are permitted to remain on accrual status provided that full collection of principal and interest is assured and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period income.  Subsequent interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or recognized as interest income depending on management’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of the loan. Loans are removed from nonaccrual status when they have been current as to principal and interest for a period of time, the borrower has demonstrated an ability to comply with repayment terms, and when, in management’s opinion, the loans are considered to be fully collectible.

The following table is a summary of nonaccrual loans, segregated by class of loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023	December 31, 2022
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$22,609	$—
Commercial & industrial	696	—
Total commercial	23,305	—
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	9,446	11,894
Consumer:
Home equity	901	952
Other	—	—
Total consumer	901	952
Total nonaccrual loans	$33,652	$12,846
Accruing loans 90 days or more past due	$—	$—

No ACL was deemed necessary on nonaccrual loans with carrying values of $15.8 million and $6.5 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Nonaccrual loans of $27.9 million and $5.7 million, respectively, at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were current as to the payment of principal and interest.

As of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, nonaccrual loans secured by one- to four-family residential property amounting to $803 thousand and $2.9 million, respectively, were in process of foreclosure.

There were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers whose loans were on nonaccrual status at September 30, 2023.

The following table presents interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	Three Months		Nine Months
Periods ended September 30,	2023	2022	2023	2022
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$474	$—	$1,344	$—
Commercial & industrial	9	—	35	—
Total commercial	483	—	1,379	—
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate	82	77	341	242
Consumer:
Home equity	22	9	59	21
Other	1	—	3	3
Total consumer	23	9	62	24
Total	$588	$86	$1,782	$266

Troubled Loan Modifications

As disclosed in Note 2, the Corporation adopted ASU 2022-02, which eliminated the accounting guidance for TDRs and added enhanced disclosures with respect to certain modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Effective January 1, 2023, a loan that has been modified is considered a TLM when the modification is made to a borrower experiencing financial difficulty and the modification has a direct impact to the contractual cash flows. If both of the

aforementioned criteria are met, then the modification is considered a TLM and subject to the enhanced disclosure requirements.

In the course of resolving problem loans, the Corporation may choose to modify the contractual terms of loans to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Such modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include modified contractual terms that have a direct impact to contractual cash flows, including principal forgiveness, interest rate reductions, maturity extensions, other-than-insignificant payment delays, or any combination thereof. The following is a description of each of these types of modifications:

•Principal forgiveness results in the reduction in the outstanding principal balance of the loan and can result voluntarily through renegotiated contractual terms with the borrower or involuntarily through a bankruptcy proceeding.

•An interest rate reduction results in the contractual interest rate being reduced from the original agreement.

•A maturity extension represents an extension of the term of the loan beyond its original contractual maturity date.

•An other-than-insignificant payment delay is a deferral arrangement with the borrower, which allows them to delay a scheduled loan payment to a later date. The Corporation considers that a three months or less payment delay generally would be considered insignificant.

•A combination includes loans that have undergone more than one of the above loan modification types.

The following tables present the carrying value at September 30, 2023, of TLMs made during the periods indicated, segregated by class of loans and type of concession granted:

(Dollars in thousands)
Three months ended September 30, 2023	Maturity Extension	Total	% (1)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$13,963	$13,963	1	%
Commercial & industrial	—	—	—
Total commercial	13,963	13,963	1
Total	$13,963	$13,963	—	%

(1)Represents the period end total carrying value of TLMs as a percentage of the period end total loan balance by class.

(Dollars in thousands)
Nine months ended September 30, 2023	Maturity Extension	Total	% (1)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$13,963	$13,963	1	%
Commercial & industrial	—	—	—
Total commercial	13,963	13,963	1
Total	$13,963	$13,963	—	%

(1)Represents the period end total carrying value of TLMs as a percentage of the period end total loan balance by class.

The following tables present the financial effect of TLMs made during the periods indicated, segregated by class of loans:

Three months ended September 30, 2023	Weighted Average Maturity Extension (in months)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	9
Commercial & industrial	0
Total commercial	9
Total	9

Nine months ended September 30, 2023	Weighted Average Maturity Extension (in months)
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	9
Commercial & industrial	0
Total commercial	9
Total	9

Management closely monitors the performance of TLMs to understand the effectiveness of the modifications. The following table presents an aging analysis as of the date indicated, of TLMs that have been modified in the past nine months:

(Dollars in thousands)	Days Past Due
September 30, 2023	30-59	60-89	Over 90	Total Past Due	Current	Total Loans
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$—	$—	$—	$—	$13,963	$13,963
Commercial & industrial	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total commercial	—	—	—	—	13,963	13,963
Total loans	$—	$—	$—	$—	$13,963	$13,963

There were no TLMs made in the previous nine months for which there was a subsequent payment default.

Nonaccrual loans that become TLMs generally remain on nonaccrual status for six months, subsequent to being modified, before management considers their return to accrual status. If a TLM is on accrual status prior to being modified, it is reviewed to determine if the modified loan should remain on accrual status.

There were no significant commitments to lend additional funds to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty whose loans were TLMs at September 30, 2023.

Individually Analyzed Loans

Individually analyzed loans include nonaccrual commercial loans, TLMs, as well as certain other loans based on the underlying risk characteristics and the discretion of management to individually analyze such loans. Prior to January 1, 2023, individually analyzed loans also included TDRs.

As of September 30, 2023, individually analyzed loans amounted to $24.4 million, all of which were considered collateral dependent. As of December 31, 2022, individually analyzed loans amounted to $10.0 million, of which $8.5 million were considered collateral dependent.

For collateral dependent loans where management has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment of the loan is to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, the ACL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. See Note 7 for additional disclosure regarding fair value of individually analyzed collateral dependent loans.

The following table presents the carrying value of collateral dependent individually analyzed loans:

(Dollars in thousands)	September 30, 2023		December 31, 2022
	Carrying Value	Related Allowance	Carrying Value	Related Allowance
Commercial:
Commercial real estate (1)	$22,610	$596	$2,103	$—
Commercial & industrial (2)	696	—	—	—
Total commercial	23,306	596	2,103	—
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate (3)	1,131	—	5,760	—
Consumer:
Home equity (3)	—	—	592	—
Other	—	—	—	—
Total consumer	—	—	592	—
Total	$24,437	$596	$8,455	$—

(1)    Secured by income-producing property.

(2)    Secured by business assets.

(3)    Secured by one- to four-family residential properties.

Credit Quality Indicators

Commercial

The Corporation utilizes an internal rating system to assign a risk to each of its commercial loans. Loans are rated on a scale of 1 to 10. This scale can be assigned to three broad categories including “pass” for ratings 1 through 6, “special mention” for 7-rated loans, and “classified” for loans rated 8, 9 or 10. The loan risk rating system takes into consideration parameters including the borrower’s financial condition, the borrower’s performance with respect to loan terms, the adequacy of collateral, the adequacy of guarantees and other credit quality characteristics. The Corporation takes the risk rating into consideration along with other credit attributes in the establishment of an appropriate ACL on loans. See Note 5 for additional information.

A description of the commercial loan categories is as follows:

Pass - Loans with acceptable credit quality, defined as ranging from superior or very strong to a status of lesser stature. Superior or very strong credit quality is characterized by a high degree of cash collateralization or strong balance sheet liquidity. Lesser stature loans have an acceptable level of credit quality, but may exhibit some weakness in various credit metrics such as collateral adequacy, cash flow, performance or may be in an industry or of a loan type known to have a higher degree of risk. These weaknesses may be mitigated by secondary sources of repayment, including SBA guarantees.

Special Mention - Loans with potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Bank’s position as creditor at some future date. Special Mention assets are not adversely classified and do not expose the Bank to sufficient risk to warrant adverse classification. Examples of these conditions include but are not limited to outdated or poor quality financial data, strains on liquidity and leverage, losses or negative trends in operating results, marginal cash flow, weaknesses in occupancy rates or trends in the case of commercial real estate and frequent delinquencies.

Classified - Loans identified as “substandard,” “doubtful” or “loss” based on criteria consistent with guidelines provided by banking regulators. A “substandard” loan has defined weaknesses which make payment default or principal exposure likely,

but not yet certain. Such loans are apt to be dependent upon collateral liquidation, a secondary source of repayment or an event outside of the normal course of business. The loans are closely watched and are either already on nonaccrual status or may be placed on nonaccrual status when management determines there is uncertainty of collectability. A “doubtful” loan is placed on nonaccrual status and has a high probability of loss, but the extent of the loss is difficult to quantify due to dependency upon collateral having a value that is difficult to determine or upon some near-term event which lacks certainty. A loan in the “loss” category is considered generally uncollectible or the timing or amount of payments cannot be determined. “Loss” is not intended to imply that the loan has no recovery value, but rather, it is not practical or desirable to continue to carry the asset.

The Corporation’s procedures call for loan risk ratings and classifications to be revised whenever information becomes available that indicates a change is warranted. On a quarterly basis, management reviews a watched asset list, which generally consists of commercial loans that are risk-rated 6 or worse, highly leveraged transaction loans, high-volatility commercial real estate and other selected loans. Management’s review focuses on the current status of the loans, the appropriateness of risk ratings and strategies to improve the credit.

An annual credit review program is conducted by a third party to provide an independent evaluation of the creditworthiness of the commercial loan portfolio, the quality of the underwriting and credit risk management practices and the appropriateness of the risk rating classifications. This review is supplemented with selected targeted internal reviews of the commercial loan portfolio.

Residential and Consumer

Management monitors the relatively homogeneous residential real estate and consumer loan portfolios on an ongoing basis using delinquency information by loan type.

In addition, other techniques are utilized to monitor indicators of credit deterioration in the residential real estate loans and home equity consumer loans. Among these techniques is the periodic tracking of loans with an updated Fair Isaac Corporation (commonly known as “FICO”) score and an updated estimated LTV ratio. LTV is estimated based on such factors as geographic location, the original appraised value and changes in median home prices, and takes into consideration the age of the loan. The results of these analyses and other credit review procedures, including selected targeted internal reviews, are taken into account in the determination of qualitative loss factors for residential real estate and home equity consumer credits.

The following table includes information on credit quality indicators and gross charge-offs for the Corporation’s loan portfolio, segregated by class of loans as of September 30, 2023:

(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost by Origination Year
	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost	Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans	Total
Commercial:
CRE:
Pass	$302,233	$583,256	$410,502	$177,443	$168,873	$336,078	$11,100	$1,123	$1,990,608
Special Mention	2,328	—	—	15	11,232	16,724	—	—	30,299
Classified	13,963	—	16,340	—	3,527	8,646	—	—	42,476
Total CRE	318,524	583,256	426,842	177,458	183,632	361,448	11,100	1,123	2,063,383
CRE gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
C&I:
Pass	52,415	127,319	54,688	50,663	74,709	150,767	87,783	623	598,967
Special Mention	11,258	—	—	—	182	—	—	267	11,707
Classified	—	—	195	—	696	—	—	—	891
Total C&I	63,673	127,319	54,883	50,663	75,587	150,767	87,783	890	611,565
C&I gross charge-offs (1)	25	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	25
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate:
Current	403,050	819,106	675,297	259,565	116,126	330,171	—	—	2,603,315
Past Due	—	—	—	893	—	6,892	—	—	7,785
Total residential real estate	403,050	819,106	675,297	260,458	116,126	337,063	—	—	2,611,100
Residential real estate gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Consumer:
Home equity:
Current	21,023	15,936	7,473	3,023	2,145	4,577	238,970	10,611	303,758
Past Due	—	—	—	—	—	358	314	1,253	1,925
Total home equity	21,023	15,936	7,473	3,023	2,145	4,935	239,284	11,864	305,683
Home equity gross charge-offs	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Other:
Current	6,197	3,674	3,758	1,045	143	4,307	241	—	19,365
Past Due	16	—	—	—	—	—	3	—	19
Total other	6,213	3,674	3,758	1,045	143	4,307	244	—	19,384
Other gross charge-offs (1)	124	—	8	—	—	—	—	—	132
Total loans	$812,483	$1,549,291	$1,168,253	$492,647	$377,633	$858,520	$338,411	$13,877	$5,611,115
Total gross charge-offs	$149	$—	$8	$—	$—	$—	$—	$—	$157

(1)Gross charge-offs in 2023 represent charge-offs of business and consumer account overdraft balances.

The following table includes information on credit quality indicators for the Corporation’s loan portfolio, segregated by class of loans as of December 31, 2022:

(Dollars in thousands)	Term Loans Amortized Cost by Origination Year
	2022	2021	2020	2019	2018	Prior	Revolving Loans Amortized Cost	Revolving Loans Converted to Term Loans	Total
Commercial:
CRE:
Pass	$591,596	$383,062	$177,286	$170,259	$148,371	$242,061	$6,243	$1,437	$1,720,315
Special Mention	20,579	22,324	328	24,270	28,676	10,564	146	—	106,887
Classified	—	—	503	—	1,187	412	—	—	2,102
Total CRE	612,175	405,386	178,117	194,529	178,234	253,037	6,389	1,437	1,829,304
C&I:
Pass	127,152	63,180	71,265	86,470	85,011	114,241	90,987	745	639,051
Special Mention	13,566	—	—	—	1,427	—	1,426	—	16,419
Classified	—	225	—	7	—	—	695	—	927
Total C&I	140,718	63,405	71,265	86,477	86,438	114,241	93,108	745	656,397
Residential Real Estate:
Residential real estate:
Current	838,566	707,760	277,613	123,098	72,541	294,549	—	—	2,314,127
Past Due	—	600	—	266	2,315	5,694	—	—	8,875
Total residential real estate	838,566	708,360	277,613	123,364	74,856	300,243	—	—	2,323,002
Consumer:
Home equity:
Current	20,665	8,308	3,742	2,406	1,947	3,139	235,004	9,268	284,479
Past Due	—	—	—	—	68	98	548	522	1,236
Total home equity	20,665	8,308	3,742	2,406	2,015	3,237	235,552	9,790	285,715
Other:
Current	4,231	4,287	1,676	299	235	4,726	251	—	15,705
Past Due	16	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	16
Total other	4,247	4,287	1,676	299	235	4,726	251	—	15,721
Total Loans	$1,616,371	$1,189,746	$532,413	$407,075	$341,778	$675,484	$335,300	$11,972	$5,110,139

Consistent with industry practice, Washington Trust may renew commercial loans at or immediately prior to their maturity. In the tables above, renewals subject to full credit evaluation before being granted are reported as originations in the period renewed.