Commitments and Contingencies

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Risk

The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and to manage the Corporation’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, mortgage loan commitments, loan related derivative contracts and interest rate risk management contracts. These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The contract or notional amounts of these instruments reflect the extent of involvement the Corporation has in particular classes of financial instruments.

Financial Instruments Whose Contract Amounts Represent Credit Risk (Unfunded Commitments)

Commitments to Extend Credit

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there are no violations of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since some of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each borrower’s creditworthiness is evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained is based on management’s credit evaluation of the borrower.

Standby Letters of Credit

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. These standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support the financing needs of the Bank’s commercial customers. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The collateral supporting those commitments is essentially the same as for other commitments. Most standby letters of credit extend for one year. At December 31, 2022 and 2021, there were no liabilities to beneficiaries resulting from standby letters of credit. Should the Corporation be required to make payments to the beneficiary, repayment from the customer to the Corporation is required.

Financial Instruments Whose Notional Amounts Exceed the Amount of Credit Risk

Mortgage Loan Commitments

Interest rate lock commitments are extended to borrowers and relate to the origination of mortgage loans held for sale. To mitigate the interest rate risk and pricing risk associated with these rate locks and mortgage loans held for sale, the Corporation enters into forward sale commitments. Both interest rate lock commitments and forward sale commitments are derivative financial instruments.

Loan Related Derivative Contracts

The Corporation’s credit policies with respect to interest rate contracts with commercial borrowers are similar to those used for loans. The interest rate contracts with other counterparties are generally subject to bilateral collateralization terms.

Interest Rate Risk Management Contracts

The Corporation’s interest rate risk management contracts consist of interest rate swap agreements in which the Corporation and another party agree to exchange interest payments (e.g., fixed-rate for variable-rate payments) computed on a notional principal amount. The credit risk associated with these transactions is the risk of default by the counterparty. To minimize this risk, the Corporation enters into interest rate agreements only with highly rated counterparties that management believes to be creditworthy.

The following table presents the contractual and notional amounts of financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk:


(Dollars in thousands)
December 31,	2022	2021
Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent credit risk:
Commitments to extend credit	$1,308,873	$1,006,620



Standby letters of credit	9,028	11,844
Financial instruments whose notional amounts exceed the amount of credit risk:
Mortgage loan commitments:
Interest rate lock commitments	12,201	49,800
Forward sale commitments	23,150	103,626
Loan related derivative contracts:
Interest rate contracts with customers	935,099	1,022,388
Mirror interest rate contracts with counterparties	935,099	1,022,388
Risk participation-in agreements	221,247	163,207

Interest rate risk management contracts:
Interest rate swaps	320,000	320,000

See Note 9 for additional disclosure pertaining to derivative financial instruments.

ACL on Unfunded Commitments

The ACL on unfunded commitments is management’s estimate of expected lifetime credit losses over the expected contractual term in which the Corporation is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Corporation. Unfunded commitments for home equity lines of credit and commercial demand loans are considered unconditionally cancellable for regulatory capital purposes and, therefore, are excluded from the calculation to estimate the ACL on unfunded commitments. For each portfolio, estimated loss rates and funding factors are applied to the corresponding balance of unfunded commitments. The estimated loss rates applied to unfunded commitments are the same quantitative and qualitative loss rates applied to the corresponding on-balance sheet amounts in determining the ACL on loans. The estimated funding factor applied to unfunded commitments represents the likelihood that the funding will occur and is based upon the Corporation’s average historical utilization rate for each portfolio.

The activity in the ACL on unfunded commitments for the year ended December 31, 2022 is presented below:


(Dollars in thousands)	Commercial				Consumer
	CRE	C&I	Total Commercial	Residential Real Estate	Home Equity	Other	Total Consumer	Total
Beginning Balance	$1,267	$816	$2,083	$62	$—	$16	$16	$2,161

Provision	(31)	172	141	(12)	—	—	—	129
Ending Balance	$1,236	$988	$2,224	$50	$—	$16	$16	$2,290

The activity in the ACL on unfunded commitments for the year ended December 31, 2021 is presented below:


(Dollars in thousands)	Commercial				Consumer
	CRE	C&I	Total Commercial	Residential Real Estate	Home Equity	Other	Total Consumer	Total
Beginning Balance	$907	$1,402	$2,309	$54	$—	$19	$19	$2,382

Provision	360	(586)	(226)	8	—	(3)	(3)	(221)
Ending Balance	$1,267	$816	$2,083	$62	$—	$16	$16	$2,161

Other Contingencies

Litigation

The Corporation is involved in various claims and legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of business. Management is of the opinion, based on its review with counsel of the development of such matters to date, that the ultimate disposition of such matters will not materially affect the consolidated balance sheets or statements of income of the Corporation.

Other

When selling a residential real estate mortgage loan or acting as originating agent on behalf of a third party, Washington Trust generally makes various representations and warranties. The specific representations and warranties depend on the nature of the transaction and the requirements of the buyer. Contractual liability may arise when the representations and warranties are breached. In the event of a breach of these representations and warranties, Washington Trust may be required to either repurchase the residential real estate mortgage loan (generally at unpaid principal balance plus accrued interest) with the identified defects or indemnify (“make-whole”) the investor for its losses.

In the case of a repurchase, the Corporation will bear any subsequent credit loss on the residential real estate mortgage loan. Washington Trust has experienced an insignificant number of repurchase demands over a period of many years. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the carrying value of loans repurchased due to representation and warranty claims was $1.0 million and $1.4 million, respectively. Washington Trust has recorded a reserve for its exposure to losses for premium recapture and the obligation to indemnify or repurchase previously sold residential real estate mortgage loans. The reserve balance amounted to $265 thousand and $275 thousand at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and is included in other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any change in the estimate is recorded in mortgage banking revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Income.