Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2019
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation Washington Trust Bancorp, Inc. (the “Bancorp”) is a publicly-owned registered bank holding company that has elected to be a financial holding company. The Bancorp’s subsidiaries include The Washington Trust Company, of Westerly (the “Bank”), a Rhode Island chartered commercial bank founded in 1800, and Weston Securities Corporation (“WSC”). Through its subsidiaries, the Bancorp offers a complete product line of financial services including commercial, residential and consumer lending, retail and commercial deposit products, and wealth management services through its offices in Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Bancorp and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Corporation” or “Washington Trust”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Bancorp also owns the common stock of two capital trusts, which have issued trust preferred securities. These capital trusts are variable interest entities in which the Bancorp is not the primary beneficiary and, therefore, are not consolidated. The capital trust’s only assets are junior subordinated debentures issued by the Bancorp, which were acquired by the capital trusts using the proceeds from the issuance of the trust preferred securities and common stock. The Bancorp’s equity interest in the capital trusts, classified in other assets, and the junior subordinated debentures are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices of the banking industry. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change are the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, the assessment of investment securities for impairment and the accounting for defined benefit pension plans. Short-term Investments Short-term investments consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less when purchased and are considered to be cash equivalents. The Corporation’s short-term investments may be composed of overnight federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements, money market mutual funds and U.S. Treasury bills. Securities Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Investments in debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. Investments not classified as held to maturity are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale consist of debt securities that are available for sale to respond to changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs, changes in funding sources and other similar factors. These assets are specifically identified and are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of available for sale securities, net of applicable income taxes, are reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Washington Trust does not have a trading portfolio. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted over the term of the securities on a method that approximates the level yield method. The amortization and accretion is included in interest income on securities. Interest income is recognized when earned. Realized gains or losses from sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method. The fair values of securities may be based on either quoted market prices or third party pricing services. When the fair value of an investment security is less than its amortized cost basis, the Corporation assesses whether the decline in value is other-than-temporary. The Corporation considers whether evidence indicating the cost of the investment is recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in the value subsequent to the reporting date, forecasted performance of the issuer, changes in the dividend or interest payment practices of the issuer, changes in the credit rating of the issuer or the specific security, and the general market condition in the geographic area or industry in which the issuer operates. In determining whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred for debt securities, the Corporation compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost of the security, then the entire amortized cost of the security will not be recovered; that is, a credit loss exists, and an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. The credit loss component of an other-than-temporary impairment write-down for debt securities is recorded in earnings while the remaining portion of the impairment loss is recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income provided that the Corporation does not intend to sell the underlying debt security and it is more-likely-than-not that the Corporation would not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be to maturity. If the Corporation intended to sell any securities with an unrealized loss or it is more-likely-than-not that the Corporation would be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, then the entire unrealized loss would be recorded in earnings. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock The Bank is a member of the FHLB. The FHLB is a cooperative that provides services, including funding in the form of advances, to its member banking institutions. As a requirement of membership, the Bank must own a minimum amount of FHLB stock, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLB. No market exists for shares of FHLB stock and therefore, it is carried at cost. FHLB stock may be redeemed at par value five years following termination of FHLB membership, subject to limitations which may be imposed by the FHLB or its regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Board, to maintain capital adequacy of the FHLB. While the Bank currently has no intentions to terminate its FHLB membership, the ability to redeem its investment in FHLB stock would be subject to the conditions imposed by the FHLB. The Bank monitors its investment to determine if impairment exists. Based on the capital adequacy and the liquidity position of the FHLB, management believes there is no impairment related to the carrying amount of FHLB stock included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019. Mortgage Banking Activities Mortgage Loans Held for Sale Residential mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are classified as held for sale. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, “Financial Instruments” allows for the irrevocable option to elect fair value accounting for the initial and subsequent measurement for certain financial assets and liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis that may otherwise not be required to be measured at fair value under other accounting standards. The Corporation has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale in order to better match changes in fair values of the loans with changes in the fair value of the derivative forward sale commitment contracts used to economically hedge them. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option are recorded in earnings and are partially offset by changes in fair value of forward sale commitments. These changes in fair value are included in mortgage banking revenues. Gains and losses on residential loan sales are recognized at the time of sale and included in mortgage banking revenues. Upfront fees and costs related to mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected are recognized in mortgage banking revenues as received / incurred and are not deferred. Commissions received on mortgage loans brokered to various investors are recognized when received and included in mortgage banking revenues. Loan Servicing Rights When mortgage loans held for sale are sold with servicing retained, mortgage servicing right assets are recognized as separate assets. Mortgage servicing rights are originally recorded at fair value. Fair value is based on a valuation model that incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, ancillary income, prepayment speeds, and default rates and losses. Mortgage servicing rights are included in other assets. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized as an offset to mortgage banking revenues over the period of estimated net servicing income. They are periodically evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Impairment is measured on an aggregated basis by stratifying the rights based on homogeneous characteristics such as note rate and loan type. The fair value is estimated based on the present value of expected cash flows, incorporating assumptions for discount rate, prepayment speed and servicing cost. Any impairment is recognized through a valuation allowance and as a reduction to mortgage banking revenues. Loans Portfolio Loans Loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted by partial charge-offs and net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on a level yield basis based upon principal amounts outstanding, except for loans on nonaccrual status. Deferred loan origination fees and costs are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the term of the related loans. For purchased loans, which did not show signs of credit deterioration at the time of purchase, interest income is also accrued on a level yield basis based upon principal amounts outstanding and is then further adjusted by accretion of any discount or amortization of any premium associated with the loans. Nonaccrual Loans Loans, with the exception of certain well-secured loans that are in the process of collection, are placed on nonaccrual status and interest recognition is suspended when such loans are 90 days or more overdue with respect to principal and/or interest, or sooner if considered appropriate by management. Well-secured loans are permitted to remain on accrual status provided that full collection of principal and interest is assured and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period income. Subsequent interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or recognized as interest income depending on management’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of the loan. Loans are removed from nonaccrual status when they have been current as to principal and interest for a period of time, the borrower has demonstrated an ability to comply with repayment terms, and when, in management’s opinion, the loans are considered to be fully collectible. Troubled Debt Restructured Loans Loans are considered to be troubled debt restructurings when the Corporation has granted concessions to a borrower due to the borrower’s financial condition that it otherwise would not have considered. These concessions may include modifications of the terms of the debt such as deferral of payments, extension of maturity, reduction of principal balance, reduction of the stated interest rate other than normal market rate adjustments, or a combination of these concessions. Debt may be bifurcated with separate terms for each tranche of the restructured debt. Restructuring of a loan in lieu of aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan may benefit the Corporation by increasing the ultimate probability of collection. Restructured loans are classified as accruing or non-accruing based on management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan. Loans which are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term. Troubled debt restructurings are reported as such for at least one year from the date of the restructuring. In years after the restructuring, troubled debt restructured loans are removed from this classification if the restructuring did not involve a below-market rate concession and the loan is not deemed to be impaired based on the terms specified in the restructuring agreement. Impaired Loans A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will not be able to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are evaluated on an individual basis and include nonaccrual loans and loans restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is management’s best estimate of the risk of loss inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged-off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. The level of the allowance is based on management’s ongoing review of the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, estimated loss emergence period (the period from the event that triggers the eventual default until the actual loss is recognized with a charge-off), current economic conditions, analysis of asset quality and credit quality levels and trends, the performance of individual loans in relation to contract terms and other pertinent factors. A methodology is used to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for the purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology includes: (1) the identification of loss allocations for individual loans deemed to be impaired and (2) the application of loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on historical loss experience and estimated loss emergence period, with adjustments for various exposures that management believes are not adequately represented by historical loss experience. Loss allocations for loans deemed to be impaired are measured using a discounted cash flow method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or, if the loan is collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the sale of the collateral, management adjusts the fair value for estimated costs to sell. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the operation of the collateral, such as accruing troubled debt restructured loans, estimated costs to sell are not incorporated into the measurement. Management may also adjust appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values for unobservable factors resulting from its knowledge of circumstances associated with the property. For loans that are collectively evaluated, loss allocation factors are derived by analyzing historical loss experience by loan segment over an established look-back period deemed to be relevant to the inherent risk of loss in the portfolios. Loans are segmented by loan type, collateral type, delinquency status and loan risk rating, where applicable. These loss allocation factors are adjusted to reflect the loss emergence period. These amounts are supplemented by certain qualitative risk factors reflecting management’s view of how losses may vary from those represented by historical loss rates. These qualitative risk factors include: 1) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; 2) changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; 3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans; 4) changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; 5) changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or rated loans; 6) changes in the quality of the institution’s loan review system; 7) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans; 8) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and 9) the effect of other external factors such as legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the institution’s existing portfolio. Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data, as well as management’s judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Adversely different conditions or assumptions could lead to increases in the allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. The allowance is an estimate, and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate. Changes in the estimate are recorded in the results of operations in the period in which they become known, along with provisions for estimated losses incurred during that period. Premises and Equipment Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Expected terms include lease renewal options to the extent that the exercise of such renewals is reasonably assured. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized while the costs of current maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses. The estimated useful lives of premises and improvements range from 5 to 40 years. For furniture, fixtures and equipment, the estimated useful lives range from 3 to 20 years. Leases The Corporation has committed to rent premises used in business operations under non-cancelable operating leases and determines if an arrangement meets the definition of a lease upon inception. Prior to January 1, 2019, operating leases were accounted for under ASC 840, Leases, and were considered off-balance sheet commitments as neither an asset or liability was recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Effective January 1, 2019, the Corporation adopted the provisions of ASC 842, Leases, as further disclosed in Note 2. ASC 842 requires operating leases to be recorded on the balance sheet, through the recognition of an operating lease right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and an operating lease liability at the commencement date of the new lease. ROU assets represent a right to use an underlying asset for the contractual lease term. Operating lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Corporation’s leases do not provide an implicit interest rate, therefore the Corporation uses its incremental collateralized borrowing rates commensurate with the underlying lease terms to determine the present value of operating lease liabilities. The Corporation’s operating lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. The Corporation’s lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees. Operating leases with terms of 12 months or less are included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities recorded in the Corporation’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating lease terms include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that the Corporation will exercise such options, determined on a lease-by-lease basis. Under both ASC 840 and ASC 842, rental expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Variable lease components, such as consumer price index adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Goodwill and Identifiable Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of the acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, defined as the segment level, at least annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more-likely-than-not that an impairment loss has occurred. In assessing impairment, the Corporation has the option to perform a qualitative analysis to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of such events or circumstances, we determine it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we would not be required to perform an impairment test. The quantitative impairment analysis requires a comparison of each reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value to identify potential impairment. Goodwill impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Significant judgment is applied when goodwill is assessed for impairment. This judgment includes, but may not be limited to, the selection of appropriate discount rates, the identification of relevant market comparables and the development of cash flow projections. The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a higher or lower fair value. Judgment is applied in determining the weightings that are most representative of fair value. Intangible assets identified in acquisitions consist of advisory contracts. The value attributed to intangible assets was based on the time period over which they are expected to generate economic benefits. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated lives using a method that approximates the amount of economic benefits that are realized by the Corporation. Intangible assets with definite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If applicable, the Corporation tests each of the intangibles by comparing the carrying value of the intangible asset to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, then an impairment loss would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Impairment would result in a write-down to the estimated fair value based on the anticipated discounted future cash flows. The remaining useful life of the intangible assets that are being amortized is also evaluated to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill Long-lived assets, including premises and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal. Property Acquired through Foreclosure or Repossession Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value of such assets is determined based on independent appraisals and other relevant factors. Any write-down to fair value at the time of foreclosure or repossession is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent to foreclosure or repossession, a valuation allowance is maintained for declines in market value and for estimated selling expenses. Upon sale of foreclosed property, any excess of the carrying value over the sales proceeds is recognized as a loss on sale. Any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying value of the foreclosed property is first applied as a recovery to the valuation allowance, if any, with the remainder being recognized as a gain on sale. Changes to the valuation allowance, expenses associated with ownership of these properties, and gains and losses from their sale are included in foreclosed property costs. Loans that are substantively repossessed include only those loans for which the Corporation has obtained control of the collateral, but has not completed legal foreclosure proceedings. Bank-Owned Life Insurance The investment in BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Bank to be the beneficiary of such policies. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are recorded in noninterest income and are not subject to income taxes. The financial strength of the insurance carrier is reviewed prior to the purchase of BOLI and annually thereafter. Investment in Real Estate Limited Partnerships The Bank has a 99.9% ownership interest in three real estate limited partnerships that renovate, own and operate three low-income housing complexes. The Bank neither actively participates nor has a controlling interest in these limited partnerships. The carrying value of these investments is recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Investments made prior to January 1, 2015 are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Net losses generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction to the Bank’s investment and as a reduction of other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Tax credits generated by the partnerships are recorded as a reduction in the income tax provision in the year they are allowed for tax reporting purposes. The results of operations of the real estate limited partnerships are periodically reviewed to determine if the partnership generates sufficient operating cash flow to fund its current obligations. In addition, the current value of the underlying properties is compared to the outstanding debt obligations. If it is determined that the investment is permanently impaired, the carrying value would be written down to the estimated realizable value. Investments made after January 1, 2015 are accounted for using the proportional amortization method. Unfunded commitments for future capital contributions are recognized and recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under the proportional amortization method, the investment is amortized over the same tax period and in proportion to the total tax benefits expected to be allocated to the Bank. The amortization is recognized as a component of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. In addition, operating losses and tax credits generated by the partnership are also recorded as a reduction to income tax expense. Transfers and Servicing of Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities The accounting for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities is based on consistent application of a financial components approach that focuses on control. This approach distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Corporation, (2) the transferee obtains the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee and provide more than a trivial benefit to the Corporation, and (3) the Corporation does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral. Wealth Management Assets Under Administration Assets under administration represent assets held in a fiduciary or agency capacity for wealth management clients and are not included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as these are not assets of the Corporation. Revenue from Contracts with Customers Prior to January 1, 2018, fee revenue such as wealth management revenues and service charges on deposit accounts were recognized when earned or to the extent services were completed. Effective January 1, 2018, the Corporation adopted the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606 provides a revenue recognition framework for contracts with customers unless those contracts are within the scope of other accounting standards. Revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with a customer. The Corporation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations. The performance obligations are generally satisfied as services are rendered and can either be satisfied at a point in time or over time. The Corporation recognizes revenue that is transactional in nature and such revenue is earned at a point in time. Revenue that is recognized at a point in time includes card interchange fees (fee income related to debit card transactions), ATM fees, wire transfer fees, overdraft charge fees, and stop-payment and returned check fees. Such revenue is derived from transactional information and is recognized as revenue immediately as the transactions occur or upon providing the service to complete the customer’s transaction. The Corporation recognizes revenue over a period of time, generally monthly, as services are performed and performance obligations are satisfied. Such revenue includes wealth management revenues and service charges on deposit accounts. Wealth management revenues are categorized as either asset-based revenues or transaction-based revenues. Asset-based revenues include trust and investment management fees that are earned based upon a percentage of asset values under administration. Transaction-based revenues include financial planning fees, tax preparation fees, commissions and other service fees. Fee revenue from service charges on deposit accounts represent the service charges assessed to customers who hold deposit accounts at the Bank. In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing services to our customers. If the Corporation is a principal in the transaction (providing services itself or through a third party on its behalf), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in noninterest expense. If the Corporation is an agent in the transaction (referring customers to another party to provide services), the Corporation reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue. For certain commissions and incentives, such as those paid to employees in our wealth management services and commercial banking segments in order to obtain customer contracts, contract cost assets are established. The contract cost assets are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life that the asset is expected to generate benefits. Contract cost assets are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amortization of contract cost assets is recorded within salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Pension Costs Pension benefits are accounted for using the net periodic benefit cost method, which recognizes the compensation cost of an employee’s pension benefit over that employee’s approximate service period. Pension benefit costs and benefit obligations incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, rates of return on plan assets and compensation increases. Management evaluates these assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to so do. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods. The service cost component of net periodic benefit cost is recognized within salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. All other components of net periodic benefit cost are recognized in other noninterest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The funded status of defined benefit pension plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in the funded status of the defined benefit plans, including actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits, are recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur. Share-Based Compensation Share-based compensation plans provide for awards of stock options and other equity incentives, including nonvested share units and nonvested performance share units. Compensation expense for awards is recognized over the service period based on the fair value at the date of grant. Grant date fair value for stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Awards of nonvested share units and nonvested performance share units are valued at the fair market value of the Bancorp’s common stock as of the award date. Nonvested performance share unit compensation expense is based on the most recent performance assumption available and is adjusted as assumptions change. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur. Excess tax benefits (expenses) related to stock option exercises, settlement of other equity awards and dividends paid on nonvested share awards are recorded as a decrease (increase) to income tax expense. Excess tax benefits (expenses) on the settlement of share-based awards are reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as an operating activity. Income Taxes Income tax expense is determined based on the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Additionally, a liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded for uncertain tax positions taken by the Corporation on its tax returns for which there is less than a 50% likelihood of being recognized upon a tax examination. The Corporation records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. Segment Reporting The Corporation segregates financial information in assessing its results among its Commercial Banking and Wealth Management Services operating segments. The amounts in the Corporate unit include activity not related to the segments. The methodologies and organizational hierarchies that define the business segments are periodically reviewed and revised. Results may be restated, when necessary, to reflect changes in organizational structure or allocation methodology. Any changes in estimates and allocations that may affect the reported results of any business segment will not affect the consolidated financial position or results of operations of the Corporation as a whole. Management uses certain methodologies to allocate income and expenses to the business lines. A funds transfer pricing (“FTP”) methodology is used to assign interest income and interest expense to each interest-earning asset and interest-bearing liability on a matched maturity funding basis. The matched maturity funding concept considers the origination date and the earlier of the maturity date or the repricing date of a financial instrument to assign an FTP rate for loans and deposits originated. Loans are assigned a FTP rate for funds used and deposits are assigned a FTP rate for funds provided. Certain indirect expenses are allocated to segments. These include indirect expenses such as technology, operations and other support functions. Earnings Per Common Share (“EPS”) EPS is calculated utilizing the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share of each class of stock according to dividends and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Share‑based awards that entitle holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities (i.e. nonvested restricted stock units), not subject to performance-based measures. These participating securities are included in the earnings allocation for computing basic earnings per share under this method. Undistributed income is allocated to common shareholders and participating securities under the two-class method based upon the proportion of each to the total weighted average shares available. Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect on common shares outstanding, using the treasury stock method. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in equity, except for those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Net income is a component of comprehensive income. All other components are referred to in the aggregate as other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes the after-tax effect of net changes in the fair value of securities available for sale, net changes in fair value of cash flow hedges and net changes in defined benefit pension plan obligations. Cash Flows For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, and other short-term investments. Guarantees Standby letters of credit are considered a guarantee of the Corporation. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Under the standby letters of credit, the Corporation is required to make payments to the beneficiary of the letters of credit upon request by the beneficiary contingent upon the customer’s failure to perform under the terms of the underlying contract with the beneficiary. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and subsequently reclassified to earnings when gains or losses are realized. For derivatives not designated as hedges, changes in fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized in earnings, in noninterest income. The accrued net settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense based on the item being hedged. Changes in fair value of derivatives, including accrued net settlements that do not qualify for hedge accounting, are reported in noninterest income. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued, but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction is still expected to occur, changes in value that were accumulated in other comprehensive income (loss) are amortized or accreted into earnings over the same periods that the hedged transactions will affect earnings. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures about fair value measurements have been included in Note 14.

Washington Trust Bancorp, Inc. (the “Bancorp”) is a publicly-owned registered bank holding company that has elected to be a financial holding company. The Bancorp’s subsidiaries include The Washington Trust Company, of Westerly (the “Bank”), a Rhode Island chartered commercial bank founded in 1800, and Weston Securities Corporation (“WSC”). Through its subsidiaries, the Bancorp offers a complete product line of financial services including commercial, residential and consumer lending, retail and commercial deposit products, and wealth management services through its offices in Rhode Island, eastern Massachusetts and Connecticut.

The Bancorp also owns the common stock of two capital trusts, which have issued trust preferred securities. These capital trusts are variable interest entities in which the Bancorp is not the primary beneficiary and, therefore, are not consolidated. The capital trust’s only assets are junior subordinated debentures issued by the Bancorp, which were acquired by the capital trusts using the proceeds from the issuance of the trust preferred securities and common stock. The Bancorp’s equity interest in the capital trusts, classified in other assets, and the junior subordinated debentures are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Interest expense on the junior subordinated debentures is included in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices of the banking industry. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change are the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets, the assessment of investment securities for impairment and the accounting for defined benefit pension plans.

Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Investments in debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. Investments not classified as held to maturity are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale consist of debt securities that are available for sale to respond to changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs, changes in funding sources and other similar factors. These assets are specifically identified and are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of available for sale securities, net of applicable income taxes, are reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Washington Trust does not have a trading portfolio.

Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted over the term of the securities on a method that approximates the level yield method. The amortization and accretion is included in interest income on securities. Interest income is recognized when earned. Realized gains or losses from sales of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.

The fair values of securities may be based on either quoted market prices or third party pricing services. When the fair value of an investment security is less than its amortized cost basis, the Corporation assesses whether the decline in value is other-than-temporary. The Corporation considers whether evidence indicating the cost of the investment is recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in the value subsequent to the reporting date, forecasted performance

In determining whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred for debt securities, the Corporation compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost of the security, then the entire amortized cost of the security will not be recovered; that is, a credit loss exists, and an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. The credit loss component of an other-than-temporary impairment write-down for debt securities is recorded in earnings while the remaining portion of the impairment loss is recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income provided that the Corporation does not intend to sell the underlying debt security and it is more-likely-than-not that the Corporation would not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be to maturity. If the Corporation intended to sell any securities with an unrealized loss or it is more-likely-than-not that the Corporation would be required to sell the investment securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, then the entire unrealized loss would be recorded in earnings.

The Bank is a member of the FHLB. The FHLB is a cooperative that provides services, including funding in the form of advances, to its member banking institutions. As a requirement of membership, the Bank must own a minimum amount of FHLB stock, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLB. No market exists for shares of FHLB stock and therefore, it is carried at cost. FHLB stock may be redeemed at par value five years following termination of FHLB membership, subject to limitations which may be imposed by the FHLB or its regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Board, to maintain capital adequacy of the FHLB. While the Bank currently has no intentions to terminate its FHLB membership, the ability to redeem its investment in FHLB stock would be subject to the conditions imposed by the FHLB. The Bank monitors its investment to determine if impairment exists. Based on the capital adequacy and the liquidity position of the FHLB, management believes there is no impairment related to the carrying amount of FHLB stock included in the Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2019.

Residential mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are classified as held for sale. Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, “Financial Instruments” allows for the irrevocable option to elect fair value accounting for the initial and subsequent measurement for certain financial assets and liabilities on a contract-by-contract basis that may otherwise not be required to be measured at fair value under other accounting standards. The Corporation has elected the fair value option for mortgage loans held for sale in order to better match changes in fair values of the loans with changes in the fair value of the derivative forward sale commitment contracts used to economically hedge them. Changes in the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale accounted for under the fair value option are recorded in earnings and are partially offset by changes in fair value of forward sale commitments. These changes in fair value are included in mortgage banking revenues. Gains and losses on residential loan sales are recognized at the time of sale and included in mortgage banking revenues. Upfront fees and costs related to mortgage loans held for sale for which the fair value option was elected are recognized in mortgage banking revenues as received / incurred and are not deferred.

When mortgage loans held for sale are sold with servicing retained, mortgage servicing right assets are recognized as separate assets. Mortgage servicing rights are originally recorded at fair value. Fair value is based on a valuation model that incorporates assumptions that market participants would use in estimating future net servicing income, such as the cost to service, the discount rate, ancillary income, prepayment speeds, and default rates and losses. Mortgage servicing rights are included in other assets. Mortgage servicing rights are amortized as an offset to mortgage banking revenues over the period of estimated net servicing income. They are periodically evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Impairment is measured on an aggregated basis by stratifying the rights based on homogeneous characteristics such as note rate and loan type. The fair value is estimated based on the present value of expected cash flows, incorporating

Loans are carried at the principal amount outstanding, adjusted by partial charge-offs and net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on a level yield basis based upon principal amounts outstanding, except for loans on nonaccrual status. Deferred loan origination fees and costs are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the term of the related loans. For purchased loans, which did not show signs of credit deterioration at the time of purchase, interest income is also accrued on a level yield basis based upon principal amounts outstanding and is then further adjusted by accretion of any discount or amortization of any premium associated with the loans.

Loans, with the exception of certain well-secured loans that are in the process of collection, are placed on nonaccrual status and interest recognition is suspended when such loans are 90 days or more overdue with respect to principal and/or interest, or sooner if considered appropriate by management. Well-secured loans are permitted to remain on accrual status provided that full collection of principal and interest is assured and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. When loans are placed on nonaccrual status, interest previously accrued but not collected is reversed against current period income. Subsequent interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or recognized as interest income depending on management’s assessment of the ultimate collectability of the loan. Loans are removed from nonaccrual status when they have been current as to principal and interest for a period of time, the borrower has demonstrated an ability to comply with repayment terms, and when, in management’s opinion, the loans are considered to be fully collectible.

Loans are considered to be troubled debt restructurings when the Corporation has granted concessions to a borrower due to the borrower’s financial condition that it otherwise would not have considered. These concessions may include modifications of the terms of the debt such as deferral of payments, extension of maturity, reduction of principal balance, reduction of the stated interest rate other than normal market rate adjustments, or a combination of these concessions. Debt may be bifurcated with separate terms for each tranche of the restructured debt. Restructuring of a loan in lieu of aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan may benefit the Corporation by increasing the ultimate probability of collection.

Restructured loans are classified as accruing or non-accruing based on management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan. Loans which are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term.

Troubled debt restructurings are reported as such for at least one year from the date of the restructuring. In years after the restructuring, troubled debt restructured loans are removed from this classification if the restructuring did not involve a below-market rate concession and the loan is not deemed to be impaired based on the terms specified in the restructuring agreement.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Corporation will not be able to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Impaired loans are evaluated on an individual basis and include nonaccrual loans and loans restructured in a troubled debt restructuring.

charged-off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectability of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

The level of the allowance is based on management’s ongoing review of the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, estimated loss emergence period (the period from the event that triggers the eventual default until the actual loss is recognized with a charge-off), current economic conditions, analysis of asset quality and credit quality levels and trends, the performance of individual loans in relation to contract terms and other pertinent factors.

A methodology is used to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for the purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology includes: (1) the identification of loss allocations for individual loans deemed to be impaired and (2) the application of loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on historical loss experience and estimated loss emergence period, with adjustments for various exposures that management believes are not adequately represented by historical loss experience.

Loss allocations for loans deemed to be impaired are measured using a discounted cash flow method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or, if the loan is collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the sale of the collateral, management adjusts the fair value for estimated costs to sell. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the operation of the collateral, such as accruing troubled debt restructured loans, estimated costs to sell are not incorporated into the measurement. Management may also adjust appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values for unobservable factors resulting from its knowledge of circumstances associated with the property.

For loans that are collectively evaluated, loss allocation factors are derived by analyzing historical loss experience by loan segment over an established look-back period deemed to be relevant to the inherent risk of loss in the portfolios. Loans are segmented by loan type, collateral type, delinquency status and loan risk rating, where applicable. These loss allocation factors are adjusted to reflect the loss emergence period. These amounts are supplemented by certain qualitative risk factors reflecting management’s view of how losses may vary from those represented by historical loss rates. These qualitative risk factors include: 1) changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices not considered elsewhere in estimating credit losses; 2) changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments that affect the collectability of the portfolio, including the condition of various market segments; 3) changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans; 4) changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff; 5) changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or rated loans; 6) changes in the quality of the institution’s loan review system; 7) changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans; 8) the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations; and 9) the effect of other external factors such as legal and regulatory requirements on the level of estimated credit losses in the institution’s existing portfolio.

Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data, as well as management’s judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Adversely different conditions or assumptions could lead to increases in the allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the shorter of the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the improvements. Expected terms include lease renewal options to the extent that the exercise of such renewals is reasonably assured.

Prior to January 1, 2019, operating leases were accounted for under ASC 840, Leases, and were considered off-balance sheet commitments as neither an asset or liability was recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Effective January 1, 2019, the Corporation adopted the provisions of ASC 842, Leases, as further disclosed in Note 2. ASC 842 requires operating leases to be recorded on the balance sheet, through the recognition of an operating lease right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and an operating lease liability at the commencement date of the new lease. ROU assets represent a right to use an underlying asset for the contractual lease term. Operating lease liabilities represent an obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the net fair value of the acquired businesses. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level, defined as the segment level, at least annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more-likely-than-not that an impairment loss has occurred. In assessing impairment, the Corporation has the option to perform a qualitative analysis to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of such events or circumstances, we determine it is not more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then we would not be required to perform an impairment test.

The quantitative impairment analysis requires a comparison of each reporting unit’s fair value to its carrying value to identify potential impairment. Goodwill impairment exists when a reporting unit’s carrying value of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. Significant judgment is applied when goodwill is assessed for impairment. This judgment includes, but may not be limited to, the selection of appropriate discount rates, the identification of relevant market comparables and the development of cash flow projections. The selection and weighting of the various fair value techniques may result in a higher or lower fair value. Judgment is applied in determining the weightings that are most representative of fair value.

Intangible assets identified in acquisitions consist of advisory contracts. The value attributed to intangible assets was based on the time period over which they are expected to generate economic benefits. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated lives using a method that approximates the amount of economic benefits that are realized by the Corporation.

Intangible assets with definite lives are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If applicable, the Corporation tests each of the intangibles by comparing the carrying value of the intangible asset to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, then an impairment loss would be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Impairment would result in a write-down to the estimated fair value based on the anticipated discounted future cash flows. The remaining useful life of the intangible assets that are being amortized is also evaluated to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining period of amortization.

Long-lived assets, including premises and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal.

Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession is carried at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value of such assets is determined based on independent appraisals and other relevant factors. Any write-down to fair value at the time of foreclosure or repossession is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Subsequent to foreclosure or repossession, a valuation allowance is maintained for declines in market value and for estimated selling expenses. Upon sale of foreclosed property, any excess of the carrying value over the sales proceeds is recognized as a loss on sale. Any excess of sales proceeds over the carrying value of the foreclosed property is first applied as a recovery to the valuation allowance, if any, with the remainder being recognized as a gain on sale. Changes to the valuation allowance, expenses associated with ownership of these properties, and gains and losses from their sale are included in foreclosed property costs.

The investment in BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Bank to be the beneficiary of such policies. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are recorded in noninterest income and are not subject to income taxes. The financial strength of the insurance carrier is reviewed prior to the purchase of BOLI and annually thereafter.

Investments made prior to January 1, 2015 are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Net losses generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction to the Bank’s investment and as a reduction of other noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Tax credits generated by the partnerships are recorded as a reduction in the income tax provision in the year they are allowed for tax reporting purposes. The results of operations of the real estate limited partnerships are periodically reviewed to determine if the partnership generates sufficient operating cash flow to fund its current obligations. In addition, the current value of the underlying properties is compared to the outstanding debt obligations. If it is determined that the investment is permanently impaired, the carrying value would be written down to the estimated realizable value.

Investments made after January 1, 2015 are accounted for using the proportional amortization method. Unfunded commitments for future capital contributions are recognized and recorded in other liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under the proportional amortization method, the investment is amortized over the same tax period and in proportion to the total tax benefits expected to be allocated to the Bank. The amortization is recognized as a component of income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. In addition, operating losses and tax credits generated by the partnership are also recorded as a reduction to income tax expense.

The accounting for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities is based on consistent application of a financial components approach that focuses on control. This approach distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Corporation, (2) the transferee obtains the right to pledge or exchange the transferred assets with no conditions that constrain the transferee and provide more than a trivial benefit to the Corporation, and (3) the Corporation does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral.

Prior to January 1, 2018, fee revenue such as wealth management revenues and service charges on deposit accounts were recognized when earned or to the extent services were completed. Effective January 1, 2018, the Corporation adopted the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASC 606 provides a revenue recognition framework for contracts with customers unless those contracts are within the scope of other accounting standards.

Revenue from contracts with customers is measured based on the consideration specified in the contract with a customer. The Corporation recognizes revenue from contracts with customers when it satisfies its performance obligations. The performance obligations are generally satisfied as services are rendered and can either be satisfied at a point in time or over time.

The Corporation recognizes revenue that is transactional in nature and such revenue is earned at a point in time. Revenue that is recognized at a point in time includes card interchange fees (fee income related to debit card transactions), ATM fees, wire transfer fees, overdraft charge fees, and stop-payment and returned check fees. Such revenue is derived from transactional information and is recognized as revenue immediately as the transactions occur or upon providing the service to complete the customer’s transaction.

The Corporation recognizes revenue over a period of time, generally monthly, as services are performed and performance obligations are satisfied. Such revenue includes wealth management revenues and service charges on deposit accounts. Wealth management revenues are categorized as either asset-based revenues or transaction-based revenues. Asset-based revenues include trust and investment management fees that are earned based upon a percentage of asset values under administration. Transaction-based revenues include financial planning fees, tax preparation fees, commissions and other service fees. Fee revenue from service charges on deposit accounts represent the service charges assessed to customers who hold deposit accounts at the Bank.

In certain cases, other parties are involved with providing services to our customers. If the Corporation is a principal in the transaction (providing services itself or through a third party on its behalf), revenues are reported based on the gross consideration received from the customer and any related expenses are reported gross in noninterest expense. If the Corporation is an agent in the transaction (referring customers to another party to provide services), the Corporation reports its net fee or commission retained as revenue.

For certain commissions and incentives, such as those paid to employees in our wealth management services and commercial banking segments in order to obtain customer contracts, contract cost assets are established. The contract cost assets are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life that the asset is expected to generate benefits. Contract cost assets are included in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The amortization of contract cost assets is recorded within salaries and employee benefits expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pension benefits are accounted for using the net periodic benefit cost method, which recognizes the compensation cost of an employee’s pension benefit over that employee’s approximate service period. Pension benefit costs and benefit obligations incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, rates of return on plan assets and compensation increases. Management evaluates these assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to so do. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods.

The funded status of defined benefit pension plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in the funded status of the defined benefit plans, including actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits, are recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur.

Compensation expense for awards is recognized over the service period based on the fair value at the date of grant. Grant date fair value for stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Awards of nonvested share units and nonvested performance share units are valued at the fair market value of the Bancorp’s common stock as of the award date. Nonvested performance share unit compensation expense is based on the most recent performance assumption available and is adjusted as assumptions change. Forfeitures are recognized when they occur.

Income tax expense is determined based on the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Additionally, a liability for unrecognized tax benefits is recorded for uncertain tax positions taken by the Corporation on its tax returns for which there is less than a 50% likelihood of being recognized upon a tax examination.

The Corporation segregates financial information in assessing its results among its Commercial Banking and Wealth Management Services operating segments. The amounts in the Corporate unit include activity not related to the segments. The methodologies and organizational hierarchies that define the business segments are periodically reviewed and revised. Results may be restated, when necessary, to reflect changes in organizational structure or allocation methodology. Any changes in estimates and allocations that may affect the reported results of any business segment will not affect the consolidated financial position or results of operations of the Corporation as a whole.

date and the earlier of the maturity date or the repricing date of a financial instrument to assign an FTP rate for loans and deposits originated. Loans are assigned a FTP rate for funds used and deposits are assigned a FTP rate for funds provided. Certain indirect expenses are allocated to segments. These include indirect expenses such as technology, operations and other support functions.

EPS is calculated utilizing the two-class method. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share of each class of stock according to dividends and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Share‑based awards that entitle holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities (i.e. nonvested restricted stock units), not subject to performance-based measures. These participating securities are included in the earnings allocation for computing basic earnings per share under this method. Undistributed income is allocated to common shareholders and participating securities under the two-class method based upon the proportion of each to the total weighted average shares available. Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect on common shares outstanding, using the treasury stock method.

Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in equity, except for those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Net income is a component of comprehensive income. All other components are referred to in the aggregate as other comprehensive income (loss). Other comprehensive income (loss) includes the after-tax effect of net changes in the fair value of securities available for sale, net changes in fair value of cash flow hedges and net changes in defined benefit pension plan obligations.

Standby letters of credit are considered a guarantee of the Corporation. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing standby letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Under the standby letters of credit, the Corporation is required to make payments to the beneficiary of the letters of credit upon request by the beneficiary contingent upon the customer’s failure to perform under the terms of the underlying contract with the beneficiary.

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures about fair value measurements have been included in Note 14.