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Allowance for Loan Losses (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2014
Receivables [Abstract]  
Allowance for Loan Losses
Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is management’s best estimate of the probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date.  The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans (or portions thereof) deemed to be uncollectible.  Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectibility of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely.  Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

A methodology is used to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for the purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses.  The methodology includes three elements: (1) identification of loss allocations for certain specific loans deemed to be impaired, (2) application of loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on credit grade, historical loss experience, estimated loss emergence period and delinquency status, with adjustments for various exposures not adequately presented in historical loss experience, and (3) an unallocated allowance maintained for measurement imprecision associated with impaired and nonaccrual loans.

The level of the allowance is based on management’s ongoing review of the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, estimated loss emergence period, current economic conditions, analysis of current levels and asset quality and credit quality trends, the performance of individual loans in relation to contract terms and other pertinent factors.

The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is regularly evaluated by management.  While management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in assumptions and economic conditions.  In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses.  Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

The allowance is an estimate, and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate.  Changes in the estimate are recorded in the results of operations in the period in which they become known, along with provisions for estimated losses incurred during that period.

The allowance for loan losses is management’s best estimate of inherent risk of loss in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans. The Corporation uses a methodology to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology includes three elements: (1) identification of loss allocations for individual loans deemed to be impaired, (2) application of loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on credit grade, historical loss experience, estimated loss emergence period and delinquency status, with adjustments for various exposures not adequately presented in historical loss experience, and (3) an unallocated allowance maintained for measurement imprecision associated with impaired and nonaccrual loans. Prior to December 31, 2014, the unallocated allowance also included amounts for management’s qualitative and quantitative assessment of certain other loan portfolio risks not captured in other components of the allowance. The presentation of the allowance for loan losses and related activity by portfolio segment, set forth below, has been revised to conform to the 2014 presentation of the unallocated allowance. This reclassification to the appropriate loan portfolios resulted in reductions of $5.2 million and $5.5 million, respectively, in the unallocated allowance previously reported as of December 31, 2013 and 2012.

Loss allocations for loans deemed to be impaired are measured on a discounted cash flow method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or, if the loan is collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the sale of the collateral, management adjusts the fair value for estimated costs to sell. For collateral dependent loans for which repayment is dependent on the operation of the collateral, such as accruing troubled debt restructured loans, estimated costs to sell are not incorporated into the measurement. Management may also adjust appraised values to reflect estimated market value declines or apply other discounts to appraised values for unobservable factors resulting from its knowledge of circumstances associated with the property.

Individual commercial loans not deemed to be impaired are evaluated using an internal rating system and the application of loss allocation factors.  The loan rating system is described under the caption “Credit Quality Indicators” in Note 5.  The loan rating system and the related loss allocation factors take into consideration parameters including the borrower’s financial condition, the borrower’s performance with respect to loan terms, the adequacy of collateral and the adequacy of guarantees.  We periodically reassess and revise the loss allocation factors used in the assignment of loss exposure to appropriately reflect our analysis of migrational loss experience.  Revisions to loss allocation factors are not retroactively applied.  We analyze historical loss experience over periods deemed to be relevant to the inherent risk of loss in the commercial loan portfolio and the related estimate of the loss emergence period as of the balance sheet date.  We also adjust loss factor allocations for various exposures we believe are not adequately presented in historical loss experience, including our assessments of credit risk associated with certain industries, an ongoing trend toward larger credit relationships, recent changes in portfolio composition, conditions that may affect the ability of borrowers to meet debt service requirements, trends in rental rates on commercial real estate and conditions that may affect the collateral position, such as environmental matters.

Portfolios of more homogeneous populations of loans, including the various categories of residential mortgages and consumer loans are analyzed as groups, with loss allocation factors assigned to each group based on account delinquency status. We periodically reassess and revise the loss allocation factors. Revisions to loss allocation factors are not retroactively applied.  We analyze historical loss experience over periods deemed to be relevant to the inherent risk of loss in residential mortgage and consumer loan portfolios and the related estimate of the loss emergence period as of the balance sheet date.  We also adjust loss factor allocations for various exposures we believe are not adequately presented in historical loss experience including trends in real estate values, consideration of general economic conditions, increases in delinquency levels and regulatory changes affecting the foreclosure process.  These matters are also evaluated taking into account the geographic location of the underlying loans.

Because the methodology is based upon historical experience and trends, current economic data as well as management’s judgment, factors may arise that result in different estimations. Significant factors that could give rise to changes in these estimates may include, but are not limited to, changes in economic conditions in our market area, concentration of risk and declines in local property values. Adversely different conditions or assumptions could lead to increases in the allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.