Derivative Financial Instruments (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2013

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]

Derivative Insturments and Hedging Activities

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

Derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value.  The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation.  

For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings together with the changes in the fair value of the related hedged item (generally fixed-rate financial instruments).  The net amount, if any, represents hedge ineffectiveness, is reflected in earnings.  

For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings.  The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges is recognized directly in earnings.  

For derivatives not designated as hedges, changes in fair value of the derivative instruments are recognized in earnings, in noninterest income.

The accrued net settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense based on the item being hedged.  Changes in fair value of derivatives including accrued net settlements that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, the future changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income.  When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability.  When a cash flow hedge is discontinued, but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction is still expected to occur, changes in value that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized or accreted into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

By using certain derivative financial instruments, the Corporation exposes itself to credit risk.  Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract.  When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Corporation, which creates credit risk for the Corporation.  When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Corporation owes the counterparty and, therefore, it does not possess credit risk.  The credit risk in derivative instruments is minimized by entering into transactions with highly rated counterparties that management believes to be creditworthy.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Corporation’s derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing, and duration of the Corporation’s known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally to manage the Corporation’s interest rate risk. Additionally, the Corporation enters into interest rate derivatives to accommodate the business requirements of its customers. All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value.  The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation.

Interest Rate Risk Management Agreements

Interest rate swaps are used from time to time as part of the Corporation’s interest rate risk management strategy.  Swaps are agreements in which the Corporation and another party agree to exchange interest payments (e.g., fixed-rate for variable-rate payments) computed on a notional principal amount.  The credit risk associated with swap transactions is the risk of default by the counterparty.  To minimize this risk, the Corporation enters into interest rate agreements only with highly rated counterparties that management believes to be creditworthy.  The notional amounts of these agreements do not represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, thus, are not a measure of the potential loss exposure.

Cash Flow Hedging Instruments

As of December 31, 2013, the Bancorp had two interest rate swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate associated with $23 million of variable rate junior subordinated debentures, compared to three interest rate swap contracts designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the interest rate associated with $33 million of variable rate junior subordinated debenture as of December 31, 2012.  See additional disclosure in Note 11 regarding the June 2013 redemption of junior subordinated debentures. The effective portion of the changes in fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges is recorded in other comprehensive income and subsequently reclassified to earnings when gains or losses are realized.  The ineffective portion of changes in fair value of the derivatives is recognized directly in earnings as interest expense.  The Bancorp pledged collateral to derivative counterparties in the form of cash totaling $1.6 million and $2.0 million as of December 31, 2013 and 2012.  The Bancorp may need to post additional collateral in the future in proportion to potential increases in unrealized loss positions.

Customer Related Derivative Contracts

The Corporation has also entered into interest rate swap contracts to help commercial loan borrowers manage their interest rate risk.  The interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers allows them to convert floating rate loan payments to fixed-rate loan payments.  When we enter into an interest rate swap contract with a commercial loan borrower, we simultaneously enter into a “mirror” swap contract with a third party.  The third party exchanges the client’s fixed-rate loan payments for floating rate loan payments.  We retain the risk that is associated with the potential failure of counterparties and inherent in making loans.  As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, Washington Trust had interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers with notional amounts of $105.6 million and $70.5 million, respectively, and equal amounts of “mirror” swap contracts with third-party financial institutions.  These derivatives are not designated as hedges and, therefore, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings.

Loan Commitments

Interest rate lock commitments are extended to borrowers that relate to the origination of residential real estate mortgage loans held for sale.  To mitigate the interest rate risk inherent in these rate locks, as well as closed residential real estate mortgage loans held for sale, best efforts forward commitments are established to sell individual residential real estate mortgage loans.  Both interest rate lock commitments and commitments to sell fixed-rate residential real estate mortgage loans are derivative financial instruments, but do not meet criteria for hedge accounting and as such are treated as derivatives not designated as hedging instruments. These derivative financial instruments are recorded at fair value and changes in fair value of these commitments are reflected in earnings in the period of change. The Corporation has elected to carry newly originated closed residential real estate mortgage loans held for sale at fair value, as changes in fair value in these loans held for sale generally offset changes in interest rate lock and forward sale commitments.