Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2011
Accounting Policies [Abstract]
Summary of Significant Accounting Policies	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of Presentation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Bancorp and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Corporation” or “Washington Trust”). All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year classification. The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices of the banking industry. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change are the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the review of goodwill, other intangible assets and investments for impairment. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions. Short-term Investments Short-term investments consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less when purchased and are considered to be cash equivalents. The Corporation’s short-term investments may be comprised of overnight federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and money market mutual funds. Securities Investments in debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase. Investments not classified as held to maturity are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale consist of debt and equity securities that are available for sale to respond to changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs, changes in funding sources and other similar factors. These assets are specifically identified and are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of available for sale securities, net of applicable income taxes, are reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Washington Trust does not have a trading portfolio. Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted over the term of the securities on a method that approximates the level yield method. The amortization and accretion is included in interest income on securities. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains or losses from sales of equity securities are determined using the average cost method, while other realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method. The fair values of securities are based on either quoted market prices, third party pricing services or third party valuation specialists. When the fair value of an investment security is less than its amortized cost basis, the Corporation assesses whether the decline in value is other-than-temporary. The Corporation considers whether evidence indicating the cost of the investment is recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in the value subsequent to the reporting date, forecasted performance of the issuer, changes in the dividend or interest payment practices of the issuer, changes in the credit rating of the issuer or the specific security, and the general market condition in the geographic area or industry the issuer operates in. In determining whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred for debt securities, the Corporation compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost of the security, then the entire amortized cost of the security will not be recovered; that is, a credit loss exists, and an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. The credit loss component of an other-than-temporary impairment write-down for debt securities is recorded in earnings while the remaining portion of the impairment loss is recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income provided that the Corporation does not intend to sell the underlying debt security and it is more-likely-than not that the Corporation would not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be to maturity. If the Corporation intended to sell any securities with an unrealized loss or it is more-likely than not that the Corporation would be required to sell the investment securities, before recovery of their amortized cost basis, then the entire unrealized loss would be recorded in earnings. See Note 4 for further discussion on the Corporation’s investment securities portfolio. Federal Home Loan Bank Stock The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”). The FHLBB is a cooperative that provides services, including funding in the form of advances, to its member banking institutions. As a requirement of membership, the Bank must own a minimum amount of FHLBB stock, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLBB. No market exists for shares of the FHLBB and therefore, they are carried at par value. FHLBB stock may be redeemed at par value five years following termination of FHLBB membership, subject to limitations which may be imposed by the FHLBB or its regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Board, to maintain capital adequacy of the FHLBB. While the Corporation currently has no intentions to terminate its FHLBB membership, the ability to redeem its investment in FHLBB stock would be subject to the conditions imposed by the FHLBB. Based on the capital adequacy and the liquidity position of the FHLBB, management believes there is no impairment related to the carrying amount of the Corporation’s FHLBB stock as of December 31, 2011. Further deterioration of the FHLBB’s capital levels may require the Corporation to deem its restricted investment in FHLBB stock to be other-than-temporarily impaired. If evidence of impairment exists in the future, the FHLBB stock would reflect fair value using either observable or unobservable inputs. The Corporation will continue to monitor its investment in FHLBB stock. Mortgage Banking Activities Mortgage Loans Held for Sale - Residential mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are classified as held for sale. Prior to July 1, 2011, loans held for sale were carried at the lower of cost or fair value (“LOCOM”). Effective July, 2011, pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 825, “Financial Instruments,” the Company elected to carry newly originated closed loans held for sale at fair value. Changes in fair value relating to loans held for sale and forward sale commitments are recorded in earnings and are offset by changes in fair value relating to interest rate lock commitments. Gains and losses on residential loan sales are recorded in noninterest income as net gains on loan sales and commissions on loans originated for others. Loan Servicing Rights - Rights to service loans for others are recognized as an asset, including rights acquired through both purchases and originations. The total cost of originated loans that are sold with servicing rights retained is allocated between the loan servicing rights and the loans without servicing rights based on their relative fair values. Capitalized loan servicing rights are included in other assets and are amortized as an offset to other income over the period of estimated net servicing income. They are periodically evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Impairment is measured on an aggregated basis according to interest rate band and period of origination. The fair value is estimated based on the present value of expected cash flows, incorporating assumptions for discount rate, prepayment speed and servicing cost. Any impairment is recognized as a charge to earnings through a valuation allowance. Loans Portfolio Loans - Loans held in the portfolio are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on a level yield basis based on principal amounts outstanding. Deferred loan origination fees and costs are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the life of the related loans. Nonaccrual Loans - Loans, with the exception of certain well-secured residential mortgage loans that are in the process of collection, are placed on nonaccrual status and interest recognition is suspended when such loans are 90 days or more overdue with respect to principal and/or interest or sooner if considered appropriate by management. Well-secured residential mortgage loans are permitted to remain on accrual status provided that full collection of principal and interest is assured and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. Interest previously accrued but not collected on such loans is reversed against current period income. Subsequent interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or recognized as interest income depending on management’s assessment of the ultimate collectibility of the loan. Loans are removed from nonaccrual status when they have been current as to principal and interest for a period of time, the borrower has demonstrated an ability to comply with repayment terms, and when, in management’s opinion, the loans are considered to be fully collectible. Troubled Debt Restructured Loans - Restructured loans include those for which concessions such as reduction of interest rates, other than normal market rate adjustments, or deferral of principal or interest payments have been granted due to a borrower’s financial condition. Restructured loans are classified as accruing or non-accruing based on management’s assessment of the collectibility of the loan. Loans which are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing troubled debt restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term. Troubled debt restructurings are generally reported as such for at least one year from the date of the restructuring. In years after the restructuring, troubled debt restructured loans are removed from this classification if the restructuring did not involve a below market rate concession and the loan is not deemed to be impaired based on the terms specified in the restructuring agreement. Impaired Loans - Impaired loans are loans for which it is probable that the Corporation will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements and all loans restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. Impaired loans do not include large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment, which consist of most residential mortgage loans and consumer loans. Impairment is measured on a discounted cash flow method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or if the loan is collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. Impairment is also measured based on the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell if it is determined that foreclosure is probable. Interest income on nonaccrual impaired loans is recognized as described above under the caption “Nonaccrual Loans.” Impaired accruing loans consist of those troubled debt restructurings for which management has concluded that the collectibility of the loan is not in doubt. Allowance for Loan Losses The allowance for loan losses is management’s best estimate of the probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans (or portions thereof) deemed to be uncollectible. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectibility of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan. A methodology is used to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for the purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology includes three elements: (1) identification of loss allocations for certain specific loans deemed to be impaired, (2) loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on credit grade, loss experience, delinquency factors and other similar economic indicators, and (3) general loss allocations for other environmental factors, which is classified as “unallocated”. The level of the allowance is based on management’s ongoing review of the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, current economic conditions, analysis of current levels and asset quality and delinquency trends, the performance of individual loans in relation to contract terms and other pertinent factors. The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is regularly evaluated by management. While management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in assumptions and economic conditions. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination. The allowance is an estimate, and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate. Changes in the estimate are recorded in the results of operations in the period in which they become known, along with provisions for estimated losses incurred during that period. Premises and Equipment Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized while the costs of current maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses. The estimated useful lives of premises and improvements range from three to forty years. For furniture, fixtures and equipment, the estimated useful lives range from two to twenty years. Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets The Corporation allocates the cost of an acquired entity to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Other intangible assets identified in acquisitions generally consist of wealth management advisory contracts, core deposit intangibles, and non-compete agreements. The value attributed to advisory contracts is based on the time period over which they are expected to generate economic benefits. Core deposit intangibles are valued based on the expected longevity of the core deposit accounts and the expected cost savings associated with the use of the existing core deposit base rather than alternative funding sources. Non-compete agreements are valued based on the expected receipt of future economic benefits protected by clauses in the non-compete agreements that restrict competitive behavior. The Corporation tests other intangible assets with definite lives for impairment at least annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that their carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The carrying value of the intangible assets is compared to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, then an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value. The excess of the purchase price for acquisitions over the fair value of the net assets acquired, including other intangible assets, is reported as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the segment level at least annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has occurred. The impairment test includes a review of discounted cash flow analysis (“income approach”) and estimates of selected market information (“market approach”) for both the commercial banking and the wealth management segments of the Corporation. The income approach measures the value of an interest in a business by discounting expected future cash flows to a present value. The market approach takes into consideration values of comparable companies operating in similar lines of business that are potentially subject to similar economic and environmental factors and could be considered reasonable investment alternatives. The results of the income approach and the market approach are weighted equally. If the fair value is determined to be less than the carrying value, an additional analysis is performed to determine if carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds its estimated fair value. The excess goodwill is recognized as an impairment loss. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the remaining useful life may warrant revision or that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal. Property Acquired through Foreclosure or Repossession Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession is stated at the lower of cost or fair value minus estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisition or classification to this status. Fair value of such assets is determined based on independent appraisals and other relevant factors. Any write-down to fair value at the time of foreclosure or repossession is charged to the allowance for loan losses. A valuation allowance is maintained for declines in market value and for estimated selling expenses. Increases to the valuation allowance, expenses associated with ownership of these properties, and gains and losses from their sale are included in foreclosed property costs. Loans that are substantively repossessed include only those loans for which the Corporation has taken possession of the collateral, but has not completed legal foreclosure proceedings. Bank-Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”) The investment in BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain Bank employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Bank to be the beneficiary of such policies. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are recorded in noninterest income, and are not subject to income taxes. The financial strength of the insurance carrier is reviewed prior to the purchase of BOLI and annually thereafter. Investment in Real Estate Limited Partnership Washington Trust has a 99.9% ownership interest in two real estate limited partnerships that renovate, own and operate two low-income housing complexes. Washington Trust neither actively participates nor has a controlling interest in these limited partnerships and accounts for its investments under the equity method of accounting. The carrying value of the investments is recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Net losses generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction to Washington Trust’s investment and as a reduction of noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Tax credits generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction in the income tax provision in the year they are allowed for tax reporting purposes. The results of operations of the real estate limited partnerships are periodically reviewed to determine if the partnership generates sufficient operating cash flow to fund its current obligations. In addition, the current value of the underlying properties is compared to the outstanding debt obligations. If it is determined that the investment is permanently impaired, the carrying value will be written down to the estimated realizable value. Transfers and Servicing of Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities The accounting for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities is based on consistent application of a financial components approach that focuses on control. This approach distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. After a transfer of financial assets, the Corporation recognizes all financial and servicing assets it controls and liabilities it has incurred and derecognizes financial assets it no longer controls and liabilities that have been extinguished. This financial components approach focuses on the assets and liabilities that exist after the transfer. Many of these assets and liabilities are components of financial assets that existed prior to the transfer. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral. Fee Revenue Trust and investment advisory fees and mutual fund fees are primarily accrued as earned based upon a percentage of asset values under administration. Financial planning commissions and other wealth management service fee revenue is recognized to the extent that services have been completed. Fee revenue from deposit service charges is generally recognized when earned. Fee revenue for merchant processing services is generally accrued as earned. Pension Costs Pension benefits are accounted for using the net periodic benefit cost method, which recognizes the compensation cost of an employee’s pension benefit over that employee’s approximate service period. Pension benefit cost calculations incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, and turnover rates. Washington Trust reviews its assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to so do. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in other comprehensive income and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods. Washington Trust believes that the assumptions utilized in recording its obligations under its plans are reasonable based on its experience and market conditions. The funded status of defined benefit pension plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in the funded status of the defined benefit plans, including actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits, are recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur. Stock-Based Compensation Stock-based compensation plans provide for awards of share options and other equity incentives including nonvested share units and share awards and nonvested performance shares. Compensation expense for share options and nonvested share units and share awards is recognized over the service period based on the fair value at the date of grant. The Corporation estimates grant date fair value for share options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Nonvested performance share compensation expense is based on the most recent performance assumption available and is adjusted as assumptions change. Excess tax benefits (expenses) related to stock option exercises and issuance of other compensation-related equity instruments are reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activity. Income Taxes Income tax expense is determined based on the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Corporation recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Corporation records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense. Earnings Per Share (“EPS”) The Company utilizes the two-class method earnings allocation formula to determine earnings per share of each class of stock according to dividends and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The adoption of these provisions of ASC 260 did not have a material impact on the Corporation's financial position or results of operations. Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents. Comprehensive Income Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in equity, except for those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Net income is a component of comprehensive income, with all other components referred to in the aggregate as other comprehensive income. Cash Flows For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, and other short-term investments. Generally, federal funds are sold on an overnight basis. Guarantees Standby letters of credit are considered a guarantee of the Corporation. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Under the standby letters of credit, the Corporation is required to make payments to the beneficiary of the letters of credit upon request by the beneficiary contingent upon the customer’s failure to perform under the terms of the underlying contract with the beneficiary. The fair value of standby letters of credit is considered immaterial to the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings together with the changes in the fair value of the related hedged item. The net amount, if any, representing hedge ineffectiveness, is reflected in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges is recognized directly in earnings. For derivatives not designated as hedges, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings, in noninterest income. From time to time, interest rate swap contracts are used as part of interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into as hedges against future interest rate fluctuations on specifically identified assets or liabilities. We also utilize interest rate swap contracts to help commercial loan borrowers manage their interest rate risk. The interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers allow them to convert floating rate loan payments to fixed rate loan payments. When we enter into an interest rate swap contract with a commercial loan borrower, we simultaneously enter into a mirror swap contract with a third party. The third party exchanges the client’s fixed rate loan payments for floating rate loan payments. The accrued net settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense based on the item being hedged. Changes in fair value of derivatives including accrued net settlements that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income. When hedge accounting is discontinued, the future changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued, but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction is still expected to occur, changes in value that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized or accreted into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings. By using derivative financial instruments, the Corporation exposes itself to credit risk. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Corporation, which creates credit risk for the Corporation. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Corporation owes the counterparty and, therefore, it does not possess credit risk. The credit risk in derivative instruments is minimized by entering into transactions with highly rated counterparties that management believes to be creditworthy. Fair Value Measurements Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures about fair value measurements have been included in Note 14.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Bancorp and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Corporation” or “Washington Trust”). All significant intercompany transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year classification.

The accounting and reporting policies of the Corporation conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and to general practices of the banking industry. In preparing the financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to change are the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the review of goodwill, other intangible assets and investments for impairment. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in such estimates and assumptions.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments consist of highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less when purchased and are considered to be cash equivalents. The Corporation’s short-term investments may be comprised of overnight federal funds sold, securities purchased under resale agreements and money market mutual funds.

Securities

Investments in debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost. Management determines the appropriate classification of securities at the time of purchase.

Investments not classified as held to maturity are classified as available for sale. Securities available for sale consist of debt and equity securities that are available for sale to respond to changes in market interest rates, liquidity needs, changes in funding sources and other similar factors. These assets are specifically identified and are carried at fair value. Changes in fair value of available for sale securities, net of applicable income taxes, are reported as a separate component of shareholders’ equity. Washington Trust does not have a trading portfolio.

Premiums and discounts are amortized and accreted over the term of the securities on a method that approximates the level yield method. The amortization and accretion is included in interest income on securities. Dividend and interest income are recognized when earned. Realized gains or losses from sales of equity securities are determined using the average cost method, while other realized gains and losses are determined using the specific identification method.

The fair values of securities are based on either quoted market prices, third party pricing services or third party valuation specialists. When the fair value of an investment security is less than its amortized cost basis, the Corporation assesses whether the decline in value is other-than-temporary. The Corporation considers whether evidence indicating the cost of the investment is recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for impairment, the severity and duration of the impairment, changes in the value subsequent to the reporting date, forecasted performance of the issuer, changes in the dividend or interest payment practices of the issuer, changes in the credit rating of the issuer or the specific security, and the general market condition in the geographic area or industry the issuer operates in.

In determining whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred for debt securities, the Corporation compares the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost of the security. If the present value of expected cash flows is less than the amortized cost of the security, then the entire amortized cost of the security will not be recovered; that is, a credit loss exists, and an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. The credit loss component of an other-than-temporary impairment write-down for debt securities is recorded in earnings while the remaining portion of the impairment loss is recognized, net of tax, in other comprehensive income provided that the Corporation does not intend to sell the underlying debt security and it is more-likely-than not that the Corporation would not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery of the unrealized loss, which may be to maturity. If the Corporation intended to sell any securities with an unrealized loss or it is more-likely than not that the Corporation would be required to sell the investment securities, before recovery of their amortized cost basis, then the entire unrealized loss would be recorded in earnings.

See Note 4 for further discussion on the Corporation’s investment securities portfolio.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

The Bank is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of Boston (“FHLBB”). The FHLBB is a cooperative that provides services, including funding in the form of advances, to its member banking institutions. As a requirement of membership, the Bank must own a minimum amount of FHLBB stock, calculated periodically based primarily on its level of borrowings from the FHLBB. No market exists for shares of the FHLBB and therefore, they are carried at par value. FHLBB stock may be redeemed at par value five years following termination of FHLBB membership, subject to limitations which may be imposed by the FHLBB or its regulator, the Federal Housing Finance Board, to maintain capital adequacy of the FHLBB. While the Corporation currently has no intentions to terminate its FHLBB membership, the ability to redeem its investment in FHLBB stock would be subject to the conditions imposed by the FHLBB. Based on the capital adequacy and the liquidity position of the FHLBB, management believes there is no impairment related to the carrying amount of the Corporation’s FHLBB stock as of December 31, 2011. Further deterioration of the FHLBB’s capital levels may require the Corporation to deem its restricted investment in FHLBB stock to be other-than-temporarily impaired. If evidence of impairment exists in the future, the FHLBB stock would reflect fair value using either observable or unobservable inputs. The Corporation will continue to monitor its investment in FHLBB stock.

Mortgage Banking Activities

Mortgage Loans Held for Sale - Residential mortgage loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are classified as held for sale. Prior to July 1, 2011, loans held for sale were carried at the lower of cost or fair value (“LOCOM”). Effective July, 2011, pursuant to Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 825, “Financial Instruments,” the Company elected to carry newly originated closed loans held for sale at fair value. Changes in fair value relating to loans held for sale and forward sale commitments are recorded in earnings and are offset by changes in fair value relating to interest rate lock commitments. Gains and losses on residential loan sales are recorded in noninterest income as net gains on loan sales and commissions on loans originated for others.

Loan Servicing Rights - Rights to service loans for others are recognized as an asset, including rights acquired through both purchases and originations. The total cost of originated loans that are sold with servicing rights retained is allocated between the loan servicing rights and the loans without servicing rights based on their relative fair values. Capitalized loan servicing rights are included in other assets and are amortized as an offset to other income over the period of estimated net servicing income. They are periodically evaluated for impairment based on their fair value. Impairment is measured on an aggregated basis according to interest rate band and period of origination. The fair value is estimated based on the present value of expected cash flows, incorporating assumptions for discount rate, prepayment speed and servicing cost. Any impairment is recognized as a charge to earnings through a valuation allowance.

Loans

Portfolio Loans - Loans held in the portfolio are stated at the principal amount outstanding, net of unamortized deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on a level yield basis based on principal amounts outstanding. Deferred loan origination fees and costs are amortized as an adjustment to yield over the life of the related loans.

Nonaccrual Loans - Loans, with the exception of certain well-secured residential mortgage loans that are in the process of collection, are placed on nonaccrual status and interest recognition is suspended when such loans are 90 days or more overdue with respect to principal and/or interest or sooner if considered appropriate by management. Well-secured residential mortgage loans are permitted to remain on accrual status provided that full collection of principal and interest is assured and the loan is in the process of collection. Loans are also placed on nonaccrual status when, in the opinion of management, full collection of principal and interest is doubtful. Interest previously accrued but not collected on such loans is reversed against current period income. Subsequent interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied to the outstanding principal balance of the loan or recognized as interest income depending on management’s assessment of the ultimate collectibility of the loan. Loans are removed from nonaccrual status when they have been current as to principal and interest for a period of time, the borrower has demonstrated an ability to comply with repayment terms, and when, in management’s opinion, the loans are considered to be fully collectible.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans - Restructured loans include those for which concessions such as reduction of interest rates, other than normal market rate adjustments, or deferral of principal or interest payments have been granted due to a borrower’s financial condition. Restructured loans are classified as accruing or non-accruing based on management’s assessment of the collectibility of the loan. Loans which are already on nonaccrual status at the time of the restructuring generally remain on nonaccrual status for approximately six months before management considers such loans for return to accruing status. Accruing troubled debt restructured loans are placed into nonaccrual status if and when the borrower fails to comply with the restructured terms and management deems it unlikely that the borrower will return to a status of compliance in the near term. Troubled debt restructurings are generally reported as such for at least one year from the date of the restructuring. In years after the restructuring, troubled debt restructured loans are removed from this classification if the restructuring did not involve a below market rate concession and the loan is not deemed to be impaired based on the terms specified in the restructuring agreement.

Impaired Loans - Impaired loans are loans for which it is probable that the Corporation will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements and all loans restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. Impaired loans do not include large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment, which consist of most residential mortgage loans and consumer loans. Impairment is measured on a discounted cash flow method based upon the loan’s contractual effective interest rate, or at the loan’s observable market price, or if the loan is collateral dependent, at the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell. Impairment is also measured based on the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell if it is determined that foreclosure is probable. Interest income on nonaccrual impaired loans is recognized as described above under the caption “Nonaccrual Loans.” Impaired accruing loans consist of those troubled debt restructurings for which management has concluded that the collectibility of the loan is not in doubt.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is management’s best estimate of the probable loan losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The allowance is increased by provisions charged to earnings and by recoveries of amounts previously charged off, and is reduced by charge-offs on loans (or portions thereof) deemed to be uncollectible. Loan charge-offs are recognized when management believes the collectibility of the principal balance outstanding is unlikely. Full or partial charge-offs on collateral dependent impaired loans are generally recognized when the collateral is deemed to be insufficient to support the carrying value of the loan.

A methodology is used to systematically measure the amount of estimated loan loss exposure inherent in the loan portfolio for the purposes of establishing a sufficient allowance for loan losses. The methodology includes three elements: (1) identification of loss allocations for certain specific loans deemed to be impaired, (2) loss allocation factors for non-impaired loans based on credit grade, loss experience, delinquency factors and other similar economic indicators, and (3) general loss allocations for other environmental factors, which is classified as “unallocated”.

The level of the allowance is based on management’s ongoing review of the growth and composition of the loan portfolio, historical loss experience, current economic conditions, analysis of current levels and asset quality and delinquency trends, the performance of individual loans in relation to contract terms and other pertinent factors.

The adequacy of the allowance for loan losses is regularly evaluated by management. While management believes that the allowance for loan losses is adequate, future additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in assumptions and economic conditions. In addition, various regulatory agencies periodically review the allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require additions to the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination.

The allowance is an estimate, and ultimate losses may vary from management’s estimate. Changes in the estimate are recorded in the results of operations in the period in which they become known, along with provisions for estimated losses incurred during that period.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation for financial reporting purposes is calculated on the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of assets. Expenditures for major additions and improvements are capitalized while the costs of current maintenance and repairs are charged to operating expenses. The estimated useful lives of premises and improvements range from three to forty years. For furniture, fixtures and equipment, the estimated useful lives range from two to twenty years.

Goodwill and Other Identifiable Intangible Assets

The Corporation allocates the cost of an acquired entity to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Other intangible assets identified in acquisitions generally consist of wealth management advisory contracts, core deposit intangibles, and non-compete agreements. The value attributed to advisory contracts is based on the time period over which they are expected to generate economic benefits. Core deposit intangibles are valued based on the expected longevity of the core deposit accounts and the expected cost savings associated with the use of the existing core deposit base rather than alternative funding sources. Non-compete agreements are valued based on the expected receipt of future economic benefits protected by clauses in the non-compete agreements that restrict competitive behavior.

The Corporation tests other intangible assets with definite lives for impairment at least annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that their carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. The carrying value of the intangible assets is compared to the sum of undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of the asset exceeds its undiscounted cash flows, then an impairment loss is recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds its fair value.

The excess of the purchase price for acquisitions over the fair value of the net assets acquired, including other intangible assets, is reported as goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at the segment level at least annually or more frequently whenever events or circumstances occur that indicate that it is more likely than not that an impairment loss has occurred. The impairment test includes a review of discounted cash flow analysis (“income approach”) and estimates of selected market information (“market approach”) for both the commercial banking and the wealth management segments of the Corporation. The income approach measures the value of an interest in a business by discounting expected future cash flows to a present value. The market approach takes into consideration values of comparable companies operating in similar lines of business that are potentially subject to similar economic and environmental factors and could be considered reasonable investment alternatives. The results of the income approach and the market approach are weighted equally. If the fair value is determined to be less than the carrying value, an additional analysis is performed to determine if carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds its estimated fair value. The excess goodwill is recognized as an impairment loss.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets Other than Goodwill

Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment at least annually or whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the remaining useful life may warrant revision or that the carrying amount of the long-lived asset may not be fully recoverable. If impairment is determined to exist, any related impairment loss is calculated based on fair value. Impairment losses on assets to be disposed of, if any, are based on the estimated proceeds to be received, less costs of disposal.

Property Acquired through Foreclosure or Repossession

Property acquired through foreclosure or repossession is stated at the lower of cost or fair value minus estimated costs to sell at the date of acquisition or classification to this status. Fair value of such assets is determined based on independent appraisals and other relevant factors. Any write-down to fair value at the time of foreclosure or repossession is charged to the allowance for loan losses. A valuation allowance is maintained for declines in market value and for estimated selling expenses. Increases to the valuation allowance, expenses associated with ownership of these properties, and gains and losses from their sale are included in foreclosed property costs.

Loans that are substantively repossessed include only those loans for which the Corporation has taken possession of the collateral, but has not completed legal foreclosure proceedings.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance (“BOLI”)

The investment in BOLI represents the cash surrender value of life insurance policies on the lives of certain Bank employees who have provided positive consent allowing the Bank to be the beneficiary of such policies. Increases in the cash value of the policies, as well as insurance proceeds received, are recorded in noninterest income, and are not subject to income taxes. The financial strength of the insurance carrier is reviewed prior to the purchase of BOLI and annually thereafter.

Investment in Real Estate Limited Partnership

Washington Trust has a 99.9% ownership interest in two real estate limited partnerships that renovate, own and operate two low-income housing complexes. Washington Trust neither actively participates nor has a controlling interest in these limited partnerships and accounts for its investments under the equity method of accounting. The carrying value of the investments is recorded in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Net losses generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction to Washington Trust’s investment and as a reduction of noninterest income in the Consolidated Statements of Income. Tax credits generated by the partnership are recorded as a reduction in the income tax provision in the year they are allowed for tax reporting purposes.

The results of operations of the real estate limited partnerships are periodically reviewed to determine if the partnership generates sufficient operating cash flow to fund its current obligations. In addition, the current value of the underlying properties is compared to the outstanding debt obligations. If it is determined that the investment is permanently impaired, the carrying value will be written down to the estimated realizable value.

Transfers and Servicing of Assets and Extinguishments of Liabilities

The accounting for transfers and servicing of financial assets and extinguishments of liabilities is based on consistent application of a financial components approach that focuses on control. This approach distinguishes transfers of financial assets that are sales from transfers that are secured borrowings. After a transfer of financial assets, the Corporation recognizes all financial and servicing assets it controls and liabilities it has incurred and derecognizes financial assets it no longer controls and liabilities that have been extinguished. This financial components approach focuses on the assets and liabilities that exist after the transfer. Many of these assets and liabilities are components of financial assets that existed prior to the transfer. If a transfer does not meet the criteria for a sale, the transfer is accounted for as a secured borrowing with a pledge of collateral.

Fee Revenue

Trust and investment advisory fees and mutual fund fees are primarily accrued as earned based upon a percentage of asset values under administration. Financial planning commissions and other wealth management service fee revenue is recognized to the extent that services have been completed. Fee revenue from deposit service charges is generally recognized when earned. Fee revenue for merchant processing services is generally accrued as earned.

Pension Costs

Pension benefits are accounted for using the net periodic benefit cost method, which recognizes the compensation cost of an employee’s pension benefit over that employee’s approximate service period. Pension benefit cost calculations incorporate various actuarial and other assumptions, including discount rates, mortality, assumed rates of return, compensation increases, and turnover rates. Washington Trust reviews its assumptions on an annual basis and makes modifications to the assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to so do. The effect of modifications to those assumptions is recorded in other comprehensive income and amortized to net periodic cost over future periods. Washington Trust believes that the assumptions utilized in recording its obligations under its plans are reasonable based on its experience and market conditions.

The funded status of defined benefit pension plans, measured as the difference between the fair value of plan assets and the projected benefit obligation, is recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. The changes in the funded status of the defined benefit plans, including actuarial gains and losses and prior service costs and credits, are recognized in comprehensive income in the year in which the changes occur.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation plans provide for awards of share options and other equity incentives including nonvested share units and share awards and nonvested performance shares.

Compensation expense for share options and nonvested share units and share awards is recognized over the service period based on the fair value at the date of grant. The Corporation estimates grant date fair value for share options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Nonvested performance share compensation expense is based on the most recent performance assumption available and is adjusted as assumptions change.

Excess tax benefits (expenses) related to stock option exercises and issuance of other compensation-related equity instruments are reflected on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows as financing activity.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense is determined based on the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The Corporation recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

The Corporation records interest related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. Penalties, if incurred, would be recognized as a component of income tax expense.

Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

The Company utilizes the two-class method earnings allocation formula to determine earnings per share of each class of stock according to dividends and participation rights in undistributed earnings. The adoption of these provisions of ASC 260 did not have a material impact on the Corporation's financial position or results of operations.

Under the two-class method, basic earnings per common share is computed by dividing net earnings allocated to common stock by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted earnings per common share is computed using the weighted-average number of shares determined for the basic earnings per common share computation plus the dilutive effect of common stock equivalents.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is defined as all changes in equity, except for those resulting from transactions with shareholders. Net income is a component of comprehensive income, with all other components referred to in the aggregate as other comprehensive income.

Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, and other short-term investments. Generally, federal funds are sold on an overnight basis.

Guarantees

Standby letters of credit are considered a guarantee of the Corporation. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. Under the standby letters of credit, the Corporation is required to make payments to the beneficiary of the letters of credit upon request by the beneficiary contingent upon the customer’s failure to perform under the terms of the underlying contract with the beneficiary. The fair value of standby letters of credit is considered immaterial to the Corporation’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

All derivatives are recognized as either assets or liabilities on the balance sheet and are measured at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and resulting designation. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to changes in fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.

For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings together with the changes in the fair value of the related hedged item. The net amount, if any, representing hedge ineffectiveness, is reflected in earnings. For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and recognized in earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges is recognized directly in earnings. For derivatives not designated as hedges, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings, in noninterest income.

From time to time, interest rate swap contracts are used as part of interest rate risk management strategy. Interest rate swap agreements are entered into as hedges against future interest rate fluctuations on specifically identified assets or liabilities.

We also utilize interest rate swap contracts to help commercial loan borrowers manage their interest rate risk. The interest rate swap contracts with commercial loan borrowers allow them to convert floating rate loan payments to fixed rate loan payments. When we enter into an interest rate swap contract with a commercial loan borrower, we simultaneously enter into a mirror swap contract with a third party. The third party exchanges the client’s fixed rate loan payments for floating rate loan payments.

The accrued net settlements on derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting are recorded in interest income or interest expense based on the item being hedged. Changes in fair value of derivatives including accrued net settlements that do not qualify for hedge accounting are reported in noninterest income.

When hedge accounting is discontinued, the future changes in fair value of the derivative are recorded as noninterest income. When a fair value hedge is discontinued, the hedged asset or liability is no longer adjusted for changes in fair value and the existing basis adjustment is amortized or accreted over the remaining life of the asset or liability. When a cash flow hedge is discontinued, but the hedged cash flows or forecasted transaction is still expected to occur, changes in value that were accumulated in other comprehensive income are amortized or accreted into earnings over the same periods which the hedged transactions will affect earnings.

By using derivative financial instruments, the Corporation exposes itself to credit risk. Credit risk is the failure of the counterparty to perform under the terms of the derivative contract. When the fair value of a derivative contract is positive, the counterparty owes the Corporation, which creates credit risk for the Corporation. When the fair value of a derivative contract is negative, the Corporation owes the counterparty and, therefore, it does not possess credit risk. The credit risk in derivative instruments is minimized by entering into transactions with highly rated counterparties that management believes to be creditworthy.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and expands disclosures about fair value measurements. The required disclosures about fair value measurements have been included in Note 14.