Stock-Based Compensation

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Share-Based Payment Arrangement [Abstract]

Stock-Based Compensation

10. Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for equity-based compensation in accordance with ASC 718 which requires that compensation related to all equity-based awards be recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Stock-based compensation is valued at fair value at the date of grant, and the grant date fair value is recognized as expense over each award’s requisite service period with a corresponding increase to equity or liability based on the terms of each award and the appropriate accounting treatment under ASC 718.

The Company had four stock-based compensation plans on December 31, 2023, the 2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the 2021 Omnibus Plan, the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan, and the 2005 Stock Incentive Plan. The Company grants stock from both the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan and the 2015 Stock Incentive Plan. These plans provide a means through which the Company may attract and retain key personnel and provide a means whereby directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors of the Company can acquire and maintain an equity interest in the Company, or be paid incentive compensation, including incentive compensation measured by reference to the value of common stock, thereby strengthening their commitment to the welfare of the Company and aligning their interests with those of the Company’s stockholders. These plans are described below.

2023 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”)

During 2023, the Company adopted the ESPP. The ESPP provides for the issuance of up to fifty thousand shares of common stock to participating eligible employees and allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock at a 15% discount from the fair market value of the stock as determined on specific dates at six-month intervals. The offering periods under the ESPP commence on January 1 and July 1 of each year.

The 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”)

The 2021 Plan provides a means through which the Company may attract and retain key personnel and provide a means whereby directors, officers, employees, consultants and advisors of the Company can acquire and maintain an equity interest in the Company, or be paid incentive compensation, including incentive compensation measured by reference to the value of common stock, thereby strengthening their commitment to the welfare of the Company and aligning their interests with those of the Company’s stockholders.

The 2021 Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee of the Company’s Board of Directors and permits the grant of cash and equity-based awards, which may be awarded in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, performance awards, other stock-based awards, and other cash-based awards.

The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued or used for reference purposes or with respect to which awards may be granted under the 2021 Plan shall not exceed 125 thousand shares and is subject to any increase or decrease, which shares may be either authorized and unissued common stock or common stock held in or acquired for the treasury of the Company or both.

The 2015 Stock Incentive Plan (“the “2015 Plan”)

The 2015 Plan provided for the issuance of up to thirty thousand shares of common stock. The 2015 Plan consists of three separate equity incentive programs: the Discretionary Option Grant Program; the Stock Issuance Program; and the Automatic Option Grant Program for non-employee Board members. Officers and employees, non-employee. Board members and independent contractors are eligible to participate in the Discretionary Option Grant and Stock Issuance Programs. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Board of Directors (“Board”) approved a new clause to the 2015 Plan, to accelerate the vesting of any unvested equity grants held by outside directors upon their retirement from the Board.

The 2005 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2005 Plan”)

Grants can no longer be made from the 2005 Plan. The 2005 Plan will remain active until all outstanding options have been exercised, forfeited, expired, or cancelled.

Common shares reserved for future issuance, including options and restricted stock under all the stock option plans are as follows:

(In thousands)	Common Shares Reserved for Future Issuance
2021 Plan		113
2015 Plan		27
2005 Plan		4
Total		144

Total stock-based compensation expense is included in operating expense on the statement of operations of $1.0 and $1.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively.

Restricted Stock Awards

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 10.7 thousand restricted stock awards (“RSAs”) compared to 6.6 thousand similar awards in the same period in 2022. The Company recognized compensation expense related to RSAs of $0.4 million, for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested RSAs not yet recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations totaled $0.1 million. This amount is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 0.4 years.

The following table summarizes the activities for the Company’s unvested RSAs in Intrusion Inc. stock for the year ended December 31, 2023:

	Unvested Restricted Stock Awards
	Number of Shares (in thousands)			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2022		8		$	57.60
Granted		11			26.20
Vested		(8	)		56.60
Forfeited/canceled		–			–
Unvested as of December 31, 2023		11		$	28.20

Stock Option Awards

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company granted 31.4 thousand stock options awards compared to 16.7 thousand similar awards in the same period in 2022. The Company recognized compensation expenses related to stock options of $0.6 million and $0.9 million, for the year ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectfully. As of December 31, 2023, the total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested options not yet recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Operations totaled $0.3 million. This amount is expected to be recognized over the weighted average period of 0.9 years.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 is as follows:

	2023					2022
	Number of Options (in thousands)			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Number of Options (in thousands)			Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at beginning of year		33		$	104.40		31		$	129.40
Granted		31			24.80		17			72.60
Exercised		(4	)		9.60		(5	)		13.40
Forfeited		(8	)		86.40		(8	)		163.20
Expired		(2	)		156.00		(2	)		269.40
Outstanding at end of year		50		$	62.40		33		$	104.40
Options exercisable at end of year		23		$	85.60		14		$	82.60

Information related to stock options outstanding on December 31, 2023, is summarized below:

	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices	Outstanding at 12/31/23 (in thousands)	Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life (years)		Weighted Average Exercise Price	Exercisable at 12/31/23 (in thousands)		Weighted Average Exercise Price
$7.00 - $23.00	1	3.87	$	12.60	1	$	13.20
$24.20 - $36.40	31	8.12	$	25.80	8	$	29.60
$41.00 - $61.60	1	0.99	$	41.20	1	$	41.20
$63.80 - $95.80	12	8.03	$	75.20	9	$	76.40
$174.40 - $261.60	4	9.96	$	240.60	3	$	235.80
$470.40 - $715.60	1	7.17	$	470.40	1	$	470.40
$7.00 - $715.60 (all)	50	7.81	$	62.40	23	$	85.60

Summarized information about outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2023, that are expected to vest in the future as well as stock options that are fully vested and currently exercisable, are as follows:

	Outstanding Stock Options (Expected to Vest)		Options that are Exercisable
As of December 31, 2023
Number of outstanding options (in thousands)		50		23
Weighted average remaining contractual life		7.81 years		6.23 years
Weighted average exercise price per share	$	62.40	$	85.60
Intrinsic value (in thousands)	$	–	$	–

The fair values of option awards were estimated at the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following assumptions for fiscal years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022, respectively:

	2023		2022
Weighted average grant date fair value	$	21.60	$	66.40
Weighted average assumptions used:
Expected dividend yield		0.00%		0.00%
Risk-free interest rate		3.68%		2.17%
Expected volatility		114.17%		129.54%
Expected life (in years)		6.44		6.76

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility and in part on implied volatility. The expected term considers the contractual term of the option as well as historical exercise and forfeiture behavior. The risk-free interest rate is based on the rates in effect on the grant date for U.S. Treasury instruments with maturities matching the relevant expected term of the award.