10-Q

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

or

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ________ to________

Commission File Number 001-09240

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

Nevada	94-6565852
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1603 Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway, Suite 800, Dallas, Texas 75234

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

(469) 522-4200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock	TCI	NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer  ☐	Accelerated filer  ☐	Non-accelerated filer  ☒	Smaller reporting company   ☒
Emerging growth Company  ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes x No.

As of May 11, 2023, there were 8,639,316 shares of common stock outstanding.

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

		PAGE
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements	3
	Consolidated Balance Sheets at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022	3
	Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	4
	Consolidated Statements of Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	5
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022	6
	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	20
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risks	26
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	26
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	26
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	26
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	27
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	27
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	27
Item 5.	Other Information	27
Item 6.	Exhibits	28
Signatures		30

2

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS 

(dollars in thousands, except share and par value amounts)

(Unaudited)

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Real estate	$	502,941	$	493,821
Cash and cash equivalents	55,313		113,424
Restricted cash	55,188		108,883
Short-term investments	158,086		119,787
Notes receivable (including $66,630 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 from related parties)	129,056		129,304
Investment in unconsolidated joint venture	3,616		20,904
Receivables from related parties, net	141,613		147,142
Other assets (including $1,991 at March 31, 2023 and $4,040 at December 31, 2022 from related parties)	82,993		84,900
Total assets	$	1,128,806	$	1,218,165
Liabilities and Equity
Liabilities:
Mortgages and other notes payable	$	183,637	$	184,462
Bonds payable	41,672		129,218
Accounts payable and other liabilities (including $599 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 to related parties)	55,948		58,094
Accrued interest	2,641		5,198
Deferred revenue	581		581
Total liabilities	284,479		377,553
Equity
Shareholders' Equity:
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 8,639,316 shares issued and outstanding	86		86
Additional paid-in capital	260,387		260,387
Retained earnings	562,511		558,994
Total shareholders' equity	822,984		819,467
Noncontrolling interest	21,343		21,145
Total equity	844,327		840,612
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,128,806	$	1,218,165

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

3

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenues:
Rental revenues (including $268 and $256 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	$	11,009	$	7,481
Other income	679		306
Total revenue	11,688		7,787
Expenses:
Property operating expenses (including $100 and $117 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	6,106		4,028
Depreciation and amortization	3,102		2,349
General and administrative (including $1,431 and $1,292 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	2,883		2,531
Advisory fee to related party	2,170		3,005
Total operating expenses	14,261		11,913
Net operating loss	(2,573)		(4,126)
Interest income (including $6,081 and $3,963 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	9,772		5,814
Interest expense (including $944 and $418 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	(4,031)		(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971		3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(1,639)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688		4,706
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net	—		11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)		(28)
Net income	3,715		14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)		(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$	3,517	$	14,502
Earnings per share - basic and diluted	$	0.41	$	1.68
Weighted average common shares used in computing earnings per share - basic and diluted	8,639,316		8,639,316

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

4

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY 

(dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Common Stock			Additional Paid-in Capital		Retained Earnings		Total Shareholders' Equity		Noncontrolling Interest		Total Equity
Three Months Ended March 31, 2023
Balance, January 1, 2023		$	86	$	260,387	$	558,994	$	819,467	$	21,145	$	840,612
Net income		—		—		3,517		3,517		198		3,715
Balance, March 31, 2023		$	86	$	260,387	$	562,511	$	822,984	$	21,343	$	844,327
Three Months Ended March 31, 2022
Balance, January 1, 2022		$	86	$	260,387	$	90,732	$	351,205	$	20,403	$	371,608
Net income		—		—		14,502		14,502		118		14,620
Balance, March 31, 2022		$	86	$	260,387	$	105,234	$	365,707	$	20,521	$	386,228

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

5

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(dollars in thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Gain on sale or write down of assets	—		(11,148)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	(971)		(3,772)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		1,639
Depreciation and amortization	3,755		3,210
Provision for bad debts	—		139
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	(688)		(4,706)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of dispositions:
Other assets	(691)		5,393
Related party receivables	42		(1,436)
Interest payable	(1,483)		(4,955)
Accounts payable and other liabilities	(2,146)		(3,162)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	1,533		(4,178)
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Collection of notes receivable	248		632
Originations and advances on notes receivable	—		(537)
Purchase of short-term investment	(63,956)		(16,584)
Redemption of short-term investments	27,192		—
Development and renovation of real estate	(5,653)		(6,388)
Deferred leasing costs	(19)		—
Proceeds from sale of assets	—		28,523
Distributions from unconsolidated joint venture	17,976		—
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(24,212)		5,646
Cash Flow From Financing Activities:
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable	(89,111)		(38,179)
Debt extinguishment costs	—		(590)
Deferred financing costs	(16)		—
Net cash used in financing activities	(89,127)		(38,769)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(111,806)		(37,301)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	222,307		72,721
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$	110,501	$	35,420

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

1.    Organization

As used herein, the terms “the Company”, “we”, “our”, or “us” refer to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation, which was formed in 1984. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TCI”. We are owned approximately 78% by American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), whose common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ARL”, and 7% by the controlling shareholder of ARL.

Our primary business is the acquisition, development and ownership of income-producing residential and commercial real estate properties. In addition, we opportunistically acquire land for future development in in-fill or high-growth suburban markets. From time to time, and when we believe it appropriate to do so, we will also sell land and income-producing properties. We generate revenues by leasing apartment units to residents, and leasing office, industrial and retail space to various for-profit businesses as well as certain local, state and federal agencies. We also generate income from the sales of income-producing properties and land.

Substantially all of our assets are held by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Southern Properties Capital Ltd. (“SPC”), which was formed for the purpose of raising funds by issuing non-convertible bonds that were listed on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE").

At March 31, 2023, our portfolio of properties consisted of:

●     Four office buildings comprising in aggregate of approximately 1,056,793 square feet;

●    Fourteen multifamily properties, owned directly by us, comprising of 2,328 units; and

●    Approximately 1,858 acres of developed and undeveloped land.

Our day to day operations are managed by Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”). Their duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities and arranging debt and equity financing with third party lenders and investors. All of our employees are Pillar employees. Three of our commercial properties are managed by Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”). Regis provides leasing, construction management and brokerage services. Our multifamily properties and one of our commercial properties are managed by outside management companies. Pillar and Regis are considered to be related parties (See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions).

2.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.

The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Certain 2022 consolidated financial statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

7

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

We consolidate entities in which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or have a majority of the voting interest of the entity. We have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE when we have (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance, and (ii) the obligations to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including ownership interest, management representation, ability to control decision and other contractual rights.

We account for entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary under the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, we include our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities in our results of operations.

3.    Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to the Company by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

The following table details our basic and diluted earnings per common share calculation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)		(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$	3,517	$	14,502
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	8,639,316		8,639,316
EPS - attributable to common shares — basic and diluted	$	0.41	$	1.68

4.    Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following presents the schedule of interest paid and other supplemental cash flow information:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for interest	$	6,403	$	9,206
Cash - beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	113,424	$	50,735
Restricted cash	108,883		21,986
	$	222,307	$	72,721
Cash - end of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	55,313	$	13,789
Restricted cash	55,188		21,631
	$	110,501	$	35,420
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable
Payments on mortgages and other notes payable	$	832	$	15,257
Payments on bond payable	88,279		22,922
	$	89,111	$	38,179

8

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The following is a schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Property acquired in exchange for reduction of related party receivable	$	5,487	$	—
Distribution from joint venture applied to Earn Out Obligation	$	—	$	7,012

5.    Operating Segments

Our segments are based on the internal reporting that we review for operational decision-making purposes. We operate in two reportable segments: (i) the acquisition, development, ownership and management of multifamily properties and (ii) the acquisition, ownership and management of commercial properties. The services for our multifamily segment include rental of apartments and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. Asset information by segment is not reported because we do not use this measure to assess performance or make decisions to allocate resources. Therefore, depreciation and amortization expense is not allocated among segments. General and administrative expenses, advisory fees, interest income and interest expense are not included in segment profit as our internal reporting addresses these items on a corporate level.

The following table presents our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Multifamily Segment
Revenues	$	7,373	$	3,229
Operating expenses	(3,708)		(1,721)
Profit from segment	3,665		1,508
Commercial Segment
Revenues	3,636		4,252
Operating expenses	(2,398)		(2,307)
Profit from segment	1,238		1,945
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453

9

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The table below reflects the reconciliation of total profit from segments to net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)		(2,349)
General and administrative	(2,883)		(2,531)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,170)		(3,005)
Other income	679		306
Interest income	9,772		5,814
Interest expense	(4,031)		(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971		3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(1,639)
Income from unconsolidated joint venture	688		4,706
Gain on sales or write-down of assets	—		11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)		(28)
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620

6.    Lease Revenue

We lease our multifamily properties and commercial properties under agreements that are classified as operating leases. Our multifamily property leases generally include minimum rents and charges for ancillary services. Our commercial property leases generally included minimum rents and recoveries for property taxes and common area maintenance. Minimum rental revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases.

The following table summarizes the components of our rental revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed component	$	10,708	$	6,996
Variable component	301		485
	$	11,009	$	7,481

The following table summarizes the future rental payments that are payable to us from non-cancelable leases. The table excludes multifamily leases, which typically have a term of one-year or less:

2023	$	11,050
2024	8,819
2025	8,496
2026	8,177
2027	7,965
Thereafter	19,760
	$	64,267

10

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

7.    Real Estate Activity

Below is a summary of our real estate as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Land	$	119,203	$	108,933
Building and improvements	360,316		359,904
Tenant improvements	26,061		25,611
Construction in progress	66,351		65,427
Total cost	571,931		559,875
Less accumulated depreciation	(68,990)		(66,054)
Total real estate	$	502,941	$	493,821

On March 15, 2023, we entered into a development agreement with Pillar to build a 240 unit multifamily property in Lake Wales, Florida that is expected to be completed in 2025 for a total cost of approximately $55,330. The cost of construction will be funded in part by a $33,000 construction loan (See Note 12 - Mortgages and Other Notes Payable). The development agreement provides for a $1,637 fee that will be paid over the construction period. As of March 31, 2023, we have incurred a total of $10,140 in development costs.

Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Land(1)	$	—	$	1,989
Multifamily Properties(2)	—		9,364
Commercial Properties	—		(205)
Total	$	—	$	11,148

(1)Includes the gain on the sale of lots related to our investment in Windmill Farms, Mercer Crossing and other land holdings.

(2)On January 14, 2022, we sold Toulon, a 240 unit multifamily property in Gautier, Mississippi for $26,750, resulting in a gain on sale of $9,364. We used the proceeds to pay off the $14,740 mortgage note payable on the property and for general corporate purposes.

8.    Short-term Investments

We have an investment in variable denominated floating rate notes and short-term commercial paper. The interest rate on the notes was 4.76% and 4.67% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

11

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

9.    Notes Receivable

The following table summarizes our notes receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying value
Property/Borrower	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity Date
ABC Land and Development, Inc.	$	4,408	$	4,408	9.50	%	6/30/26
ABC Paradise, LLC	1,210		1,210		9.50	%	6/30/26
Autumn Breeze(1)	2,157		2,326		5.00	%	7/1/25
Bellwether Ridge(1)	3,798		3,798		5.00	%	11/1/26
Forest Pines(1)(4)	6,472		6,472		5.00	%	11/1/22
Legacy Pleasant Grove	496		496		12.00	%	10/23/24
McKinney Ranch	3,926		3,926		6.00	%	9/15/24
One Realco Land Holding, Inc.	1,728		1,728		9.50	%	6/30/26
Parc at Ingleside(1)	3,759		3,759		5.00	%	11/1/26
Parc at Opelika Phase II(1)(4)	3,190		3,190		10.00	%	1/13/23
Parc at Windmill Farms(1)(4)	7,886		7,886		5.00	%	11/1/22
Phillips Foundation for Better Living, Inc.(2)	182		182		12.00	%	3/31/24
Plum Tree(1)	1,767		1,767		5.00	%	4/26/26
Polk County Land	3,000		3,000		9.50	%	6/30/26
Riverview on the Park Land, LLC	1,045		1,045		9.50	%	6/30/26
Spartan Land	5,907		5,907		12.00	%	1/16/25
Spyglass of Ennis(1)(4)	5,179		5,258		5.00	%	11/1/22
Steeple Crest(1)	6,498		6,498		5.00	%	8/1/26
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	20,325		20,325		12.00	%	6/30/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	10,096		10,096		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,990		6,990		12.00	%	3/31/25
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	3,615		3,615		12.00	%	5/31/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	17,172		17,172		12.00	%	12/31/32
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,521		6,521		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	1,549		1,549		12.00	%	4/30/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	180		180		12.00	%	6/30/24
	$	129,056	$	129,304

(1)The note is convertible, at our option, into a 100% ownership interest in the underlying development property, and is collateralized by the underlying development property.

(2) The borrower is deemed to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable.

(3) Principal and interest payments on the notes from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) are funded from surplus cash flow from operations, sale or refinancing of the underlying properties and are cross collateralized to the extent that any surplus cash available from any of the properties underlying the notes.

(4)    We are working with the borrower to extend the maturity and/or exercise our conversion option.

12

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

10.    Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

On November 16, 2018, our SPC subsidiary formed the Victory Abode Apartments, LLC ("VAA"), a joint venture with the Macquarie Group (“Macquarie”). VAA was formed as a result of a sale of the 50% ownership interest in a portfolio of multifamily properties owned by us in exchange for a 50% voting interest / 49% profit participation interest ("Class A interest") in VAA and a note payable (“Mezzanine Loan”). Concurrent with the Contribution, VAA issued Class B interests with a 2% profits participation interest and no voting rights to the manager of VAA (“Class B Member”).

In connection with the formation of VAA, ten of the initial properties were subject to an earn-out provision ("Earn Out") that provided for a remeasurement of value after a two-year period following the completion of construction. Upon the formation of VAA, we recorded an initial liability ("Earn Out Obligation") of $10,000 for the advance on the Earn Out that we received from Macquarie. Upon remeasurement, the Earn Out Obligation was determined to be approximately $39,600. In accordance with the joint venture operating agreement, the Earn Out Obligation was paid from our share of distributions from VAA in 2022.

On September 16, 2022, VAA sold 45 of its properties (“VAA Sale Portfolio”) for $1,810,700, resulting in gain on sale of $738,444 to the joint venture. In connection with sale, we received an initial distribution of $182,848 from VAA, which included the payment of the remaining balance of the Earn Out Obligation.

On November 1, 2022, we received an additional distribution from VAA, which included the full operational control of the remaining seven properties of VAA (“VAA Holdback Portfolio”) (See Note 11 - Acquisitions) and a cash payment of $204,036. We are in the process of negotiating the assumption of the mortgage notes payable on the VAA Holdback Portfolio with the lenders.

On March 23, 2023, we received $17,976 from VAA, which represented the remaining distribution of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio.

We plan to use our share of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio to invest in additional income-producing real estate, pay down our debt and for general corporate purposes.

The following is a summary of our investment in VAA:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	6,883	$	50,058
Other assets	295		2,346
	$	7,178	$	52,404
Liabilities and partners' capital
Liabilities from discontinued operations	$	—	$	8,824
Other liabilities	162		1,988
Our share of partners' capital	3,616		20,904
Outside partner's capital	3,400		20,688
	$	7,178	$	52,404

13

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The following is a summary of income from VAA:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue
Rental revenue	$	—	$	3,931
Other revenue	—		142
Total revenue	—		4,073
Expenses
Operating expenses	(331)		2,621
Depreciation and amortization	—		844
Interest	(291)		5,714
Total expenses	(622)		9,179
Income (loss) from continuing operations	622		(5,106)
Income from discontinued operations	754		3,436
Net income (loss)	$	1,376	$	(1,670)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	$	688	$	4,706

11. Acquisitions

On November 1, 2022, we acquired the remaining 50% ownership interest in the VAA Holdback Portfolio that we did not previously own through a distribution from VAA (See Note 10 – Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures). Prior to the acquisition, we had accounted for the VAA Holdback Portfolio under the equity method of accounting as part of our investment in VAA. The acquisition was completed in order to obtain 100% ownership and control over this well positioned portfolio of multifamily residential properties in southern United States.

The VAA Holdback Portfolio consisted of the following properties:

Property	Location	Units
Blue Lake Villas	Waxahachie, TX	186
Blue Lake Villas Phase II	Waxahachie, TX	70
Northside on Travis	Sherman, TX	200
Parc at Denham Springs	Denham Spring, LA	224
Residences at Holland Lake	Weatherford, TX	208
Villas of Park West I	Pueblo, CO	148
Villas of Park West II	Pueblo, CO	112
		1,148

14

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

The following is a summary of the preliminary allocation of the fair value of the VAA Holdback Portfolio:

Real estate	$	219,500
Other assets	4,843
Total assets acquired	224,343
Mortgage notes payable	70,330
Accounts payable and other liabilities	1,624
Accrued interest	190
Total liabilities assumed	72,144
Fair value of acquired net assets (100% ownership)	$	152,199

We have determined that the purchase price represented the fair value of the additional ownership interest in the VAA Holdback Portfolio that was acquired.

Fair value of existing ownership interest (at 50% ownership)	$	219,500
Carrying value of investment	146,313
Gain on remeasurement of assets	$	73,187

From November 1, 2022, we have included the VAA Holdback Portfolio in our consolidated financial statements.

15

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

12.    Mortgages and Other Notes Payable

The following table summarizes our mortgages and other notes payable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying Value				Interest Rate		Maturity Date
Property/ Entity	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
770 South Post Oak	$	11,345	$	11,406	4.40	%	6/1/2025
Athens	1,155		1,155		4.00	%	8/28/2023
Blue Lake Villas(1)	9,631		9,673		3.15	%	11/1/2055
Blue Lake Villas Phase II(1)	3,405		3,424		2.85	%	6/1/2052
Chelsea	7,834		7,875		3.40	%	12/1/2050
EQK Portage	3,350		3,350		10.00	%	11/13/2024
Forest Grove	7,092		7,128		3.75	%	5/5/2024
Landing Bayou	14,099		14,161		3.50	%	9/1/2053
Legacy at Pleasant Grove	12,960		13,039		3.60	%	4/1/2048
Northside on Travis(1)	11,591		11,656		2.50	%	2/1/2053
Parc at Denham Springs(1)	16,653		16,737		3.75	%	4/1/2051
Parc at Denham Springs Phase II	15,744		15,789		4.05	%	2/1/2060
RCM HC Enterprises	5,086		5,086		5.00	%	12/31/2024
Residences at Holland Lake(1)	10,573		10,622		3.60	%	3/1/2053
Villas at Bon Secour	19,310		19,410		3.08	%	9/1/2031
Villas of Park West I(1)	9,326		9,373		3.04	%	3/1/2053
Villas of Park West II(1)	8,462		8,504		3.18	%	3/1/2053
Vista Ridge	9,634		9,674		4.00	%	8/1/2053
Windmill Farms(2)	6,387		6,400		7.75	%	2/28/2024
	$	183,637	$	184,462

(1)    On November 1, 2022, we assumed the mortgage note payable from our joint venture in connection with the acquisition of the underlying property (See Note 11 - Acquisitions) and are in the process of obtaining lender approval of the assumption.

(2)    On February 28, 2023, we extended the maturity of the loan to February 28, 2024 and an interest rate of 7.75%.

Interest payable at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $2,155 and $2,004, respectively. We capitalized interest of $642 and $803 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On March 15, 2023, we entered into a $33,000 interest only loan to finance the development of Lake Wales (See Note 7 - Real Estate Activity) that bares interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 3% and matures on March 15, 2026, with two one-year extension options.

As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of our loan covenants except for the minimum debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) for the loan on 770 South Post Oak. As a result, the lender requires us to lock the surplus cash flow of the property into a designated deposit account controlled by them, until we are in compliance with the DSCR for a period of two consecutive quarters.

All of the above mortgages and other notes payable are collateralized by the underlying property. In addition, we have guaranteed the loans on Athens, Forest Grove, Lake Wales and Villas at Bon Secour.

16

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

13.    Bonds Payable

We have issued nonconvertible bonds ("Bonds") through SPC, which were traded on the TASE. The Bonds are denominated in New Israeli Shekels ("NIS") and provide for semiannual principal and interest payments through maturity. The Bonds are subject to a number of covenants, which include restrictions on the distribution of cash from SPC.

In connection with the Bonds, we incurred a gain on foreign currency transactions of $971 and $3,772 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The outstanding balance of our Bonds at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Bond Issuance	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity
Series A Bonds(1)	$	14,101	$	28,971	7.30	%	7/31/23
Series B Bonds(1)	29,046		35,806		6.80	%	7/31/25
Series C Bonds(2)	—		66,546		4.65	%	1/31/23
	43,147		131,323
Less unamortized deferred issuance costs	(1,475)		(2,105)
	$	41,672	$	129,218

(1)    The bonds were collateralized by the assets of SPC.

(2)    The bonds were collateralized by a trust deed on Browning Place, a 625,297 square foot office building in Dallas, Texas.

On January 31, 2023, we completed our scheduled bond payment of $88,279, which included in the full repayment of the Series C bonds. On May 4, 2023, we paid off the remaining balances of the Series A and Series B Bonds and withdrew from the TASE.

14.    Related Party Transactions

We engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including but not limited to asset acquisition and dispositions of real estate. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in our best interest.

Pillar and Regis are wholly owned by an affiliate of May Realty Holdings, Inc., which also owns approximately 90.8% of ARL. Pillar is compensated for advisory services in accordance with an agreement. Regis receives property management fees and leasing commissions in accordance with the terms of its property-level management agreement. In addition, Regis is entitled to receive real estate brokerage commissions in accordance with the terms of a non-exclusive brokerage agreement.

Rental income includes $268 and $256 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for office space leased to Pillar and Regis.

Property operating expense includes $100 and $117 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for management fees on commercial properties payable to Regis.

General and administrative expense includes $1,431 and $1,292 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for employee compensation and other reimbursable costs payable to Pillar.

Advisor fees paid to Pillar were $2,170 and $3,005 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

17

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

Notes receivable include amounts held by UHF (See Note 9 – Notes Receivable). UHF is deemed to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable. In addition, we have receivables from Pillar and other related parties. Interest income on these notes and related party receivables was $6,081 and $3,963 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest expense on payable to Pillar was $944 and $418 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Related party receivables, net represents the net amounts outstanding from Pillar for loans and advances, net of unreimbursed fees, expenses and costs as provided above.

15. Noncontrolling Interests

The noncontrolling interest represents the third party ownership interest in Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. ("IOR"). Shares of IOR are listed on the NYSE American stock exchange under the symbol of IOR. We owned 81.1% in IOR during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

16.    Deferred Income

In previous years, we sold properties to related parties at a gain, and therefore the sales criteria for the full accrual method was not met, and as such, we deferred the gain recognition and accounted for the sales by applying the finance, deposit, installment or cost recovery methods, as appropriate. The gain on these transactions is deferred until the properties are sold to a non-related third party.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had deferred gain of $581.

17. Income Taxes

We are part of a tax sharing and compensating agreement with respect to federal income taxes with ARL. In accordance with the agreement, our expense (benefit) in each year is calculated based on the amount of losses absorbed by taxable income multiplied by the maximum statutory tax rate of 21%.

The following table summarizes our income tax provision:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	41	$	28
Deferred	1,071		—
	$	1,112	$	28

18

TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

(Unaudited)

18.    Commitments and Contingencies

We believe that we will generate excess cash from property operations in the next twelve months; such excess, however, might not be sufficient to discharge all of our obligations as they become due. We intend to sell income-producing assets, refinance real estate and obtain additional borrowings primarily secured by real estate to meet our liquidity requirements.

19.    Subsequent Events

On May 4, 2023, we paid off the remaining balances of the Series A and Series B Bonds and withdrew from the TASE (See Note 13 - Bonds Payable).

The date to which events occurring after March 31, 2023, the date of the most recent balance sheet, have been evaluated for possible adjustment to the consolidated financial statements or disclosure is May 11, 2023, which is the date on which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

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ITEM 2.    MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis by management should be read in conjunction with the unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (the “Quarterly Report”) and in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 (the “Annual Report”).

This Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, principally, but not only, under the captions “Business”, “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. We caution investors that any forward-looking statements in this report, or which management may make orally or in writing from time to time, are based on management’s beliefs and on assumptions made by, and information currently available to, management. When used, the words “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “may”, “might”, “plan”, “estimate”, “project”, “should”, “will”, “result” and similar expressions which do not relate solely to historical matters are intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties and factors that are beyond our control. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those anticipated, estimated or projected. We caution you that, while forward-looking statements reflect our good faith beliefs when we make them, they are not guarantees of future performance and are impacted by actual events when they occur after we make such statements. We expressly disclaim any responsibility to update our forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. Accordingly, investors should use caution in relying on past forward-looking statements, which are based on results and trends at the time they are made, to anticipate future results or trends.

Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements include, among others, the following:

•general risks affecting the real estate industry (including, without limitation, the inability to enter into or renew leases, dependence on tenants’ financial condition, and competition from other developers, owners and operators of real estate);

•risks associated with the availability and terms of construction and mortgage financing and the use of debt to fund acquisitions and developments;

•demand for apartments and commercial properties in our markets and the effect on occupancy and rental rates;

•our ability to obtain financing, enter into joint venture arrangements in relation to or self-fund the development or acquisition of properties;

•risks associated with the timing and amount of property sales and the resulting gains/losses associated with such sales;

•failure to manage effectively our growth and expansion into new markets or to integrate acquisitions successfully

•risks and uncertainties affecting property development and construction (including, without limitation, construction delays, cost overruns, inability to obtain necessary permits and public opposition to such activities);

•risks associated with downturns in the national and local economies, increases in interest rates, and volatility in the securities markets;

•costs of compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and other similar laws and regulations;

•potential liability for uninsured losses and environmental contamination; and

•risks associated with our dependence on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed.

The risks included here are not exhaustive. Some of the risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward-looking statements, include among others, the factors listed and described at Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” Annual Report on Form 10-K, which investors should review.

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Management's Overview

We are an externally advised and managed real estate investment company that owns a diverse portfolio of income-producing properties and land held for development throughout the Southern United States. Our portfolio of income-producing properties includes residential apartment communities ("multifamily properties"), office buildings and retail properties ("commercial properties"). Our investment strategy includes acquiring existing income-producing properties as well as developing new properties on land already owned or acquired for a specific development project.

Our operations are managed by Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”) in accordance with an Advisory Agreement. Pillar’s duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities. Pillar also arranges our debt and equity financing with third party lenders and investors. We have no employees. Employees of Pillar render services to us in accordance with the terms of the Advisory Agreement. Pillar is considered to be a related party due to its common ownership with American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), who is our controlling shareholder.

The following is a summary of our recent acquisition, disposition, financing and development activities:

Acquisitions and Dispositions

•On January 14, 2022, we sold Toulon, a 240 unit multifamily property in Gautier, Mississippi for $26.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $9.4 million. We used the proceeds to pay off the $14.7 million mortgage note payable on the property and for general corporate purposes.

•On May 17, 2022, we sold Fruitland Park, a 6,722 square foot commercial building in Fruitland Park, Florida for $0.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $0.7 million. We used the proceeds for general corporate purposes.

•On September 16, 2022, we sold Sugar Mill Phase III, a 72 unit multifamily property in Baton Rouge, Louisiana for $11.8 million in connection with a sale of properties by VAA (See "Other Developments"), resulting in a gain on sale of $1.9 million. We used the proceeds to pay off the $9.6 million mortgage note payable on the property and for general corporate purposes.

•On November 1, 2022, we acquired seven multifamily properties from VAA (See "Other Developments") with a fair value of $219.5 million.

•During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold a total of 26.9 acres of land from our holdings in Windmill Farms for $5.1 million in aggregate, resulting in gains on sale of $4.2 million. In addition, we sold 0.9 acres of land from our holdings in Mercer Crossing for $0.7 million, resulting in a gain on sale of $0.2 million.

Financing Activities

•On January 14, 2022, we paid off the $14.7 million loan on Toulon in connection with the sale of the underlying property (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions").

•On March 3, 2022, we extended our loan on Stanford Center to February 26, 2023.

•On September 1, 2022, we extended our $1.2 million loan on Athens to August 28, 2023.

•On September 16, 2022, the $9.6 million loan on Sugar Mill Phase III was paid off in connection with the sale of the underlying property (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions").

•On October 21, 2022, we paid off the $38.5 million loan on Stanford Center from the cash generated from sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio.

•On November 1, 2022, we assumed the $70.3 million mortgage notes payable on the VAA Holdback Portfolio in connection with the distribution of the underlying properties from VAA (See "Other Developments").

•On January 31, 2023, we paid off our $67.4 million of Series C bonds.

•On February 28, 2023, we extended the maturity of our loan on Windmill Farms until February 28, 2024 at a revised interest rate of 7.75%.

•On March 15, 2023, we entered into a $33.0 million interest only loan to finance the development of Lake Wales (See "Development Activities") that bares interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 3% and matures on March 15, 2026, with two one-year extension options.

•On May 4, 2023, we paid off our $14.1 million of Series A Bonds and $29.0 million of Series B Bonds.

21

Development Activities

On March 15, 2023, we entered into a development agreement with Pillar to build a 240 unit multifamily property in Lake Wales, Florida that is expected to be completed in 2025 for a total cost of approximately $55.3 million. The cost of construction will be funded in part by a $33.0 million construction loan. The development agreement provides for a $1.6 million fee that will be paid over the construction period. As of March 31, 2023, we have incurred a total of $10.1 million in development costs.

In 2021, Landing Bayou, a 240 unit multifamily property in Houma, Louisiana suffered extensive damage from Hurricane Ida. As a result, the property required extensive renovation. As of March 31, 2023, we have incurred a total of $10.4 million in restoration costs, which has been substantially funded by insurance proceeds. We expect to complete the restoration and lease-up by the end of this year.

During 2023, we spent $0.7 million on our ongoing development of Windmill Farms. Our expenditure includes $0.3 million on the development of land lots for sale to single family home developers and $0.4 million on reimbursable infrastructure investments.

Other Developments

On September 16, 2022, VAA sold 45 properties (“VAA Sale Portfolio”) for $1.8 billion, resulting in gain on sale of $738.4 million to the joint venture. In connection with sale, we received an initial distribution of $182.8 million from VAA.

On November 1, 2022, we received an additional distribution from VAA, which included the full operational control of the remaining seven properties of VAA (“VAA Holdback Portfolio”) and a cash payment of $204.0 million. We are in the process of negotiating the assumption of the mortgage notes payable on the VAA Holdback Portfolio with the lenders.

On March 23, 2023, we received $18.0 million distribution from VAA, which represented the remaining distribution of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio.

We plan to use our share of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio to invest in additional income-producing real estate, pay down our debt and for general corporate purposes.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in conformity with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Some of these estimates and assumptions include judgments on revenue recognition, estimates for common area maintenance and real estate tax accruals, provisions for uncollectible accounts, impairment of long-lived assets, the allocation of purchase price between tangible and intangible assets, capitalization of costs and fair value measurements. Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in our notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Annual Report. However, the following policies are deemed to be critical.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We apply the guidance in ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures”, to the valuation of real estate assets. These provisions define fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in a transaction between market participants at the measurement date, establish a hierarchy that prioritizes the information used in developing fair value estimates and require disclosure of fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in active markets (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable data (Level 3 measurements), such as the reporting entity’s own data.

The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date and includes three levels defined as follows:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices for identical and unrestricted assets or liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 – Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

22

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that are significant to the fair value measurement.

A financial instrument’s categorization within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Related Parties

We apply ASC Topic 805, “Business Combinations”, to evaluate business relationships. Related parties are persons or entities who have one or more of the following characteristics, which include entities for which investments in their equity securities would be required, trust for the benefit of persons including principal owners of the entities and members of their immediate families, management personnel of the entity and members of their immediate families and other parties with which the entity may deal if one party controls or can significantly influence the decision making of the other to an extent that one of the transacting parties might be prevented from fully pursuing our own separate interests, or affiliates of the entity.

Results of Operations

Many of the variations in the results of operations, discussed below, occurred because of the transactions affecting our properties described above, including those related to the Redevelopment Property, the Acquisition Properties and the Disposition Properties (each as defined below).

For purposes of the discussion below, we define "Same Properties" as all of our properties with the exception of those properties that have been recently constructed or leased-up (“Redevelopment Property”), properties that have recently been acquired ("Acquisition Properties") and properties that have been disposed ("Disposition Properties"). A developed property is considered leased-up, when it achieves occupancy of 80% or more. We move a property in and out of Same Properties based on whether the property is substantially leased-up and in operation for the entirety of both periods of the comparison.

For the comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 to the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Redevelopment Property is Landing Bayou. The Acquisition Properties are Blue Lake Villas, Blue Lake Villas Phase II, Northside on Travis, Parc at Denham Springs, Residences at Holland Lake, Villas of Park West I and Villas of Park West II. The Disposition Properties are Fruitland Park, Sugar Mill Phase III and Toulon.

23

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Variance
Multifamily Segment
Revenue	$	7,373	$	3,229	$	4,144
Operating expenses	(3,708)		(1,721)		(1,987)
	3,665		1,508		2,157
Commercial Segment
Revenue	3,636		4,252		(616)
Operating expenses	(2,398)		(2,307)		(91)
	1,238		1,945		(707)
Segment operating income	4,903		3,453		1,450
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)		(2,349)		(753)
General, administrative and advisory	(5,053)		(5,536)		483
Interest income (expense), net	5,741		787		4,954
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(1,639)		1,639
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971		3,772		(2,801)
Gain on sale or write down of assets	—		11,148		(11,148)
Income from joint venture	688		4,706		(4,018)
Other (expense) income	(433)		278		(711)
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620	$	(10,905)

Comparison of the three months ended March 31, 2023 to the three months ended March 31, 2022:

Our $10.9 million decrease in net income is primarily attributed to the following:

•The increase in profit from the multifamily segment is primarily due to an increase of $2.5 million from the Acquisition Properties, $0.2 million from the Redevelopment Property and $0.1 million from the Same Properties offset in part by a decrease of $0.6 million from the Disposition Properties.

•The decrease in profit from the commercial segment is primarily due to a decrease in occupancy at Stanford Center.

•The change in interest, net is due to a $4.0 million increase in interest income and a $1.0 million decrease in interest expense. The increase in interest income is due to an increase in interest from our convertible loans, an increase in interest rates and an increase in short term investments. The increase in short-term investments is due to the cash distributions received from VAA in 2022 (See "Other Developments" in Management's Overview). The decrease in interest expense is primarily due to the repayment of the bonds payable and the repayment of mortgage notes payable on properties sold in 2022 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview).

•The loss on early extinguishment of debt is due to the early pay off of the mortgage note payable on Toulon in connection with sale of the underlying property (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview).

•The decrease in gain on foreign currency transactions is due to a decrease in our bonds payable.

•The decrease in gain on sale or write down of assets is primarily due to the $9.4 million gain on the sale of Toulon in 2022 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview) and the $2.0 million gain on sales of land parcels in 2022 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview).

•The decrease in income from joint venture is primarily due to the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio and the distribution of the VAA Holdback Portfolio in 2022 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Other Developments" in Management's Overview).

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of cash have been, and will continue to be, property operations; proceeds from land and income-producing property sales; collection of notes receivable; refinancing of existing mortgage notes payable; and additional borrowings, including mortgage notes and bonds payable, and lines of credit.

Our principal liquidity needs are to fund normal recurring expenses; meet debt service and principal repayment obligations including balloon payments on maturing debt; fund capital expenditures, including tenant improvements and leasing costs; fund development costs not covered under construction loans; and fund possible property acquisitions.

We anticipate that our cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2023, along with cash that will be generated from notes and interest receivables, will be sufficient to meet all of our cash requirements. We may selectively sell land and income-producing assets, refinance or extend real estate debt and seek additional borrowings secured by real estate to meet our liquidity requirements. Although history cannot predict the future, historically, we have been successful at refinancing and extending a portion of our current maturity obligations.

The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the consolidated statements of cash flows in our consolidated financial statements, and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below (dollars in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022		Variance
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	$	1,533	$	(4,178)	$	5,711
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	(24,212)	$	5,646	$	(29,858)
Net cash used in financing activities	$	(89,127)	$	(38,769)	$	(50,358)

The increase in cash provided by operating activities is primarily due to an increase in interest income and rents provided by the Acquisition Properties (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview). The increase in interest income is primarily due to an increase in short-term investments and cash equivalents and an increase in interest rates.

The increase in cash used in investing activities is primarily due the $28.5 million proceeds from the sale of real estate received in 2022 and the $20.2 million increase in net purchase of short term investments offset in part by the $18.0 million distribution from joint venture in 2023 (See "Other Developments" in Management's Overview).

The increase in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to the $50.9 million increase in payments of mortgages, notes and bonds payable. The increase in payments of mortgages, notes and bonds payable is primarily due to the $67.4 million payoff of the Series C Bonds in 2023, offset in part by the payoff of the $14.7 million mortgage note on Toulon in 2022 (See "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview).

Funds From Operations ("FFO")

We use FFO in addition to net income to report our operating and financial results and consider FFO and FFO-diluted as supplemental measures for the real estate industry and a supplement to GAAP measures. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") defines FFO as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of properties, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, impairment write-downs of real estate and write-downs of investments in an affiliate where the write-downs have been driven by a decrease in the value of real estate held by the affiliate and after adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures. Adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. We also present FFO excluding the impact of the effects of foreign currency transactions.

FFO and FFO on a diluted basis are useful to investors in comparing operating and financial results between periods. This is especially true since FFO excludes real estate depreciation and amortization, as we believe real estate values fluctuate based on market conditions rather than depreciating in value ratably on a straight-line basis over time. We believe that such a presentation also provides investors with a meaningful measure of our operating results in comparison to the operating results of other real estate companies. In addition, we believe that FFO excluding gain (loss) from foreign currency transactions

25

provide useful supplemental information regarding our performance as they show a more meaningful and consistent comparison of our operating performance and allows investors to more easily compare our results.

We believe that FFO does not represent cash flow from operations as defined by GAAP, should not be considered as an alternative to net income as defined by GAAP, and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash flow needs. We also caution that FFO, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other real estate companies.

We compensate for the limitations of FFO by providing investors with financial statements prepared according to GAAP, along with this detailed discussion of FFO and a reconciliation of net income to FFO and FFO-diluted. We believe that to further understand our performance, FFO should be compared with our reported net income and considered in addition to cash flows in accordance with GAAP, as presented in our consolidated financial statements.

The following table reconciles net income attributable to the Company to FFO and FFO adjusted for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 (dollars and shares in thousands):

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income attributable to the Company	$	3,517	$	14,502
Depreciation and amortization	3,102		2,349
Gain on sale or write down of assets, net	—		(11,148)
Gain on sale of land	—		1,989
Depreciation and amortization on unconsolidated joint ventures at our pro rata share	—		(2,579)
FFO-Basic and Diluted	6,619		5,113
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		1,639
Gain on foreign currency transaction	(971)		(3,772)
FFO-adjusted	$	5,648	$	2,980

ITEM 3.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISKS

Optional and not included.

ITEM 4.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Based on an evaluation by our management (with the participation of our Principal Executive and Financial Officer), as of the end of the period covered by this report, our Principal Executive and Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), were effective to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Principal Executive and Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)) during the most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II.  OTHER INFORMATION

ITEM 1.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None

ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS

Except as set forth below, there have been no material changes from the risk factors previously disclosed in the 2022 10-K. For a discussion on these risk factors, please see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” contained in the 2022 10-K.

26

ITEM 2.    UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

We have a program that allows for the repurchase of up to 1,637,000 shares of our common stock. This repurchase program has no termination date. There were no shares purchased under this program during the three months ended March 31, 2023. As of March 31, 2023, 1,230,535 shares have been purchased and 406,465 shares may be purchased under the program.

ITEM 3.    DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None

ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None

ITEM 5.    OTHER INFORMATION

None

27

ITEM 6.    EXHIBITS

The following exhibits are filed with this report or incorporated by reference as indicated;

Exhibit Number	Description
3.0	Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1991).
3.1	Certificate of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 3, 1996).
3.2	Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., dated October 10, 2000 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.3	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of Series A Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated October 20, 1998 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 1998).
3.4	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designations, References, Limitations, Restriction and Relative Rights of Series B Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated October 23, 2000 (incorporated by reference to the Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2000).
3.5	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designating, Preferences, Limitations, Restrictions and Relative Rights of Series C Cumulative Convertible Preferred Stock, dated September 28, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2001).
3.6	Articles of Amendment to the Articles of Incorporation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., Decreasing the Number of Authorized Shares of and Eliminating Series B Preferred Stock dated December 14, 2001 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.7 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2001).
3.7	By-Laws of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit No. 3.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 1991).
3.8	Certificate of Designation of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., setting forth the Voting Powers, Designations, Preferences, Limitations, Restrictions and Relative Rights of Series D Cumulative Preferred Stock filed August 14, 2006 with the Secretary of State of Nevada (incorporated by reference to Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K for event dated November 21, 2006 at Exhibit 3.8 thereof).
10.1	Advisory Agreement dated as of April 30, 2011, between Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., and Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the registrant’s current report on Form 8-K for event occurring May 2, 2011).
31.1*	Certification of the Principal Executive and Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14 and 15d-14 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
32.1*	Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 1350 as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

28

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith.

29

SIGNATURE PAGE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
Date: May 11, 2023	By:	/s/ ERIK L. JOHNSON
		Erik L. Johnson
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

30

EX-31.1

Exhibit 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Erik L. Johnson, certify that:

1.I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc.;

2.Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3.Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the period presented in this report;

4.The registrant’s other certifying officers(s) and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the Registrant and have:

(a)Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

(b)Designed such internal controls over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(c)Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluations; and

(d)Disclosed in the report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5.The registrant’s other certifying officers(s) and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

(a)All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the Registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

(b)Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Dated: May 11, 2023	By:	/s/ ERIK L. JOHNSON
		Erik L. Johnson
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Executive and Financial Officer)

EX-32.1

Exhibit 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350 AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO SECTION 906

OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

The undersigned officer of Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation (the “Company”) hereby certifies that:

(i)The Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended; and

(ii)The information contained in the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 fairly presents in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company, at and for the period indicated.

Dated: May 11, 2023	By:	/s/ ERIK L. JOHNSON
		Erik L. Johnson
		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Executive and Financial Officer)

XML

Cover - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	May 11, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Quarterly Report	true
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Document Transition Report	false
Entity File Number	001-09240
Entity Registrant Name	TRANSCONTINENTAL REALTY INVESTORS, INC.
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	NV
Entity Tax Identification Number	94-6565852
Entity Address, Address Line One	1603 Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway
Entity Address, Address Line Two	Suite 800
Entity Address, City or Town	Dallas
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	75234
City Area Code	469
Local Phone Number	522-4200
Title of 12(b) Security	Common Stock
Trading Symbol	TCI
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Filer Category	Non-accelerated Filer
Entity Small Business	true
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		8,639,316
Entity Central Index Key	0000733590
Amendment Flag	false
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Assets
Real estate	$ 502,941	$ 493,821
Cash and cash equivalents	55,313	113,424
Restricted cash	55,188	108,883
Short-term investments	158,086	119,787
Notes receivable (including $66,630 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 from related parties)	129,056	129,304
Investment in unconsolidated joint venture	3,616	20,904
Receivables from related parties, net	141,613	147,142
Other assets (including $1,991 at March 31, 2023 and $4,040 at December 31, 2022 from related parties)	82,993	84,900
Total assets	1,128,806	1,218,165
Liabilities:
Mortgages and other notes payable	183,637	184,462
Bonds payable	41,672	129,218
Accounts payable and other liabilities (including $599 at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 to related parties)	55,948	58,094
Accrued interest	2,641	5,198
Deferred revenue	581	581
Total liabilities	284,479	377,553
Equity
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized; 8,639,316 shares issued and outstanding	86	86
Additional paid-in capital	260,387	260,387
Retained earnings	562,511	558,994
Total shareholders' equity	822,984	819,467
Noncontrolling interest	21,343	21,145
Total equity	844,327	840,612
Total liabilities and equity	$ 1,128,806	$ 1,218,165

XML

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Notes receivable	$ 129,056	$ 129,304
Other assets	82,993	84,900
Accounts payable and other liabilities	$ 55,948	$ 58,094
Common stock, par value (in dollars per share)	$ 0.01	$ 0.01
Common stock, authorized (in shares)	10,000,000	10,000,000
Common stock, issued (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316
Common stock, outstanding (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316
Related parties
Notes receivable	$ 66,630	$ 66,630
Other assets	1,991	4,040
Accounts payable and other liabilities	$ 599	$ 599

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Revenues:
Rental revenues (including $268 and $256 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	$ 11,009	$ 7,481
Other income	679	306
Total revenue	11,688	7,787
Expenses:
Property operating expenses (including $100 and $117 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	6,106	4,028
Depreciation and amortization	3,102	2,349
General and administrative (including $1,431 and $1,292 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	2,883	2,531
Advisory fee to related party	2,170	3,005
Total operating expenses	14,261	11,913
Net operating loss	(2,573)	(4,126)
Interest income (including $6,081 and $3,963 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	9,772	5,814
Interest expense (including $944 and $418 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, from related parties)	(4,031)	(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971	3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0	(1,639)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688	4,706
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net	0	11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)	(28)
Net income	3,715	14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)	(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$ 3,517	$ 14,502
Earnings per share - basic and diluted
Basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.41	$ 1.68
Diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.41	$ 1.68
Weighted average common shares used in computing earnings per share - basic and diluted
Basic (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316
Diluted (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (Parenthetical) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Rental revenue	$ 11,009	$ 7,481
Property operating expenses	6,106	4,028
General and administrative	2,883	2,531
Interest income	9,772	5,814
Interest expense	4,031	5,027
Related parties
Rental revenue	268	256
Property operating expenses	100	117
General and administrative	1,431	1,292
Interest income	6,081	3,963
Interest expense	$ 944	$ 418

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Total	Parent	Common Stock	Additional Paid-in Capital	Retained Earnings	Noncontrolling Interest
Balance at beginning at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 371,608	$ 351,205	$ 86	$ 260,387	$ 90,732	$ 20,403
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	14,620	14,502			14,502	118
Balance at ending at Mar. 31, 2022	386,228	365,707	86	260,387	105,234	20,521
Balance at beginning at Dec. 31, 2022	840,612	819,467	86	260,387	558,994	21,145
Increase (Decrease) in Stockholders' Equity [Roll Forward]
Net income	3,715	3,517			3,517	198
Balance at ending at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 844,327	$ 822,984	$ 86	$ 260,387	$ 562,511	$ 21,343

XML

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash Flow From Operating Activities:
Net income	$ 3,715	$ 14,620
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Gain on sale or write down of assets	0	(11,148)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	(971)	(3,772)
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0	1,639
Depreciation and amortization	3,755	3,210
Provision for bad debts	0	139
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	(688)	(4,706)
Changes in assets and liabilities, net of dispositions:
Other assets	(691)	5,393
Related party receivables	42	(1,436)
Interest payable	(1,483)	(4,955)
Accounts payable and other liabilities	(2,146)	(3,162)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	1,533	(4,178)
Cash Flow From Investing Activities:
Collection of notes receivable	248	632
Originations and advances on notes receivable	0	(537)
Purchase of short-term investment	(63,956)	(16,584)
Redemption of short-term investments	27,192	0
Development and renovation of real estate	(5,653)	(6,388)
Deferred leasing costs	(19)	0
Proceeds from sale of assets	0	28,523
Distributions from unconsolidated joint venture	17,976	0
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(24,212)	5,646
Cash Flow From Financing Activities:
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable	(89,111)	(38,179)
Debt extinguishment costs	0	(590)
Deferred financing costs	(16)	0
Net cash used in financing activities	(89,127)	(38,769)
Net decrease in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(111,806)	(37,301)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	222,307	72,721
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	$ 110,501	$ 35,420

XML

Organization

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract]

Organization

Organization

As used herein, the terms “the Company”, “we”, “our”, or “us” refer to Transcontinental Realty Investors, Inc., a Nevada corporation, which was formed in 1984. Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “TCI”. We are owned approximately 78% by American Realty Investors, Inc. (“ARL”), whose common stock is listed on the NYSE under the symbol “ARL”, and 7% by the controlling shareholder of ARL.

Our primary business is the acquisition, development and ownership of income-producing residential and commercial real estate properties. In addition, we opportunistically acquire land for future development in in-fill or high-growth suburban markets. From time to time, and when we believe it appropriate to do so, we will also sell land and income-producing properties. We generate revenues by leasing apartment units to residents, and leasing office, industrial and retail space to various for-profit businesses as well as certain local, state and federal agencies. We also generate income from the sales of income-producing properties and land.

Substantially all of our assets are held by our wholly-owned subsidiary, Southern Properties Capital Ltd. (“SPC”), which was formed for the purpose of raising funds by issuing non-convertible bonds that were listed on the Tel-Aviv Stock Exchange ("TASE").

At March 31, 2023, our portfolio of properties consisted of:

●     Four office buildings comprising in aggregate of approximately 1,056,793 square feet;

●    Fourteen multifamily properties, owned directly by us, comprising of 2,328 units; and

●    Approximately 1,858 acres of developed and undeveloped land.

Our day to day operations are managed by Pillar Income Asset Management, Inc. (“Pillar”). Their duties include, but are not limited to, locating, evaluating and recommending real estate and real estate-related investment opportunities and arranging debt and equity financing with third party lenders and investors. All of our employees are Pillar employees. Three of our commercial properties are managed by Regis Realty Prime, LLC (“Regis”). Regis provides leasing, construction management and brokerage services. Our multifamily properties and one of our commercial properties are managed by outside management companies. Pillar and Regis are considered to be related parties (See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions).

XML

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.

The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Certain 2022 consolidated financial statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

We consolidate entities in which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or have a majority of the voting interest of the entity. We have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE when we have (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance, and (ii) the obligations to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including ownership interest, management representation, ability to control decision and other contractual rights.We account for entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary under the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, we include our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities in our results of operations

XML

Earnings Per Share

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Earnings Per Share

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share (“EPS”) is computed by dividing net income attributable to the Company by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period.

The following table details our basic and diluted earnings per common share calculation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)		(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$	3,517	$	14,502
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	8,639,316		8,639,316
EPS - attributable to common shares — basic and diluted	$	0.41	$	1.68

XML

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following presents the schedule of interest paid and other supplemental cash flow information:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for interest	$	6,403	$	9,206
Cash - beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	113,424	$	50,735
Restricted cash	108,883		21,986
	$	222,307	$	72,721
Cash - end of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	55,313	$	13,789
Restricted cash	55,188		21,631
	$	110,501	$	35,420
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable
Payments on mortgages and other notes payable	$	832	$	15,257
Payments on bond payable	88,279		22,922
	$	89,111	$	38,179

The following is a schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Property acquired in exchange for reduction of related party receivable	$	5,487	$	—
Distribution from joint venture applied to Earn Out Obligation	$	—	$	7,012

XML

Operating Segments

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Operating Segments

Operating Segments

Our segments are based on the internal reporting that we review for operational decision-making purposes. We operate in two reportable segments: (i) the acquisition, development, ownership and management of multifamily properties and (ii) the acquisition, ownership and management of commercial properties. The services for our multifamily segment include rental of apartments and other tenant services, including parking and storage space rental. Asset information by segment is not reported because we do not use this measure to assess performance or make decisions to allocate resources. Therefore, depreciation and amortization expense is not allocated among segments. General and administrative expenses, advisory fees, interest income and interest expense are not included in segment profit as our internal reporting addresses these items on a corporate level.

The following table presents our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Multifamily Segment
Revenues	$	7,373	$	3,229
Operating expenses	(3,708)		(1,721)
Profit from segment	3,665		1,508
Commercial Segment
Revenues	3,636		4,252
Operating expenses	(2,398)		(2,307)
Profit from segment	1,238		1,945
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453

The table below reflects the reconciliation of total profit from segments to net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)		(2,349)
General and administrative	(2,883)		(2,531)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,170)		(3,005)
Other income	679		306
Interest income	9,772		5,814
Interest expense	(4,031)		(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971		3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(1,639)
Income from unconsolidated joint venture	688		4,706
Gain on sales or write-down of assets	—		11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)		(28)
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620

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Lease Revenue

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Lease Revenue

Lease Revenue

We lease our multifamily properties and commercial properties under agreements that are classified as operating leases. Our multifamily property leases generally include minimum rents and charges for ancillary services. Our commercial property leases generally included minimum rents and recoveries for property taxes and common area maintenance. Minimum rental revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases.

The following table summarizes the components of our rental revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed component	$	10,708	$	6,996
Variable component	301		485
	$	11,009	$	7,481

The following table summarizes the future rental payments that are payable to us from non-cancelable leases. The table excludes multifamily leases, which typically have a term of one-year or less:

2023	$	11,050
2024	8,819
2025	8,496
2026	8,177
2027	7,965
Thereafter	19,760
	$	64,267

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Real Estate Activity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Real Estate [Abstract]

Real Estate Activity

Real Estate Activity

Below is a summary of our real estate as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Land	$	119,203	$	108,933
Building and improvements	360,316		359,904
Tenant improvements	26,061		25,611
Construction in progress	66,351		65,427
Total cost	571,931		559,875
Less accumulated depreciation	(68,990)		(66,054)
Total real estate	$	502,941	$	493,821

On March 15, 2023, we entered into a development agreement with Pillar to build a 240 unit multifamily property in Lake Wales, Florida that is expected to be completed in 2025 for a total cost of approximately $55,330. The cost of construction will be funded in part by a $33,000 construction loan (See Note 12 - Mortgages and Other Notes Payable). The development agreement provides for a $1,637 fee that will be paid over the construction period. As of March 31, 2023, we have incurred a total of $10,140 in development costs.

Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Land(1)	$	—	$	1,989
Multifamily Properties(2)	—		9,364
Commercial Properties	—		(205)
Total	$	—	$	11,148

(1)Includes the gain on the sale of lots related to our investment in Windmill Farms, Mercer Crossing and other land holdings.

(2)On January 14, 2022, we sold Toulon, a 240 unit multifamily property in Gautier, Mississippi for $26,750, resulting in a gain on sale of $9,364. We used the proceeds to pay off the $14,740 mortgage note payable on the property and for general corporate purposes.

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Short-term Investments	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Short-term Investments	Short-term InvestmentsWe have an investment in variable denominated floating rate notes and short-term commercial paper. The interest rate on the notes was 4.76% and 4.67% at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

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Notes Receivable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Notes Receivable

Notes Receivable

The following table summarizes our notes receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying value
Property/Borrower	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity Date
ABC Land and Development, Inc.	$	4,408	$	4,408	9.50	%	6/30/26
ABC Paradise, LLC	1,210		1,210		9.50	%	6/30/26
Autumn Breeze(1)	2,157		2,326		5.00	%	7/1/25
Bellwether Ridge(1)	3,798		3,798		5.00	%	11/1/26
Forest Pines(1)(4)	6,472		6,472		5.00	%	11/1/22
Legacy Pleasant Grove	496		496		12.00	%	10/23/24
McKinney Ranch	3,926		3,926		6.00	%	9/15/24
One Realco Land Holding, Inc.	1,728		1,728		9.50	%	6/30/26
Parc at Ingleside(1)	3,759		3,759		5.00	%	11/1/26
Parc at Opelika Phase II(1)(4)	3,190		3,190		10.00	%	1/13/23
Parc at Windmill Farms(1)(4)	7,886		7,886		5.00	%	11/1/22
Phillips Foundation for Better Living, Inc.(2)	182		182		12.00	%	3/31/24
Plum Tree(1)	1,767		1,767		5.00	%	4/26/26
Polk County Land	3,000		3,000		9.50	%	6/30/26
Riverview on the Park Land, LLC	1,045		1,045		9.50	%	6/30/26
Spartan Land	5,907		5,907		12.00	%	1/16/25
Spyglass of Ennis(1)(4)	5,179		5,258		5.00	%	11/1/22
Steeple Crest(1)	6,498		6,498		5.00	%	8/1/26
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	20,325		20,325		12.00	%	6/30/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	10,096		10,096		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,990		6,990		12.00	%	3/31/25
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	3,615		3,615		12.00	%	5/31/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	17,172		17,172		12.00	%	12/31/32
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,521		6,521		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	1,549		1,549		12.00	%	4/30/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	180		180		12.00	%	6/30/24
	$	129,056	$	129,304

(1)The note is convertible, at our option, into a 100% ownership interest in the underlying development property, and is collateralized by the underlying development property.

(2) The borrower is deemed to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable.

(3) Principal and interest payments on the notes from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) are funded from surplus cash flow from operations, sale or refinancing of the underlying properties and are cross collateralized to the extent that any surplus cash available from any of the properties underlying the notes.

(4)    We are working with the borrower to extend the maturity and/or exercise our conversion option.

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Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

On November 16, 2018, our SPC subsidiary formed the Victory Abode Apartments, LLC ("VAA"), a joint venture with the Macquarie Group (“Macquarie”). VAA was formed as a result of a sale of the 50% ownership interest in a portfolio of multifamily properties owned by us in exchange for a 50% voting interest / 49% profit participation interest ("Class A interest") in VAA and a note payable (“Mezzanine Loan”). Concurrent with the Contribution, VAA issued Class B interests with a 2% profits participation interest and no voting rights to the manager of VAA (“Class B Member”).

In connection with the formation of VAA, ten of the initial properties were subject to an earn-out provision ("Earn Out") that provided for a remeasurement of value after a two-year period following the completion of construction. Upon the formation of VAA, we recorded an initial liability ("Earn Out Obligation") of $10,000 for the advance on the Earn Out that we received from Macquarie. Upon remeasurement, the Earn Out Obligation was determined to be approximately $39,600. In accordance with the joint venture operating agreement, the Earn Out Obligation was paid from our share of distributions from VAA in 2022.

On September 16, 2022, VAA sold 45 of its properties (“VAA Sale Portfolio”) for $1,810,700, resulting in gain on sale of $738,444 to the joint venture. In connection with sale, we received an initial distribution of $182,848 from VAA, which included the payment of the remaining balance of the Earn Out Obligation.

On November 1, 2022, we received an additional distribution from VAA, which included the full operational control of the remaining seven properties of VAA (“VAA Holdback Portfolio”) (See Note 11 - Acquisitions) and a cash payment of $204,036. We are in the process of negotiating the assumption of the mortgage notes payable on the VAA Holdback Portfolio with the lenders.

On March 23, 2023, we received $17,976 from VAA, which represented the remaining distribution of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio.

We plan to use our share of the proceeds from the sale of the VAA Sale Portfolio to invest in additional income-producing real estate, pay down our debt and for general corporate purposes.

The following is a summary of our investment in VAA:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	6,883	$	50,058
Other assets	295		2,346
	$	7,178	$	52,404
Liabilities and partners' capital
Liabilities from discontinued operations	$	—	$	8,824
Other liabilities	162		1,988
Our share of partners' capital	3,616		20,904
Outside partner's capital	3,400		20,688
	$	7,178	$	52,404

The following is a summary of income from VAA:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue
Rental revenue	$	—	$	3,931
Other revenue	—		142
Total revenue	—		4,073
Expenses
Operating expenses	(331)		2,621
Depreciation and amortization	—		844
Interest	(291)		5,714
Total expenses	(622)		9,179
Income (loss) from continuing operations	622		(5,106)
Income from discontinued operations	754		3,436
Net income (loss)	$	1,376	$	(1,670)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	$	688	$	4,706

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Acquisitions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Acquisitions

Acquisitions

On November 1, 2022, we acquired the remaining 50% ownership interest in the VAA Holdback Portfolio that we did not previously own through a distribution from VAA (See Note 10 – Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures). Prior to the acquisition, we had accounted for the VAA Holdback Portfolio under the equity method of accounting as part of our investment in VAA. The acquisition was completed in order to obtain 100% ownership and control over this well positioned portfolio of multifamily residential properties in southern United States.

The VAA Holdback Portfolio consisted of the following properties:

Property	Location	Units
Blue Lake Villas	Waxahachie, TX	186
Blue Lake Villas Phase II	Waxahachie, TX	70
Northside on Travis	Sherman, TX	200
Parc at Denham Springs	Denham Spring, LA	224
Residences at Holland Lake	Weatherford, TX	208
Villas of Park West I	Pueblo, CO	148
Villas of Park West II	Pueblo, CO	112
		1,148

The following is a summary of the preliminary allocation of the fair value of the VAA Holdback Portfolio:

Real estate	$	219,500
Other assets	4,843
Total assets acquired	224,343
Mortgage notes payable	70,330
Accounts payable and other liabilities	1,624
Accrued interest	190
Total liabilities assumed	72,144
Fair value of acquired net assets (100% ownership)	$	152,199

We have determined that the purchase price represented the fair value of the additional ownership interest in the VAA Holdback Portfolio that was acquired.

Fair value of existing ownership interest (at 50% ownership)	$	219,500
Carrying value of investment	146,313
Gain on remeasurement of assets	$	73,187

From November 1, 2022, we have included the VAA Holdback Portfolio in our consolidated financial statements.

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Mortgages and Other Notes Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Mortgages and Other Notes Payable

Mortgages and Other Notes Payable

The following table summarizes our mortgages and other notes payable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying Value				Interest Rate		Maturity Date
Property/ Entity	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
770 South Post Oak	$	11,345	$	11,406	4.40	%	6/1/2025
Athens	1,155		1,155		4.00	%	8/28/2023
Blue Lake Villas(1)	9,631		9,673		3.15	%	11/1/2055
Blue Lake Villas Phase II(1)	3,405		3,424		2.85	%	6/1/2052
Chelsea	7,834		7,875		3.40	%	12/1/2050
EQK Portage	3,350		3,350		10.00	%	11/13/2024
Forest Grove	7,092		7,128		3.75	%	5/5/2024
Landing Bayou	14,099		14,161		3.50	%	9/1/2053
Legacy at Pleasant Grove	12,960		13,039		3.60	%	4/1/2048
Northside on Travis(1)	11,591		11,656		2.50	%	2/1/2053
Parc at Denham Springs(1)	16,653		16,737		3.75	%	4/1/2051
Parc at Denham Springs Phase II	15,744		15,789		4.05	%	2/1/2060
RCM HC Enterprises	5,086		5,086		5.00	%	12/31/2024
Residences at Holland Lake(1)	10,573		10,622		3.60	%	3/1/2053
Villas at Bon Secour	19,310		19,410		3.08	%	9/1/2031
Villas of Park West I(1)	9,326		9,373		3.04	%	3/1/2053
Villas of Park West II(1)	8,462		8,504		3.18	%	3/1/2053
Vista Ridge	9,634		9,674		4.00	%	8/1/2053
Windmill Farms(2)	6,387		6,400		7.75	%	2/28/2024
	$	183,637	$	184,462

(1)    On November 1, 2022, we assumed the mortgage note payable from our joint venture in connection with the acquisition of the underlying property (See Note 11 - Acquisitions) and are in the process of obtaining lender approval of the assumption.

(2)    On February 28, 2023, we extended the maturity of the loan to February 28, 2024 and an interest rate of 7.75%.

Interest payable at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, was $2,155 and $2,004, respectively. We capitalized interest of $642 and $803 during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

On March 15, 2023, we entered into a $33,000 interest only loan to finance the development of Lake Wales (See Note 7 - Real Estate Activity) that bares interest at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus 3% and matures on March 15, 2026, with two one-year extension options.

As of March 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all of our loan covenants except for the minimum debt service coverage ratio (“DSCR”) for the loan on 770 South Post Oak. As a result, the lender requires us to lock the surplus cash flow of the property into a designated deposit account controlled by them, until we are in compliance with the DSCR for a period of two consecutive quarters.

All of the above mortgages and other notes payable are collateralized by the underlying property. In addition, we have guaranteed the loans on Athens, Forest Grove, Lake Wales and Villas at Bon Secour.

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Bonds Payable

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Bonds Payable

Bonds Payable

We have issued nonconvertible bonds ("Bonds") through SPC, which were traded on the TASE. The Bonds are denominated in New Israeli Shekels ("NIS") and provide for semiannual principal and interest payments through maturity. The Bonds are subject to a number of covenants, which include restrictions on the distribution of cash from SPC.

In connection with the Bonds, we incurred a gain on foreign currency transactions of $971 and $3,772 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The outstanding balance of our Bonds at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Bond Issuance	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity
Series A Bonds(1)	$	14,101	$	28,971	7.30	%	7/31/23
Series B Bonds(1)	29,046		35,806		6.80	%	7/31/25
Series C Bonds(2)	—		66,546		4.65	%	1/31/23
	43,147		131,323
Less unamortized deferred issuance costs	(1,475)		(2,105)
	$	41,672	$	129,218

(1)    The bonds were collateralized by the assets of SPC.

(2)    The bonds were collateralized by a trust deed on Browning Place, a 625,297 square foot office building in Dallas, Texas.

On January 31, 2023, we completed our scheduled bond payment of $88,279, which included in the full repayment of the Series C bonds. On May 4, 2023, we paid off the remaining balances of the Series A and Series B Bonds and withdrew from the TASE.

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Related Party Transactions

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Related Party Transactions [Abstract]

Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions

We engage in certain business transactions with related parties, including but not limited to asset acquisition and dispositions of real estate. Transactions involving related parties cannot be presumed to be carried out on an arm’s length basis due to the absence of free market forces that naturally exist in business dealings between two or more unrelated entities. Related party transactions may not always be favorable to our business and may include terms, conditions and agreements that are not necessarily beneficial to or in our best interest.

Pillar and Regis are wholly owned by an affiliate of May Realty Holdings, Inc., which also owns approximately 90.8% of ARL. Pillar is compensated for advisory services in accordance with an agreement. Regis receives property management fees and leasing commissions in accordance with the terms of its property-level management agreement. In addition, Regis is entitled to receive real estate brokerage commissions in accordance with the terms of a non-exclusive brokerage agreement.

Rental income includes $268 and $256 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for office space leased to Pillar and Regis.

Property operating expense includes $100 and $117 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for management fees on commercial properties payable to Regis.

General and administrative expense includes $1,431 and $1,292 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for employee compensation and other reimbursable costs payable to Pillar.

Advisor fees paid to Pillar were $2,170 and $3,005 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Notes receivable include amounts held by UHF (See Note 9 – Notes Receivable). UHF is deemed to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable. In addition, we have receivables from Pillar and other related parties. Interest income on these notes and related party receivables was $6,081 and $3,963 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Interest expense on payable to Pillar was $944 and $418 for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Related party receivables, net represents the net amounts outstanding from Pillar for loans and advances, net of unreimbursed fees, expenses and costs as provided above.

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Noncontrolling Interests	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Noncontrolling Interest [Abstract]
Noncontrolling Interests	Noncontrolling InterestsThe noncontrolling interest represents the third party ownership interest in Income Opportunity Realty Investors, Inc. ("IOR"). Shares of IOR are listed on the NYSE American stock exchange under the symbol of IOR. We owned 81.1% in IOR during the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022.

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Deferred Income

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Deferred Income

Deferred Income

In previous years, we sold properties to related parties at a gain, and therefore the sales criteria for the full accrual method was not met, and as such, we deferred the gain recognition and accounted for the sales by applying the finance, deposit, installment or cost recovery methods, as appropriate. The gain on these transactions is deferred until the properties are sold to a non-related third party.

As of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we had deferred gain of $581.

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Income Taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

We are part of a tax sharing and compensating agreement with respect to federal income taxes with ARL. In accordance with the agreement, our expense (benefit) in each year is calculated based on the amount of losses absorbed by taxable income multiplied by the maximum statutory tax rate of 21%.

The following table summarizes our income tax provision:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	41	$	28
Deferred	1,071		—
	$	1,112	$	28

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Commitments and Contingencies	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023
Commitments and Contingencies Disclosure [Abstract]
Commitments and Contingencies	Commitments and ContingenciesWe believe that we will generate excess cash from property operations in the next twelve months; such excess, however, might not be sufficient to discharge all of our obligations as they become due. We intend to sell income-producing assets, refinance real estate and obtain additional borrowings primarily secured by real estate to meet our liquidity requirements.

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Subsequent Events

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Subsequent Events [Abstract]

Subsequent Events

Subsequent Events

On May 4, 2023, we paid off the remaining balances of the Series A and Series B Bonds and withdrew from the TASE (See Note 13 - Bonds Payable).

The date to which events occurring after March 31, 2023, the date of the most recent balance sheet, have been evaluated for possible adjustment to the consolidated financial statements or disclosure is May 11, 2023, which is the date on which the consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

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Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounting Policies [Abstract]

Basis of Presentation

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring matters) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included.

The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2022 was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. Certain 2022 consolidated financial statement amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

We consolidate entities in which we are considered to be the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (“VIE”) or have a majority of the voting interest of the entity. We have determined that we are a primary beneficiary of the VIE when we have (i) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impacts its economic performance, and (ii) the obligations to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including ownership interest, management representation, ability to control decision and other contractual rights.

We account for entities in which we have less than a controlling financial interest or entities where we are not deemed to be the primary beneficiary under the equity method of accounting. Accordingly, we include our share of the net earnings or losses of these entities in our results of operations.

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Earnings per Share (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Earnings Per Share [Abstract]

Schedule of Earnings Per Share

The following table details our basic and diluted earnings per common share calculation:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)		(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$	3,517	$	14,502
Weighted-average common shares outstanding — basic and diluted	8,639,316		8,639,316
EPS - attributable to common shares — basic and diluted	$	0.41	$	1.68

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]

Schedule of Interest Paid and Other Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following presents the schedule of interest paid and other supplemental cash flow information:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Cash paid for interest	$	6,403	$	9,206
Cash - beginning of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	113,424	$	50,735
Restricted cash	108,883		21,986
	$	222,307	$	72,721
Cash - end of period
Cash and cash equivalents	$	55,313	$	13,789
Restricted cash	55,188		21,631
	$	110,501	$	35,420
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable
Payments on mortgages and other notes payable	$	832	$	15,257
Payments on bond payable	88,279		22,922
	$	89,111	$	38,179

The following is a schedule of noncash investing and financing activities:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Property acquired in exchange for reduction of related party receivable	$	5,487	$	—
Distribution from joint venture applied to Earn Out Obligation	$	—	$	7,012

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Operating Segments (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Segment Reporting [Abstract]

Schedule of Profit by Reportable Segment

The following table presents our reportable segments for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Multifamily Segment
Revenues	$	7,373	$	3,229
Operating expenses	(3,708)		(1,721)
Profit from segment	3,665		1,508
Commercial Segment
Revenues	3,636		4,252
Operating expenses	(2,398)		(2,307)
Profit from segment	1,238		1,945
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453

Schedule of Reconciliation of Revenue from Segments to Consolidated

The table below reflects the reconciliation of total profit from segments to net income for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Total profit from segments	$	4,903	$	3,453
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)		(2,349)
General and administrative	(2,883)		(2,531)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,170)		(3,005)
Other income	679		306
Interest income	9,772		5,814
Interest expense	(4,031)		(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971		3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	—		(1,639)
Income from unconsolidated joint venture	688		4,706
Gain on sales or write-down of assets	—		11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)		(28)
Net income	$	3,715	$	14,620

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Lease Revenue (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Leases [Abstract]

Schedule of Rental Revenue

The following table summarizes the components of our rental revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Fixed component	$	10,708	$	6,996
Variable component	301		485
	$	11,009	$	7,481

Schedule of Future Rental Payments

The following table summarizes the future rental payments that are payable to us from non-cancelable leases. The table excludes multifamily leases, which typically have a term of one-year or less:

2023	$	11,050
2024	8,819
2025	8,496
2026	8,177
2027	7,965
Thereafter	19,760
	$	64,267

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Real Estate Activity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Real Estate [Abstract]

Schedule of the Real Estate Owned

Below is a summary of our real estate as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Land	$	119,203	$	108,933
Building and improvements	360,316		359,904
Tenant improvements	26,061		25,611
Construction in progress	66,351		65,427
Total cost	571,931		559,875
Less accumulated depreciation	(68,990)		(66,054)
Total real estate	$	502,941	$	493,821

Schedule of Gain on Sale or Write-down of Assets, net

Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Land(1)	$	—	$	1,989
Multifamily Properties(2)	—		9,364
Commercial Properties	—		(205)
Total	$	—	$	11,148

(1)Includes the gain on the sale of lots related to our investment in Windmill Farms, Mercer Crossing and other land holdings.

(2)On January 14, 2022, we sold Toulon, a 240 unit multifamily property in Gautier, Mississippi for $26,750, resulting in a gain on sale of $9,364. We used the proceeds to pay off the $14,740 mortgage note payable on the property and for general corporate purposes.

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Notes Receivable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Receivables [Abstract]

Schedule of Notes Receivable

The following table summarizes our notes receivable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying value
Property/Borrower	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity Date
ABC Land and Development, Inc.	$	4,408	$	4,408	9.50	%	6/30/26
ABC Paradise, LLC	1,210		1,210		9.50	%	6/30/26
Autumn Breeze(1)	2,157		2,326		5.00	%	7/1/25
Bellwether Ridge(1)	3,798		3,798		5.00	%	11/1/26
Forest Pines(1)(4)	6,472		6,472		5.00	%	11/1/22
Legacy Pleasant Grove	496		496		12.00	%	10/23/24
McKinney Ranch	3,926		3,926		6.00	%	9/15/24
One Realco Land Holding, Inc.	1,728		1,728		9.50	%	6/30/26
Parc at Ingleside(1)	3,759		3,759		5.00	%	11/1/26
Parc at Opelika Phase II(1)(4)	3,190		3,190		10.00	%	1/13/23
Parc at Windmill Farms(1)(4)	7,886		7,886		5.00	%	11/1/22
Phillips Foundation for Better Living, Inc.(2)	182		182		12.00	%	3/31/24
Plum Tree(1)	1,767		1,767		5.00	%	4/26/26
Polk County Land	3,000		3,000		9.50	%	6/30/26
Riverview on the Park Land, LLC	1,045		1,045		9.50	%	6/30/26
Spartan Land	5,907		5,907		12.00	%	1/16/25
Spyglass of Ennis(1)(4)	5,179		5,258		5.00	%	11/1/22
Steeple Crest(1)	6,498		6,498		5.00	%	8/1/26
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	20,325		20,325		12.00	%	6/30/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	10,096		10,096		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,990		6,990		12.00	%	3/31/25
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	3,615		3,615		12.00	%	5/31/23
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	17,172		17,172		12.00	%	12/31/32
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	6,521		6,521		12.00	%	3/31/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	1,549		1,549		12.00	%	4/30/24
Unified Housing Foundation(2)(3)	180		180		12.00	%	6/30/24
	$	129,056	$	129,304

(1)The note is convertible, at our option, into a 100% ownership interest in the underlying development property, and is collateralized by the underlying development property.

(2) The borrower is deemed to be a related party due to our significant investment in the performance of the collateral secured by the notes receivable.

(3) Principal and interest payments on the notes from Unified Housing Foundation, Inc. (“UHF”) are funded from surplus cash flow from operations, sale or refinancing of the underlying properties and are cross collateralized to the extent that any surplus cash available from any of the properties underlying the notes.

(4)    We are working with the borrower to extend the maturity and/or exercise our conversion option.

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Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Equity Method Investments and Joint Ventures [Abstract]

Schedule of Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

The following is a summary of our investment in VAA:

	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	6,883	$	50,058
Other assets	295		2,346
	$	7,178	$	52,404
Liabilities and partners' capital
Liabilities from discontinued operations	$	—	$	8,824
Other liabilities	162		1,988
Our share of partners' capital	3,616		20,904
Outside partner's capital	3,400		20,688
	$	7,178	$	52,404

The following is a summary of income from VAA:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Revenue
Rental revenue	$	—	$	3,931
Other revenue	—		142
Total revenue	—		4,073
Expenses
Operating expenses	(331)		2,621
Depreciation and amortization	—		844
Interest	(291)		5,714
Total expenses	(622)		9,179
Income (loss) from continuing operations	622		(5,106)
Income from discontinued operations	754		3,436
Net income (loss)	$	1,376	$	(1,670)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	$	688	$	4,706

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Acquisitions (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Business Combination and Asset Acquisition [Abstract]

Schedule of Acquisitions

The VAA Holdback Portfolio consisted of the following properties:

Property	Location	Units
Blue Lake Villas	Waxahachie, TX	186
Blue Lake Villas Phase II	Waxahachie, TX	70
Northside on Travis	Sherman, TX	200
Parc at Denham Springs	Denham Spring, LA	224
Residences at Holland Lake	Weatherford, TX	208
Villas of Park West I	Pueblo, CO	148
Villas of Park West II	Pueblo, CO	112
		1,148

We have determined that the purchase price represented the fair value of the additional ownership interest in the VAA Holdback Portfolio that was acquired.

Fair value of existing ownership interest (at 50% ownership)	$	219,500
Carrying value of investment	146,313
Gain on remeasurement of assets	$	73,187

Summary of Preliminary Allocation of Fair Value in Acquisition

The following is a summary of the preliminary allocation of the fair value of the VAA Holdback Portfolio:

Real estate	$	219,500
Other assets	4,843
Total assets acquired	224,343
Mortgage notes payable	70,330
Accounts payable and other liabilities	1,624
Accrued interest	190
Total liabilities assumed	72,144
Fair value of acquired net assets (100% ownership)	$	152,199

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Mortgages and Other Notes Payable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Debt

The following table summarizes our mortgages and other notes payable as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022:

	Carrying Value				Interest Rate		Maturity Date
Property/ Entity	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
770 South Post Oak	$	11,345	$	11,406	4.40	%	6/1/2025
Athens	1,155		1,155		4.00	%	8/28/2023
Blue Lake Villas(1)	9,631		9,673		3.15	%	11/1/2055
Blue Lake Villas Phase II(1)	3,405		3,424		2.85	%	6/1/2052
Chelsea	7,834		7,875		3.40	%	12/1/2050
EQK Portage	3,350		3,350		10.00	%	11/13/2024
Forest Grove	7,092		7,128		3.75	%	5/5/2024
Landing Bayou	14,099		14,161		3.50	%	9/1/2053
Legacy at Pleasant Grove	12,960		13,039		3.60	%	4/1/2048
Northside on Travis(1)	11,591		11,656		2.50	%	2/1/2053
Parc at Denham Springs(1)	16,653		16,737		3.75	%	4/1/2051
Parc at Denham Springs Phase II	15,744		15,789		4.05	%	2/1/2060
RCM HC Enterprises	5,086		5,086		5.00	%	12/31/2024
Residences at Holland Lake(1)	10,573		10,622		3.60	%	3/1/2053
Villas at Bon Secour	19,310		19,410		3.08	%	9/1/2031
Villas of Park West I(1)	9,326		9,373		3.04	%	3/1/2053
Villas of Park West II(1)	8,462		8,504		3.18	%	3/1/2053
Vista Ridge	9,634		9,674		4.00	%	8/1/2053
Windmill Farms(2)	6,387		6,400		7.75	%	2/28/2024
	$	183,637	$	184,462

(1)    On November 1, 2022, we assumed the mortgage note payable from our joint venture in connection with the acquisition of the underlying property (See Note 11 - Acquisitions) and are in the process of obtaining lender approval of the assumption.

(2)    On February 28, 2023, we extended the maturity of the loan to February 28, 2024 and an interest rate of 7.75%.

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Bonds Payable (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Debt Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Bonds Payable

The outstanding balance of our Bonds at March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 is as follows:

Bond Issuance	March 31, 2023		December 31, 2022		Interest Rate		Maturity
Series A Bonds(1)	$	14,101	$	28,971	7.30	%	7/31/23
Series B Bonds(1)	29,046		35,806		6.80	%	7/31/25
Series C Bonds(2)	—		66,546		4.65	%	1/31/23
	43,147		131,323
Less unamortized deferred issuance costs	(1,475)		(2,105)
	$	41,672	$	129,218

(1)    The bonds were collateralized by the assets of SPC.

(2)    The bonds were collateralized by a trust deed on Browning Place, a 625,297 square foot office building in Dallas, Texas.

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Income Taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Schedule of Income Tax Provision

The following table summarizes our income tax provision:

	Three Months Ended March 31,
	2023		2022
Current	$	41	$	28
Deferred	1,071		—
	$	1,112	$	28

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Organization (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023 ft² a property apartment
Office Building
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties	4
Area of property | ft²	1,056,793
Multifamily properties
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties	14
Number of units in real estate property | apartment	2,328
Developed and undeveloped land
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Area of land | a	1,858
Regis Realty Prime, LLC | Commercial properties
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties	3
ARL | Related Party Entities
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Ownership interest	7.00%
ARL | Related Party Entities | Majority Shareholder
Real Estate Properties [Line Items]
Ownership interest	78.00%

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Earnings per Share (Details) - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Earnings Per Share [Abstract]
Net income	$ 3,715	$ 14,620
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	(198)	(118)
Net income attributable to the Company	$ 3,517	$ 14,502
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - basic (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - diluted (in shares)	8,639,316	8,639,316
EPS - attributable to common shares - basic (in dollars per share)	$ 0.41	$ 1.68
EPS - attributable to common shares - diluted (in dollars per share)	$ 0.41	$ 1.68

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information - Noncash Investing and Financing Activities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]
Cash paid for interest	$ 6,403	$ 9,206
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning balance	113,424	50,735
Restricted cash and cash equivalents, beginning balance	108,883	21,986
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, beginning of period	222,307	72,721
Cash and cash equivalents, ending balance	55,313	13,789
Restricted Cash and cash equivalents, ending balance	55,188	21,631
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, end of period	110,501	35,420
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable
Payments on mortgages and other notes payable	832	15,257
Payments on bond payable		22,922
Payments on mortgages, other notes and bonds payable	$ 89,111	$ 38,179

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Supplemental Cash Flow Information - Schedule of Noncash Investing and Financing Activities (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Supplemental Cash Flow Elements [Abstract]
Property acquired in exchange for reduction of related party receivable	$ 5,487	$ 0
Distribution from joint venture applied to Earn Out Obligation	$ 0	$ 7,012

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Operating Segments - Narrative (Details)	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 segment
Segment Reporting [Abstract]
Number of reportable segments	2

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Operating Segments - Profit by Reportable Segment (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	$ 11,688	$ 7,787
Total profit from segments	(2,573)	(4,126)
Operating segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total profit from segments	4,903	3,453
Operating segments | Multifamily Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	7,373	3,229
Operating expenses	(3,708)	(1,721)
Profit from segment	3,665	1,508
Operating segments | Commercial Segment
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Revenues	3,636	4,252
Operating expenses	(2,398)	(2,307)
Profit from segment	$ 1,238	$ 1,945

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Operating Segments - Profit by Reportable Segment to Net Income (Loss) (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total profit from segments	$ (2,573)	$ (4,126)
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)	(2,349)
General and administrative	(2,883)	(2,531)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,170)	(3,005)
Other income	679	306
Interest income	9,772	5,814
Interest expense	(4,031)	(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971	3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0	(1,639)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688	4,706
Gain on sales or write-down of assets	0	11,148
Income tax provision	(1,112)	(28)
Net income	3,715	14,620
Operating segments
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Total profit from segments	4,903	3,453
Other non-segment items of income (expense)
Segment Reporting Information [Line Items]
Depreciation and amortization	(3,102)	(2,349)
General and administrative	(2,883)	(2,531)
Advisory fee to related party	(2,170)	(3,005)
Other income	679	306
Interest income	9,772	5,814
Interest expense	(4,031)	(5,027)
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971	3,772
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0	(1,639)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688	4,706
Gain on sales or write-down of assets	0	11,148
Income tax provision	$ (1,112)	$ (28)

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Lease Revenue - Schedule of Rental Revenue (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Leases [Abstract]
Fixed component	$ 10,708	$ 6,996
Variable component	301	485
Total rental revenue	$ 11,009	$ 7,481

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Lease Revenue - Schedule of Future Rental Payments (Details) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Leases [Abstract]
2023	$ 11,050
2024	8,819
2025	8,496
2026	8,177
2027	7,965
Thereafter	19,760
Total	$ 64,267

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Real Estate Activity - Real Estate Investment Components (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Real Estate [Abstract]
Land	$ 119,203	$ 108,933
Building and improvements	360,316	359,904
Tenant improvements	26,061	25,611
Construction in progress	66,351	65,427
Total cost	571,931	559,875
Less accumulated depreciation	(68,990)	(66,054)
Total real estate	$ 502,941	$ 493,821

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Real Estate Activity - Narrative (Details) - Lake Wales $ in Thousands	Mar. 15, 2023 USD ($) apartment
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property | apartment	240
Real estate investment property, at cost	$ 55,330
Proceeds from construction loans payable	33,000
Fees related to construction	1,637
Development costs	$ 10,140

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Real Estate Activity - Schedule of Gain (Loss) on Sale or Write-down of Assets (Details) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Jan. 14, 2022 USD ($) apartment	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net		$ 0	$ 11,148
Disposal Group, Held-for-sale or Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Assumed value of the mortgage note payable	$ 14,740
Land
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net		0	1,989
Multifamily Properties
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net		0	9,364
Commercial Properties
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Gain on sale or write-down of assets, net		$ 0	$ (205)
Toulon | Disposal Group, Held-for-sale or Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property | apartment	240
Proceeds from sale	$ 26,750
Gain on sale	$ 9,364

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Short-term Investments (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]
Interest rate	4.76%	4.67%

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Notes Receivable - Schedule of Notes Receivable (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 129,056	$ 129,304
Notes Receivable
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	129,056	129,304
Notes Receivable | ABC Land and Development, Inc.
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 4,408	4,408
Interest Rate	9.50%
Notes Receivable | ABC Paradise, LLC
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,210	1,210
Interest Rate	9.50%
Notes Receivable | Autumn Breeze
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 2,157	2,326
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Bellwether Ridge
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,798	3,798
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Forest Pines
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 6,472	6,472
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Legacy Pleasant Grove
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 496	496
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | McKinney Ranch
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,926	3,926
Interest Rate	6.00%
Notes Receivable | One Realco Land Holding, Inc.
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,728	1,728
Interest Rate	9.50%
Notes Receivable | Parc at Ingleside
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,759	3,759
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Parc at Opelika Phase II
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,190	3,190
Interest Rate	10.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Parc at Windmill Farms
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 7,886	7,886
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Phillips Foundation For Better Living Inc.
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 182	182
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Plum Tree
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,767	1,767
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Polk County Land
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,000	3,000
Interest Rate	9.50%
Notes Receivable | Riverview on the Park Land, LLC
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,045	1,045
Interest Rate	9.50%
Notes Receivable | Spartan Land
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 5,907	5,907
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Spyglass of Ennis
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 5,179	5,258
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Steeple Crest
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 6,498	6,498
Interest Rate	5.00%
Ownership interest if note converted	100.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing June 30, 2023 A
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 20,325	20,325
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing March 31, 2024
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 10,096	10,096
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing March 31, 2025
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 6,990	6,990
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing May 31, 2023
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 3,615	3,615
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing December 31, 2032
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 17,172	17,172
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing March 31, 2024
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 6,521	6,521
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., Maturing April 30, 2024
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 1,549	1,549
Interest Rate	12.00%
Notes Receivable | Unified Housing Foundation Inc., June 30, 2024
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Carrying value	$ 180	$ 180
Interest Rate	12.00%

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Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands					3 Months Ended
	Mar. 23, 2023 USD ($)	Nov. 01, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 16, 2022 USD ($)	Nov. 16, 2018 USD ($) property	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Sep. 15, 2022 property	Jun. 17, 2022 property	Jul. 13, 2021 USD ($)
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Distributions from unconsolidated joint venture					$ 17,976	$ 0
VAA Sale Portfolio | Disposal Group, Held-for-sale or Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Proceeds from sale			$ 1,810,700
Gain on sale			738,444
Distributions from unconsolidated joint venture		$ 204,036	$ 182,848
Macquarie
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Earn Out liability									$ 39,600
Unconsolidated joint venture
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Contributed properties with earn-out provisions | property				10
Earn-out provision period				2 years
Earn Out liability				$ 10,000
Unconsolidated joint venture | VAA | Class A interest
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity method investment profit participation percentage				0.49
Unconsolidated joint venture | VAA | Class B interest
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Equity method investment profit participation percentage				0.02
VAA | Unconsolidated joint venture
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Percentage ownership in VAA				50.00%
VAA | Unconsolidated joint venture | Disposal Group, Held-for-sale or Disposed of by Sale, Not Discontinued Operations
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Number of real estate properties | property							7	45
VAA | Unconsolidated joint venture | VAA Sale Portfolio
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Distribution of income from unconsolidated joint venture	$ 17,976
VAA | Unconsolidated joint venture | VAA
Schedule of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Percentage ownership in VAA				50.00%

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Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures - Financial Position And Results of Operations From Our Investees (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2021
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$ 110,501	$ 35,420	$ 222,307	$ 72,721
Other assets	82,993		84,900
Total assets	1,128,806		1,218,165
Liabilities and partners' capital
Total liabilities and equity	1,128,806		1,218,165
Revenue
Rental revenue	11,009	7,481
Other revenue	679	306
Total revenue	11,688	7,787
Expenses:
Depreciation and amortization	3,755	3,210
Net income	3,715	14,620
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688	4,706
Unconsolidated joint venture
Revenue
Rental revenue	0	3,931
Other revenue	0	142
Total revenue	0	4,073
Expenses:
Operating expenses	(331)	2,621
Depreciation and amortization	0	844
Interest	(291)	5,714
Total expenses	(622)	9,179
Income (loss) from continuing operations	622	(5,106)
Income from discontinued operations	754	3,436
Net income	1,376	(1,670)
Equity in income from unconsolidated joint venture	688	$ 4,706
Unconsolidated joint venture | VAA
Assets
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	6,883		50,058
Other assets	295		2,346
Total assets	7,178		52,404
Liabilities and partners' capital
Liabilities from discontinued operations	0		8,824
Other liabilities	162		1,988
Our share of partners' capital	3,616		20,904
Outside partner's capital	3,400		20,688
Total liabilities and equity	$ 7,178		$ 52,404

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Acquisitions - Narrative (Details) - VAA Holdback Portfolio	Nov. 01, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Ownership interest acquired	50.00%
Ownership interest after interest acquired	100.00%

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Acquisitions - Asset Acquisition Of Properties (Details) - VAA Holdback Portfolio	Nov. 01, 2022 property
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	1,148
Blue Lake Villas
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	186
Blue Lake Villas Phase II
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	70
Northside on Travis
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	200
Parc at Denham Springs
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	224
Residences at Holland Lake
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	208
Villas of Park West I
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	148
Villas of Park West II
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Number of units in real estate property	112

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Acquisitions - Summary of Preliminary Allocation of The Fair Value (Details) - VAA Holdback Portfolio $ in Thousands	Nov. 01, 2022 USD ($)
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Real estate	$ 219,500
Other assets	4,843
Total assets acquired	224,343
Mortgage notes payable	70,330
Accounts payable and other liabilities	1,624
Accrued interest	190
Total liabilities assumed	$ 72,144
Ownership interest after interest acquired	100.00%
Fair value of acquired net assets (100% ownership)	$ 152,199

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Acquisitions - Purchase Price Of Additional Ownership Interest (Details) - VAA Holdback Portfolio - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Nov. 01, 2022
Business Acquisition [Line Items]
Ownership interest acquired		50.00%
Fair value of existing ownership interest (at 50% ownership)	$ 219,500
Carrying value of investment	146,313
Gain on remeasurement of assets	$ 73,187

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Mortgages and Other Notes Payable - Schedule of Debt (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Feb. 28, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 183,637			$ 184,462
Loss on early extinguishment of debt	0	$ 1,639
Mortgages and other notes payable
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	183,637			184,462
Mortgages and other notes payable | 770 South Post Oak
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 11,345			11,406
Interest rate	4.40%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Athens
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 1,155			1,155
Interest rate	4.00%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Blue Lake Villas
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 9,631			9,673
Interest rate	3.15%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Blue Lake Villas Phase II
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 3,405			3,424
Interest rate	2.85%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Chelsea
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 7,834			7,875
Interest rate	3.40%
Mortgages and other notes payable | EQK Portage
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 3,350			3,350
Interest rate	10.00%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Forest Grove
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 7,092			7,128
Interest rate	3.75%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Landing Bayou
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 14,099			14,161
Interest rate	3.50%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Legacy at Pleasant Grove
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 12,960			13,039
Interest rate	3.60%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Northside on Travis
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 11,591			11,656
Interest rate	2.50%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Parc at Denham Springs
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 16,653			16,737
Interest rate	3.75%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Parc at Denham Springs Phase II
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 15,744			15,789
Interest rate	4.05%
Mortgages and other notes payable | RCM HC Enterprises
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 5,086			5,086
Interest rate	5.00%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Residences at Holland Lake
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 10,573			10,622
Interest rate	3.60%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Villas at Bon Secour
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 19,310			19,410
Interest rate	3.08%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Villas of Park West I
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 9,326			9,373
Interest rate	3.04%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Villas of Park West II
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 8,462			8,504
Interest rate	3.18%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Vista Ridge
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 9,634			9,674
Interest rate	4.00%
Mortgages and other notes payable | Windmill Farms
SEC Schedule, 12-29, Real Estate Companies, Investment in Mortgage Loans on Real Estate [Line Items]
Mortgages and other notes payable	$ 6,387			$ 6,400
Interest rate	7.75%		7.75%

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Mortgages and Other Notes Payable - Narrative (Details) $ in Thousands		3 Months Ended
	Mar. 15, 2023 USD ($) extension_option	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest payable		$ 2,641		$ 5,198
Interest costs capitalized		642	$ 803
Lake Wales
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Proceeds from construction loans payable	$ 33,000
Number of extension options | extension_option	2
Extension term	1 year
SOFR | Lake Wales
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Variable interest rate	3.00%
Mortgages and other notes payable
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Interest payable		$ 2,155		$ 2,004

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Bonds Payable - Narrative (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain on foreign currency transactions	$ 971	$ 3,772
Payments on bond payable		22,922
Bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Gain on foreign currency transactions	971	$ 3,772
Series C Bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Payments on bond payable	$ 88,279

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Bonds Payable - Schedule of Long-term Debt Instruments (Details) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) ft²	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($) ft²
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Bonds	$ 43,147	$ 131,323
Less unamortized deferred issuance costs	(1,475)	(2,105)
Bonds payable	41,672	129,218
Series A Bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Bonds	$ 14,101	28,971
Interest Rate	7.30%
Series B Bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Bonds	$ 29,046	35,806
Interest Rate	6.80%
Series C Bonds
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Bonds	$ 0	$ 66,546
Interest Rate	4.65%
Series C Bonds | Browning Place
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Land collateral | ft²	625,297	625,297

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Related Party Transactions (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Rental revenue	$ 11,009	$ 7,481
Property operating expenses	6,106	4,028
General and administrative	2,883	2,531
Advisory fee to related party	2,170	3,005
Interest income	9,772	5,814
Interest expense	4,031	5,027
Affiliate
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Rental revenue	268	256
Property operating expenses	100	117
General and administrative	1,431	1,292
Interest income	6,081	3,963
Interest expense	944	418
Affiliate | Pillar and Regis
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Rental revenue	268	256
Affiliate | Regis
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Property operating expenses	100	117
Affiliate | Pillar
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
General and administrative	1,431	1,292
Advisory fee to related party	2,170	3,005
Interest expense	944	418
Affiliate | UHF and Pillar
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Interest income	$ 6,081	$ 3,963
Affiliate | MRHI | ARL
Related Party Transaction [Line Items]
Ownership interest	90.80%

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Noncontrolling Interests (Details)	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
IOR
Noncontrolling Interest [Line Items]
Ownership interest	81.10%	81.10%

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Deferred Income (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]
Deferred revenue	$ 581	$ 581

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Income Taxes (Details) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Current	$ 41	$ 28
Deferred	1,071	0
Income tax provision	$ 1,112	$ 28