10-K/A 1 trt10ka_jun302016.htm FORM 10-K/A trt10ka_jun302016.htm
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K/A
Amendment No. 1
 
þ    ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016

OR
 
o    TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from ___ to ___

Commission File Number 1-14523

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

California
  
95-2086631
(State or other jurisdiction of
  
(I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization)
  
Identification Number)
     
16139 Wyandotte Street
    
Van Nuys, California
  
91406
(Address of principal executive offices)
  
(Zip Code)
           
Registrant's Telephone Number:  818-787-7000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
 
   
Name of each exchange
Title of each class
  
On which registered
Common Stock, no par value
  
 The NYSE MKT

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:   None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in rule 405 of the Securities Act. o Yes  þNo

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. oYes þ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  þ  Yes o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). þYes  o No

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in a definitive proxy statement or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company.  See the definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):  Large Accelerated Filer o Accelerated File o  Non-Accelerated Filer (Do not check if a smaller reporting company o Smaller Reporting Company  þ

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). o Yes   þNo

The aggregate market value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of Registrant, based upon the closing price of $2.79 for shares of the registrant’s Common Stock on December 31, 2015, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter as reported by the NYSE MKT, was approximately $5,570,000. In calculating such aggregate market value, shares of Common Stock held by each officer, director and holder of 5% or more of the outstanding Common Stock (including shares with respect to which a holder has the right to acquire beneficial ownership within 60 days) were excluded because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of September 1, 2016 was 3,513,055.
 
Documents Incorporated by Reference
 
Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates by reference information from Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its 2016 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed with the Commission under Regulation 14A within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year covered by this Form 10-K.
 
 
 
 
 
EXPLANATORY NOTE

The purpose of this Amendment No. 1 of Form 10–K/A to Trio-Tech International’s Annual Report on Form 10–K for the period ended June 30, 2016, which was timely filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on September 28, 2016 (the “Form 10–K”), is solely to correct typographical errors in the dates on (a) the signature pages of the Form 10-K, (b) the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and (c) the Consent of Independent Registered Accounting Firm attached as Exhibit 23.1 to Form 10-K.  As required by Rule 12b-15 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, Trio-Tech International has furnished new certifications which appear in Exhibits 31.1, 31.2 and 32.

Other than those mentioned above, there are no other changes made to the Form 10–K for the period ended 30 June 2016. This Amendment No. 1 speaks as of the original filing date of the Form 10–K, does not reflect events that may have occurred subsequent to the original filing date and does not modify or update in any way disclosures made in the original Form 10–K except to correct the dates noted above.

 
 
 


TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

INDEX
 
   
Page
 
Part I
  
     
1
 Item 1A Risk factors 5
 Item 1B Unresolved staff comments 5
6
6
6
     
 
Part II
  
     
7
7
8
25
25
25
25
 Item 9B Other information 25
     
 
Part III
  
     
25
25
25
25
25
     
 
Part IV
  
     
26
26
 
26
 
27
     
  F-1
     
  F-2
     
  F-3
     
  F-5
     
  F-6
 
 
  
  Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7
 
 
-i-
 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL

PART I

ITEM 1 – BUSINESS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS)

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The discussions of Trio-Tech International’s (the “Company”) business and activities set forth in this Form 10-K and in other past and future reports and announcements by the Company may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and assumptions regarding future activities and results of operations of the Company.  In light of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, the following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from those reflected in any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Company: market acceptance of Company products and services; changing business conditions or technologies and volatility in the semiconductor industry, which could affect demand for the Company’s products and services; the impact of competition; problems with technology; product development schedules; delivery schedules; changes in military or commercial testing specifications which could affect the market for the Company’s products and services; difficulties in profitably integrating acquired businesses, if any, into the Company; risks associated with conducting business internationally and especially in Southeast Asia, including currency fluctuations and devaluation, currency restrictions, local laws and restrictions and possible social, political and economic instability; credit risks in the Chinese real estate industry; changes in macroeconomic conditions and credit market conditions; and other economic, financial and regulatory factors beyond the Company’s control. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expects,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “potential,” “believes,” “can impact,” “continue,” or the negative thereof or other comparable terminology.

Unless otherwise required by law, the Company undertakes no obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect subsequent events, changed circumstances, or the occurrence of unanticipated events. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such forward-looking statements.

General

Trio-Tech International was incorporated in 1958 under the laws of the State of California. As used herein, the term "Trio-Tech" or "Company” or “we” or “us” or “Registrant” includes Trio-Tech International and its subsidiaries unless the context otherwise indicates.  The mailing address and executive offices are located at 16139 Wyandotte Street, Van Nuys, California 91406, and the telephone number is (818) 787-7000.

During fiscal year 2016, the Company operated its business in four segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate. Geographically, the Company operates in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China.  It operates six testing service facilities; one in the United States and five in Southeast Asia. It operates two manufacturing facilities: one in the United States and the other in Southeast Asia. Its distribution segment and real estate segment operate primarily in Southeast Asia. Its major customers are concentrated in Southeast Asia and they are either semiconductor chip manufacturers or testing facilities that purchase testing equipment.  For information relating to revenues, profit and loss and total assets for each of the segments, see Note 19 - Business Segments contained in the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.
 
 
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Company History – Certain Highlights for Fiscal Year 2016
 
2011
SHI International Pte. Ltd. achieved ISO 9001:2008 certification.
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. Singapore re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards.
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. certified for ISO/TS 16949:2009 standards.
 
2012
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. acquired TS16949 certification.
 
2013
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd., Trio-Tech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co., Ltd. and Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards.
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, re-certified to ISO 14001:2004 standards.
Trio-Tech Malaysia (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. achieved ISO/TS16949 LOC certification.
Trio-Tech Tianjin Co., Ltd. re-certified to ISO/TS16949 LOC certification.
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, re-certified to biz SAFE Level 3 Workplace Safety and Health standards.
 
2014
 
 
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, re-certified to ISO 17025:2005 standards.
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd. Singapore re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards.
2015 Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards.
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. and Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co., Ltd. re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards. (Aug 2015)
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore, re-certified to ISO 14001:2004 standards. (Aug 2015)
 
2016 Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., re-certified to ISO 14001:2004 standards. (July 2016)
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., re-certified to OHSAS 18001:2007 standards. (July 2016)
 
Overall Business Strategies
 
Our core business is and historically has been in the semiconductor industry (testing services, manufacturing and distribution).  Revenue from this industry accounted for 99.6% of our revenue for the fiscal year 2016 as compared to 99.5% in fiscal year 2015. The semiconductor industry has experienced periods of rapid growth, but has also experienced downturns, often in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles of both semiconductor companies’ and their customers’ products and declines in general economic conditions. To reduce our risks associated with sole industry focus and customer concentration, the Company expanded its business into the real estate investment and oil and gas equipment fabrication businesses in 2007 and 2009, respectively. Real Estate segment contributed only 0.4% to the total revenue and has been insignificant since the property market in China has slowed down due to control measures in China. However, we are in the process of winding-up the oil & gas equipment fabrication operations, which discontinued its operations in December 2012.

To achieve our strategic plan for our semiconductor business, we believe that we must pursue and win new business in the following areas:
 
 ●
Primary markets – Capturing additional market share within our primary markets by offering superior products and services to address the needs of our major customers.
 
 ●
Growing markets – Expanding our geographic reach in areas of the world with significant growth potential.
 
 ●
New markets – Developing new products and technologies that serve wholly new markets.
 
 ● Complementary strategic relationships – Through complementary acquisitions or similar arrangements, we believe we can expand our markets and strengthen our competitive position. As part of our growth strategy, the Company continues to selectively assess opportunities to develop strategic relationships, including acquisitions, investments and joint development projects with key partners and other businesses.
 
 
-2-
 
 
Business Segments

Testing Services

Our testing services are rendered to manufacturers and purchasers of semiconductors and other entities who either lack testing capabilities or whose in-house screening facilities are insufficient for testing devices in order for them to make sure that these products meet certain commercial specifications. Customers outsource their test services either to accommodate fluctuations in output or to benefit from economies that can be offered by third party service providers.

Our laboratories perform a variety of tests, including stabilization bake, thermal shock, temperature cycling, mechanical shock, constant acceleration, gross and fine leak tests, electrical testing, microprocessor equipment contract cleaning services, static and dynamic burn-in tests, reliability lab services and vibration testing.  We also perform qualification testing, consisting of intense tests conducted on small samples of output from manufacturers who require qualification of their processes and devices.

We use our own proprietary equipment for certain burn-in, centrifugal and leak tests, and commercially available equipment for various other environmental tests. We conduct the majority of our testing operations in Southeast Asia with facilities in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China, which have been certified to the relevant ISO quality management standards.
 
Manufacturing

We manufacture both front-end and back-end semiconductor test equipment and related peripherals at our facilities in Singapore and the United States.

Front-End Products

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks

Artic Temperature Controlled Wafer Chucks are used for test, characterization and failure analysis of semiconductor wafers and such other components at accurately controlled cold and hot temperatures.  These systems provide excellent performance to meet the most demanding customer applications.  Several unique mechanical design features provide excellent mechanical stability under high probing forces and across temperature ranges.

Wet Process Stations

Wet Process Stations are used for cleaning, rinsing and drying semiconductor wafers, flat panel display magnetic disks, and other microelectronic substrates.  After the etching or deposition of integrated circuits, wafers are typically sent through a series of 100 to 300 additional processing steps.  At many of these processing steps, the wafer is washed and dried using Wet Process Stations.

Back-End Products

Autoclaves and HAST (Highly Accelerated Stress Test) Equipment

We manufacture autoclaves, HAST systems and specialized test fixtures. Autoclaves provide pressurized, saturated vapor (100% relative humidity) test environments for fast and easy monitoring of integrated circuit manufacturing processes. HAST systems provide a fast and cost-effective alternative to conventional non-pressurized temperature and humidity testing.

Burn-in Equipment and Boards

We manufacture burn-in systems, burn-in boards and burn-in board test systems. Burn-in equipment is used to subject semiconductor devices to elevated temperatures while testing them electrically to identify early product failures and to assure long-term reliability. Burn-in boards are used to mount devices during high temperature environmental stressing tests.

We provide integrated burn-in automation solutions to improve products’ yield, reduce processing downtime and improve efficiency. In addition, we develop a cooling solution, which is used to cool or maintain the temperature of high power heat dissipation semiconductor devices.
 
 
-3-
 
 
Component Centrifuges and Leak Detection Equipment

We manufacture centrifuges that perform high speed constant acceleration to test the mechanical integrity of ceramic and other hermetically sealed semiconductor devices and electronic parts for high reliability and aerospace applications. Leak detection equipment is designed to detect leaks in hermetic packaging. The bubble tester is used for gross leak detection. A visual bubble trail will indicate when a device is defective.

Distribution

In addition to marketing our proprietary products, we distribute complementary products made by manufacturers mainly from the United States, Europe, Taiwan and Japan.  The products include environmental chambers, handlers, interface systems, vibration systems, shaker systems, solderability testers and other semiconductor equipment. Besides equipment, we also distribute a wide range of components such as connectors, sockets, LCD display panels and touch-screen panels. Furthermore, our range of products are mainly targeted for industrial products rather than consumer products whereby the life cycle of the industrial products can last from 3 years to 7 years.

Real Estate

Beginning in 2007, TTI has invested in real estate property in Chongqing, China, which has generated investment income from the rental revenue from real estate we purchased in Chongqing, China, and investment returns from deemed loan receivables, which are classified as other income. The rental income is generated from the rental properties in MaoYe and FuLi in Chongqing, China. In the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the investment in JiaSheng, which was deemed as loans receivable, was transferred to down payment for purchase of investment property in China. 

Product Research and Development

We focus our research and development activities on improving and enhancing both product design and process technology. We conduct product and system research and development activities for our products in Singapore and the United States. Research and development expenses were $200 and $182 in fiscal year 2016 and 2015, respectively. Our Singapore operations increased their research and development expenses in fiscal year 2016, due to an increase in payroll related expenses.

Marketing, Distribution and Services

We market our products and services worldwide, directly and through independent sales representatives and our own marketing sales team. We have approximately five independent sales representatives operating in the United States and another twenty in various foreign countries. Of the twenty-five sales representatives, eight are representing the distribution segment and seventeen are representing the testing services segment and the manufacturing segment for various products and services produced and provided from our facilities in different locations.

Dependence on Limited Number of Customers

In fiscal years 2016 and 2015, combined sales of equipment and services to our three largest customers accounted for approximately 69.8% and 72.2%, respectively, of our total net revenue. Of those sales, $20,862 (60.6%) and $21,503 (63.4%) were from one major customer. Although the major customer is a U.S. company, the revenue generated from it was from facilities located outside of the U.S. The majority of our sales and services in fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were to customers outside of the United States.

Backlog

The following table sets forth the Company's backlog at the dates indicated: 
  
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
     2015  
Manufacturing backlog
   $ 3,657     $ 3,323  
Testing services backlog
     818       721  
Distribution backlog
     1,292       1,021  
Real estate backlog*
     537       103  
    $ 6,304     $ 5,168  
                 
*Real estate backlog is based on the rental income from a non-cancellable lease.
 
 
-4-
 
 
Based on our past experience, we do not anticipate any significant cancellations or re-negotiation of sales.  The purchase orders for the manufacturing, testing services and distribution businesses generally require delivery within 12 months from the date of the purchase order and certain costs are incurred before delivery. In the event of a cancellation of a confirmed purchase order, we require our customers to reimburse us for all costs incurred. We do not anticipate any difficulties in meeting delivery schedules. The backlog is based on estimates provided by our customers and is not based on customer’s purchase order as it is a practice that the purchase orders are provided only during the process of delivery.

Materials and Supplies

Our products are designed by our engineers and are assembled and tested at our facilities in the United States, China and Singapore.  We purchase all parts and certain components from outside vendors for assembly purposes.  We have no written contracts with any of our key suppliers.  As these parts and components are available from a variety of sources, we believe that the loss of any one of our suppliers would not have a material adverse effect on our results of operations taken as a whole.

Competition

Our ability to compete depends on our ability to develop, introduce and sell new products or enhanced versions of existing products on a timely basis and at competitive prices, while reducing our costs.

There are numerous testing laboratories in the areas where we operate that perform a range of testing services similar to those offered.  However, due to severe competition in the Southeast Asia testing and burn-in services industry there has been a reduction in the total number of competitors.  The existence of competing laboratories and the purchase of testing equipment by semiconductor manufacturers and users are potential threats to our future testing services revenue and earnings.  Although these laboratories and new competitors may challenge us at any time, we believe that other factors, including reputation, long service history and strong customer relationships, are instrumental in determining our position in the market.

The distribution segment sells a wide range of equipment to be used for testing products. As the semiconductor equipment industry is highly competitive, we offer a one-stop service alternative to customers by complementing our products with design consultancy and other value-added services.

The principal competitive factors in the manufacturing industry include product performance, reliability, service and technical support, product improvements, price, established relationships with customers and product familiarity. We make every effort to compete favorably with respect to each of these factors.  Although we have competitors for our various products, we believe that our products compete favorably with respect to each of the above factors. We have been in business for more than 58 years and have operation facilities mostly located in Southeast Asia.  Those factors combined have helped us to establish and nurture long-term relationships with customers and will allow us to continue doing business with our existing customers upon their relocation to other regions where we have a local presence or are able to reach.

Patents

In fiscal years 2016 and 2015, we did not register any patents within the U.S.

It is typical in the semiconductor industry to receive notices from time to time alleging infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights of others.  We do not believe that we infringe on the intellectual property rights of any others.  However, should any claims be brought against us, the cost of litigating such claims and any damages could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Employees

As of June 30, 2016, we had approximately 629 full time employees and no part time employees. Geographically, approximately 10 full time employees were located in the United States and approximately 619 full time employees in Southeast Asia.  None of our employees are represented by a labor union.

There were approximately 54 employees in the manufacturing segment, 536 employees in the testing services segment, 4 employees in the distribution segment, 3 employees in the real estate segment and 32 employees in general administration, logistics and others.
 
ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 1B – UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.
 
 
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ITEM 2 – PROPERTIES

As of the date of filing of this Form 10-K, we believe that we are utilizing approximately 82% of our fixed property capacity. We also believe that our existing facilities are adequate and suitable to cover any sudden increase in our needs in the foreseeable future.

The following table presents the relevant information regarding the location and general character of our principal manufacturing and testing facilities:
 
           
Owned (O)
       
Approx.
  
or Leased (L)
       
Sq. Ft.
  
& Expiration
Location
  
Segment
  
Occupied
  
     Date
16139 Wyandotte Street, Van Nuys,
  
Corporate
  
5,200
  
(L) Mar. 2017
CA 91406, United States of America
  
Testing Services/ Manufacturing
        
1004, Toa Payoh North, Singapore
            
Unit No. HEX 07-01/07,
  
Testing Services
  
6,864
  
(L) Sept. 2017
Unit No. HEX 07-01/07, (ancillary site)
  
Testing Services
  
2,605
  
(L) Sept. 2017
Unit No. HEX 03-01/02/03,
  
Testing Services /Manufacturing
  
2,959
  
(L) Sept. 2017
Unit No. HEX 01-08/15,
  
Testing Services /Manufacturing
  
6,864
  
(L) Jan. 2017*1
Unit No. HEX 01-08/15, (ancillary site)
  
Testing Services /Manufacturing
  
351
  
(L) Jan. 2017*1
Unit No. HEX 01-16/17,
  
Logistics Store
  
1,983
  
(L) Jan. 2017*1
1008, Toa Payoh North, Singapore
            
Unit No. HEX 03-09/17,
  
Manufacturing
  
6,099
  
(L) Jan. 2017*1
Unit No. HEX 03-09/17, (ancillary site)
  
Manufacturing
  
70
  
(L) Jan. 2017*1
Unit No. HEX 01-09/10/11,
  
Manufacturing
  
2,202
  
(L) Nov. 2017
Unit No. HEX 01-15/16,
  
Manufacturing
  
1,400
  
(L) Sept. 2017
Unit No. HEX 01-08,
  
Manufacturing
  
603
  
(L) Jun. 2017
Unit No. HEX 01-12/14,
  
Manufacturing
  
1,664
  
(L) Jul. 2019
Plot 1A, Phase 1
  
Manufacturing
  
42,013
  
(O)
Bayan Lepas Free Trade Zone
            
11900 Penang
  
 
        
Lot No. 11A, Jalan SS8/2,
  
Testing Services
  
78,706
  
(O)
Sungai Way Free Industrial Zone,
            
47300 Petaling Jaya,
            
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
  
 
        
327, Chalongkrung Road,
  
Testing Services
  
34,433
  
(O)
Lamplathew, Lat Krabang,
            
Bangkok 10520, Thailand
      
 
    
No. 5, Xing Han Street, Block A
  
Testing Services
  
6,200
  
(L) Jan. 2017
#04-15/16, Suzhou Industrial Park
            
China 215021
            
27-05, Huang Jin Fu Pan.
  
Real Estate
  
969
  
(L) Aug. 2017
No. 26 Huang Jin Qiao Street
            
Hechuan District Chongqing China 401520
            
B7-2, Xiqing Economic Development
  
Testing Services
  
53,550
  
(L) Apr. 2021
Area International Industrial Park
            
Tianjin City, China 300385
 
            
No. B-11-03, Jalan Persiaran Multimedia
  
Manufacturing
  
470
  
(L) Mar. 2017
I-City Seksyen 7
            
40000 Shah Alam, Selangor
            
 
*1 Leases for these premises are expected to be extended upon expiry.
 
ITEM 3 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations.  In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial statements.

There are no material proceedings to which any director, officer or affiliate of the Company, any beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company’s Common Stock, or any associate of such person is a party that is adverse to the Company or its properties.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not applicable.
 
 
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PART II
 
ITEM 5 – MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED
STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our Common Stock is traded on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “TRT.”  The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the range of high and low sales prices of our Common Stock as quoted by the NYSE MKT:
 
   
High
    
Low
  
             
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2015
            
Quarter ended September 30, 2014
   $ 5.34     $ 3.20  
Quarter ended December 31, 2014
   $ 3.87     $ 2.91  
Quarter ended March 31, 2015
   $ 3.33     $ 2.62  
Quarter ended June 30, 2015
   $ 3.30     $ 2.65  
                 
Fiscal year ended June 30, 2016
                
Quarter ended September 30, 2015
   $ 3.20     $ 2.26  
Quarter ended December 31, 2015
   $ 3.25     $ 2.42  
Quarter ended March 31, 2016
   $ 3.34     $ 2.40  
Quarter ended June 30, 2016
   $ 4.00     $ 3.00  
 
Stockholders

As of September 1, 2016, there were 3,513,055 shares of our Common Stock issued and outstanding, and the Company had approximately 63 record holders of Common Stock. The number of holders of record does not include the number of persons whose stock is in nominee or “street name” accounts through brokers.

Dividend Policy
 
We did not declare any cash dividends in either fiscal year 2016 or fiscal year 2015.

The determination as to whether to pay any future cash dividends will depend upon our earnings and financial position at that time and other factors as the Board of Directors may deem appropriate. California law prohibits the payment of dividends if a corporation does not have sufficient retained earnings or cannot meet the statutory asset to liability ratio. There is no assurance that dividends will be paid to holders of Common Stock in the foreseeable future.

ITEM 6 - SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.
 
 
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ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PERCENTAGES AND SHARE AMOUNTS).
 
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our disclaimer on “Forward-Looking Statements,” “Item 1. Business,” and our Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes to those statements and other financial information contained elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
 
During fiscal years 2016 and 2015, Trio-Tech International operated in four segments: manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate. In fiscal year 2016, revenue from the manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate segments represented 42.1%, 44.3%, 13.2% and 0.4% of our revenue, respectively, as compared to 37.9%, 53.1%, 8.5% and 0.5% respectively, in fiscal year 2015.
 
Semi-conductor testing and manufacturing of test equipment is our core business. We provide third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through our laboratories in Southeast Asia. At or from our facilities in the U.S. and Southeast Asia we also design, manufacture and market equipment and systems to be used in the testing and production of semiconductors, and distribute semiconductor processing and testing equipment manufactured by other vendors.

We expanded our market share in the semiconductor testing segment, primarily in Tianjin and Malaysia. In fiscal year 2011, TTI registered a 100% wholly owned subsidiary, Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co. Ltd. (“TTTJ”), located in the Xiqing Economic Development Area International Industrial Park in Tianjin City, People’s Republic of China.

During fiscal year 2016, TTTJ was re-certified to ISO 14001:2004 standards. It provides testing services for one of our major customers. In August 2015, our testing operations in Singapore, Malaysia and Bangkok were re-certified to ISO 9001:2008 standards.  During the previous fiscal year, our testing operations in Singapore were re-certified to ISO 17025:2005 standards.

Our distribution segment operates primarily in Southeast Asia. This segment markets and supports distributing complementary products supplied by other manufacturers that are used by its customers and other semiconductor and electronics manufacturers. We believe this will help us to reduce our exposure to multiple risks arising from being a mere distributor of manufactured products from others.

The two main revenue components for the real estate segment were investment income and rental income.

No investment income was recorded as “revenue” by the real estate segment in either of fiscal years 2016 or 2015.

During fiscal year 2007, TTI invested in real estate property in Chongqing, China, which has generated investment income from rental revenue and investment returns from deemed loan receivables, which are classified as other income. The rental income is generated from the rental properties in MaoYe, JiangHuai and FuLi in Chongqing, China. In the second quarter of fiscal 2015, the investment in JiaSheng, which was deemed as loans receivable, was transferred to down payment for purchase of investment property in China.

Trio-Tech Chongqing Co., Ltd. (“TTCQ”) invested RMB 5,554 in rental properties in Maoye during fiscal year 2008, RMB 3,600 in rental properties in JiangHuai during fiscal year 2010 and RMB 4,025 in rental properties in FuLi during fiscal year 2010. The total investment in properties in China was RMB 13,179, or approximately $1,983 and $2,123 in fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. The carrying value of these investment properties in China was RMB 8,901 and RMB 9,560, or approximately $1,340 and $1,540, in fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. These properties generated a total rental income of $122 and $173 for fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. TTCQ’s investment in properties that generated rental income is discussed further in this Form 10-K.
 
TTCQ has yet to receive the title deed for properties purchased from JiangHuai. TTCQ is in the legal process of obtaining the title deed, which is dependent on JiangHuai completing the entire project. JiangHuai property did not generate any income during fiscal 2016 and 2015.
 
“Investments” in real estate segment was the cost of an investment in a joint venture in which we had 10% interest. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2014, TTCQ disposed of its 10% interest in the joint venture. The joint venture had to raise funds for the development of the project. As a joint-venture partner, TTCQ was required to stand guarantee for the funds to be borrowed; considering the amount of borrowing, the risk involved was higher than the investment made and hence TTCQ decided to dispose of the 10% interest in the joint venture investment. On October 2, 2013, TTCQ entered into a share transfer agreement with Zhu Shu. Based on the agreement the purchase price was to be paid by (1) RMB 10,000 worth of commercial property in Chongqing, China, or approximately $1,634 based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of October 2, 2013, by non-monetary consideration and (2) the remaining RMB 8,000, or approximately $1,307 based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of October 2, 2013, by cash consideration. The consideration consists of (1) commercial units measuring 668 square meters to be delivered in June 2016 and (2) sixteen quarterly equal installments of RMB 500 per quarter commencing from January 2014. Based on ASC Topic 845 Non-monetary Consideration, (“ASC Topic 845”), the Company deferred the recognition of the gain on disposal of the 10% interest in joint venture investment until such time that the consideration is paid, so that the gain can be ascertained. The recorded value of the disposed investment amounting to $783, based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of June 30, 2014, is classified as “other assets” under non-current assets, because it is considered a down payment for the purchase of the commercial property in Chongqing. TTCQ performed a valuation on a certain commercial unit and its market value was higher than the carrying amount. The first three installment amounts of RMB 500 each due in January 2014, April 2014 and July 2014 were all outstanding until the date of disposal of the investment in joint venture. Out of the outstanding RMB 8,000, TTCQ had received RMB 100 during May 2014.
 
 
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On October 14, 2014, TTCQ and Jun Zhou Zhi Ye entered into a memorandum of understanding. Based on the memorandum of understanding, both parties have agreed to register a sales and purchase agreement upon Jun Zhou Zhi Ye obtaining the license to sell the commercial property (the Singapore Themed Resort Project) located in Chongqing, China. The proposed agreement is for the sale of shop lots with a total area of 1,484.55 square meters as consideration for all the outstanding amounts owed to TTCQ by Jun Zhou Zhi Ye as follows:
 
a)  
Long term loan receivable RMB 5,000, or approximately $814, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on long term loan receivable of RMB 1,250;
 
b)  
Commercial units measuring 668 square meters, as mentioned above; and
 
c)  
RMB 5,900 for the part of the unrecognized cash consideration of RMB 8,000 relating to the disposal of the joint venture.
 
The shop lots are to be delivered to TTCQ upon completion of the construction of the shop lots in the Singapore Themed Resort Project, which is expected to be no later than December 31, 2016. However, should there be further delays in the project completion, based on the discussion with the developers it is estimated to be completed by December 31, 2018. The consideration does not include the remaining outstanding amount of RMB 2,000, or approximately $326, which will be paid in cash.

Fiscal Year 2016 Highlights (in Thousands)

●
Total revenue increased by $522, or 1.5%, to $34,454 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $33,932 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Manufacturing segment revenue increased by $1,637, or 12.7%, to $14,510 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $12,873 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Testing services segment revenue was $15,280 in fiscal year 2016, a decrease of $2,740, or 15.2%, compared to $18,020 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Distribution segment revenue was $4,542 in fiscal year 2016, an increase of $1,676, or 58.5%, compared to $2,866 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Real estate segment revenue decreased by $51, or 29.5%, to $122 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $173 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Gross profit margins decreased by 0.8% to 25.5% in fiscal year 2016 compared to 26.3% in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
General and administrative expenses decreased by $399, or 5.8%, to $6,449 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $6,848 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Selling expenses decreased by $41, or 5.7%, to $676 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $717 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Research and development expenses increased by $18, or 9.9%, to $200 in fiscal year 2016 from $182 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Impairment loss decreased by $70 to nil in fiscal year 2016 compared to $70 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment decreased by $83 to $16 in fiscal year 2016 as compared to $99 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Income from operations was $1,460 in fiscal year 2016, an improvement of $253, as compared to $1,207 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Income from continuing operations before income taxes was $1,302 in fiscal year 2016, a decrease of $23, as compared to $1,325 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Loss from discontinued operations before income tax was $4 in fiscal year 2016, a change of $10, as compared to an income of $6 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Other income decreased by $317 to $46 in fiscal year 2016 compared to $363 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Tax expense for fiscal year 2016 was $237 compared to $507 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Total assets increased by $182, or 0.6%, to $32,219 as of June 30, 2016 compared to $32,037 as of June 30, 2015.
 
●
Working capital increased by $1,191, or 22.5 %, to $6,479 as of June 30, 2016 compared to $5,288 as of June 30, 2015.
 
●
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International for the fiscal year 2016 was $779 compared to $521 in fiscal year 2015.
 
●
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest for the fiscal year 2016 was $282 compared to $303 in fiscal year 2015.
 
 
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The highlights above are intended to identify some of our most significant events and transactions during our fiscal year 2016. However, these highlights are not intended to be a full discussion of our results for the year.  These highlights should be read in conjunction with the discussion in this Item 7 and with our consolidated financial statements and footnotes accompanying this Annual Report.

General Financial Information

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016, total assets increased by $182, from $32,037 in fiscal year 2015 to $32,219 in fiscal year 2016. The increase was primarily due to an increase in cash and cash equivalent, short-term deposits, trade accounts receivable, other receivables, inventories and prepaid expenses. These increases were partially offset by the decrease in deferred taxes, investment properties, property, plant and equipment, other assets and restricted term deposits.
 
Cash and cash equivalents at June 30, 2016 were $3,807, an increase of $96, or 2.6%, compared to $3,711 at June 30, 2015. The increase in cash was primarily due to utilization of loans and credit facilities, which were partially offset by capital expenditures. The increase in cash and cash equivalents was partially offset by payment of a term loan, payment of lines of credit, increase in trade accounts receivable and placement of term-deposit in fiscal year 2016.

Short-term deposits at June 30, 2016 were $295, an increase of $194, compared to $101 at June 30, 2015. The increase in short-term deposits was primarily due to placement of deposit of RM 800 equivalent to approximately $200 by the Malaysia operations. This increase was offset by the currency translation.

Trade accounts receivable at June 30, 2016 was $8,826, representing an increase of $951, or 12.1%, compared to $7,875 at June 30, 2015. The increase was attributable to an increase in revenue during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016 as a result of a decrease in capital spending on equipment and systems by our customers. Sales in the fourth quarter from all of the segments in fiscal year 2016 were $8,815, an increase of $416, or 5.0%, compared to the sales of $8,399 in fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015. The number of days’ sales outstanding was 87 days at the end of fiscal year 2016, a decrease of 1 day, compared to 88 days at the end of fiscal year 2015.

As at June 30, 2016, other receivables were $596, an increase of $207, or 53.2%, compared to $389 at June 30, 2015. The increase was mainly due to an increase in advance payment made to suppliers by our Singapore operations and an increase in the goods and services tax (“GST”) refund claimable from the Inland Revenue by the Singapore operations in fiscal year 2016 as a result of increased purchases of inventories by the Singapore operations in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2016, as compared to the same period in the prior year.

Inventories as at June 30, 2016 were $1,460, an increase of $319, or 28.0%, compared to $1,141 at June 30, 2015. The increase was mainly due to longer inventory turnover and a decrease in allowance of obsolete inventory as compared to fiscal year 2015.

Prepaid expenses and other current assets at June 30, 2016 were $264, an increase of $20 from $244 at June 30, 2015. The increase was mainly due to payment of software license fees and payment of insurance premiums towards the end of fiscal year 2016.

Deferred tax assets at June 30, 2016 were $401, a decrease of $52 as compared to $453 as at June 30, 2015. The decrease was mainly caused by timing differences in our Singapore operations.

Investment properties in China at June 30, 2016 were $1,340, a decrease of $200 from $1,540 at June 30, 2015.  The decrease was primarily due to the depreciation charged during fiscal year 2016. The foreign currency translation also contributed to the decrease. Investment property in Malaysia as at June 30, 2016 and 2015 were nil. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015, investment property in Malaysia amounting to $98 was reclassified to assets held for sale, as the company has an intention to sell and it is ready for sale.

Property, plant and equipment at June 30, 2016 were $11,283, a decrease of $1,239, or 9.9%, compared to $12,522 at June 30, 2015. The decrease in property, plant and equipment was mainly due to lower capital expenditure in fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal year 2015. The foreign currency translation also contributed to the decrease. Capital expenditure in fiscal year 2016 decreased by $1,037, to $1,657 as compared to $2,694 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in capital expenditure in the Malaysia and Singapore operations was higher than the increase in capital expenditure in the Tianjin, China operations in fiscal year 2016.
 
 
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Other assets at June 30, 2016 were $1,788, a decrease of $35, or 1.9%, compared to $1,823 at June 30, 2015. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in down payment for the purchase of fixed assets in the Malaysia operations and the Tianjin, China operations, and the transfer of some of the down-payment to fixed assets since the fixed assets were received.

Restricted term deposits at June 30, 2016 decreased by $73 or 3.4%, to $2,067 compared to $2,140 at June 30, 2015.  The decrease was mainly due to the Singapore operation’s repayment of loans that were secured by a fixed deposit and hence, the restricted deposit was released and the deposit was withdrawn. The foreign currency translation also contributed to the decrease.

Total liabilities at June 30, 2016 were $11,348, an increase of $33, or 0.3%, compared to $11,315 at June 30, 2015.  The increase in liabilities was primarily due to the increase in lines of credit, accounts payable and capital leases, which were partially offset by the decrease in accrued expenses, income taxes payable, bank loan payable and deferred tax liabilities.

The total of our lines of credit at June 30, 2016 was $2,491, representing an increase of $913, or 57.9%, compared to $1,578 at June 30, 2015. The increase in lines of credit was mainly due to draw down of an existing credit facility by the Singapore operations and draw down of a new credit facility in the Tianjin, China operations, which were partially offset by repayments of bank loans and lines of credit by our Singapore and Malaysia operations in fiscal year 2016.

Accounts payable at June 30, 2016 was $2,921, an increase of $151 compared to $2,770 at June 30, 2015. Material purchased during fiscal year 2016 increased in the Malaysia and Tianjin, China operations, partially offset by the decrease in material purchased by the Singapore operation during fiscal year 2016.

Accrued expenses at June 30, 2016 were $2,642, a decrease of $442 compared to $3,084 at June 30, 2015. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in accrued purchases and warranty in the Singapore operations, a decrease in sales tax in the Tianjin, China operations and a decrease in reinstatement provisions in the Singapore and Tianjin, China operations. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in legal and audit fees, as well as an increase in deposits.

As of June 30, 2016, the outstanding bank loans payable was $2,067, compared to the bank loans payable of $2,544 as of June 30, 2015. The decrease of $477 was mainly due to repayment of bank loans by our Singapore and Malaysia operations.

Critical Accounting Estimates & Policies

The discussion and analysis of the Company’s financial condition presented in this section are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States.  During the preparation of the consolidated financial statements we are required to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments, including those related to sales, returns, pricing concessions, bad debts, inventories, investments, fixed assets, intangible assets, income taxes and other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under current conditions. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

In response to the SEC’s Release No. 33-8040, Cautionary Advice Regarding Disclosure about Critical Accounting Policy, we have identified the most critical accounting policies upon which our financial status depends. We determined that those critical accounting policies are related to the inventory valuation, allowance for doubtful accounts, revenue recognition, impairment of property, plant and equipment, investment property and income tax. These accounting policies are discussed in the relevant sections in this management’s discussion and analysis, including the Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements discussed below.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

During the normal course of business, we extend unsecured credit to our customers in all segments.  Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale. We generally do not require collateral from customers.  We maintain our cash accounts at credit-worthy financial institutions.

The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer credit-worthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance.  Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2016.
 
 
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Inventory Valuation

Inventories of our manufacturing and distribution segments consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method, or market value. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid changes in demand.  Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers. Inventories are written down for not saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment & Investment Property

Property, plant and equipment and investment properties are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred. Additions and improvements to property and equipment are capitalized.  When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions

The United States dollar (“U.S. dollar”) is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar, the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted.  We also operate in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia, of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi (“RMB”) and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies.  The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the balance sheet date, and the statement of operations is measured using average rates in effect for the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated comprehensive income or loss - translation adjustment.  Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue derived from testing services is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenue generated from sale of products in the manufacturing and distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.  Certain products sold in the manufacturing segment require installation and training to be performed.

Revenue from product sales is also recorded in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 605 (Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) Statement 00-21), Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables and Staff Accounting Bulletin (SAB) 104 Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements, (“ASC Topic 605”) which generally require revenue earned on product sales involving multiple-elements to be allocated to each element based on the relative fair values of those elements.  Accordingly, the Company allocates revenue to each element in a multiple-element arrangement based on the element’s respective fair value, with the fair value determined by the price charged when that element is sold and specifically defined in a quotation or contract.  The Company allocates a portion of the invoice value to products sold and the remaining portion of invoice value to installation work in proportion to the fair value of products sold and installation work to be performed. Training elements are valued based on hourly rates, which the Company charges for these services when sold apart from product sales. The fair value determination of products sold and the installation and training work is also based on our specific historical experience of the relative fair values of the elements if there is no easily observable market price to be considered. In fiscal year 2016 and 2015, the installation revenues generated in connection with product sales were immaterial and were included in the product sales revenue line on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.
 
 
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In the real estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement. If this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

Joint Venture

The Company analyzes its investments in joint ventures to determine if the joint venture is a variable interest entity (a “VIE”) and would require consolidation. The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate a venture that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. Beginning January 1, 2010, a new accounting standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined a primarily qualitative approach whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the joint venture does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the venture should be consolidated.

Equity Method

The Company analyzes its investments in joint ventures to determine if the joint venture should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock as to whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the joint venture even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. If so, the net income of the joint venture will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Cost Method

Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the Investee company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Long-Lived Assets & Impairment

Our business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly under-utilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand. In addition, we have recorded intangible assets with finite lives related to our acquisitions.

We evaluate our long-lived assets with finite lives for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in our stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.

In our business in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges on our long-lived assets. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2015, we impaired plant and equipment in our Tianjin operations in China. The impairment was due to certain equipment found unsuitable to test customer’s products and hence the decision to impair this asset. There was no impairment in fiscal year 2016.
 
 
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Fair Value Measurements

Under the standard ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurementsand Disclosures (“ASC Topic 820”), fair value refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between participants in the market in which the reporting entity transacts its business. ASC Topic 820 clarifies the principle that fair value should be based on the assumptions market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability. In support of this principle, ASC Topic 820 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the information used to develop those assumptions. Under the standard, fair value measurements would be separately disclosed by level within the fair value hierarchy.
 
Income Tax

We account for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”), which requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years.  Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expenses or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.  Management believed that it was more likely than not that the future benefits from these timing differences would not be realized.  Accordingly, a full allowance was provided as of June 30, 2016 and 2015.
 
The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. We recognize potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on our estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Stock Based Compensation

We adopted the fair value recognition provisions under ASC Topic 718, Share Based Payments (“ASC Topic 718”), using the modified prospective application method. Under this transition method, compensation cost recognized during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 included the applicable amounts of: (a) compensation cost of all share-based payments granted prior to, but not yet vested as of, July 1, 2016 (based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the original provisions of ASC Topic 718) and (b) compensation cost for all share-based payments granted subsequent to June 30, 2016.

Non-controlling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements

We adopted ASC Topic 810, Consolidation (“ASC Topic 810”). This guidance establishes accounting and reporting standards for the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. This guidance requires that non-controlling interests in subsidiaries be reported in the equity section of the controlling company’s balance sheet. It also changes the manner in which the net income of the subsidiary is reported and disclosed in the controlling company’s income statement.

Loan Receivables

The loan receivables are classified as current assets carried at face value and are individually evaluated for impairment.  The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest Income

Interest income on loans is recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.
 
 
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Recent Accounting Pronouncements

The amendments in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments —Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) are issued for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For public companies that are not SEC filers, the ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other organizations, the ASU on credit losses will take effect for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. While early application will be permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, the Company has not yet determined if it will early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2016-09 ASC Topic 718: Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC Topic 718”) are issued to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including (a) income tax consequences (b) classification of awards as either equity or liabilities; and (c) classification on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted for any entity in any interim or annual period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The Company does not intend to early adopt and has not yet determined the effects on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations on the adoption of this update.

The amendments in ASU 2016-02 ASC Topic 842: Leases (“ASC Topic 842”) are required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (a) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (b) a right-of-use asset, which is as an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for any of the following: a public business entity (1) a not-for-profit entity that has issued, or is a conduit bond obligor for, securities that are traded, listed, or quoted on an exchange or an over-the-counter market, and (2) an employee benefit plan that files financial statements with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For all other entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
The amendments in ASU 2015-17 eliminate the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and non-current in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2015-17 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application is permitted and the Company has adopted this ASU for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016 and there is no significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-14 ASC Topic 606: Deferral of the Effective Date (“ASC Topic 606”) defers the effective date of update 2014-09 for all entities by one year. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued converged standards on revenue recognition. Specifically, the Board has issued ASU 2014-09, ASC Topic 606. ASU 2014-09 affects any entity using U.S. GAAP that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of non-financial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (e.g., insurance contracts or lease contracts). ASU 2014-09 will supersede the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC Topic 605”), and most industry-specific guidance. ASU 2014-09 also supersedes some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts. In addition, the existing requirements for the recognition of a gain or loss on the transfer of non-financial assets that are not in a contract with a customer (e.g., assets within the scope of ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, (“ASC Topic 360”), and intangible assets within the scope of Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other) are amended to be consistent with the guidance on recognition and measurement (including the constraint on revenue) in ASU 2014-09. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. As the new standard will supersede substantially all existing revenue guidance affecting the Company under GAAP, it could impact revenue and cost recognition on sales across all the Company's business segments. The Company carried out an evaluation on the impact and found it to be immaterial, if any, the adoption of this standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.
 
 
-15-
 
 
The amendments in ASU 2015-11 ASC Topic 330: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASC Topic 330”) specify that an entity should measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using Last-In-First-Out or the retail inventory method. The amendments in ASU 2015-011 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

FASB amended ASU 2015-07 ASC Topic 820: Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or its Equivalent), which removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The amendments in ASU 2015-07 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-06 ASC Topic 260: Effects on Historical Earnings per Unit of Master Limited Partnership Dropdown Transactions (“ASC Topic 260”) specify that for purposes of calculating historical earnings per unit under the two-class method, the earnings or losses of a transferred business before the date of a dropdown transaction should be allocated entirely to the general partner. The amendments in ASU 2015-06 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The amendments should be applied retrospectively for all financial statements presented. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-02 ASC Topic 810: Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis are intended to improve targeted areas of consolidation guidance for legal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures (collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, and mortgage-backed security transactions). The amendments in ASU 2015-02 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. While early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, the Company has not elected to early adopt. ASU 2015-02 may be applied retrospectively in previously issued financial statements for one or more years with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first year restated. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-01 eliminate from U.S. GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. Subtopic 225-20, Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items (“ASC Topic 225”), requires that an entity separately classify, present, and disclose extraordinary events and transactions. Presently, an event or transaction is presumed to be an ordinary and usual activity of the reporting entity unless evidence clearly supports its classification as an extraordinary item.  The amendments in ASU 2015-01 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. A reporting entity may apply the amendments prospectively. A reporting entity also may apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted provided that the guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

FASB amended ASU 2014-15 Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (“ASC Topic 205”) to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Under GAAP, financial statements are prepared under the presumption that the reporting organization will continue to operate as a going concern, except in limited circumstances. The going concern basis of accounting is critical to financial reporting because it establishes the fundamental basis for measuring and classifying assets and liabilities. Currently, GAAP lacks guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the organization’s ability to continue as a going concern or to provide related footnote disclosures. ASU 2014-15 provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. The amendments in ASU 2014-15 are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. While early application is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
 
-16-
 
 
The FASB has issued ASU No. 2014-08, ASC Topic 205 Presentation of Financial Statements (“ASC Topic 205”) and ASC Topic 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC Topic 360”): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The amendments in ASU 2014-08 change the criteria for reporting discontinued operations while enhancing disclosures in this area. It also addresses sources of confusion and inconsistent application related to financial reporting of discontinued operations guidance in U.S. GAAP. Under  the new guidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations. Those strategic shifts should have a major effect on the organization’s operations and financial results. Examples include a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business, or a major equity method investment. In addition, the new guidance requires expanded disclosures about discontinued operations that will provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of discontinued operations. The new guidance also requires disclosure of the pre-tax income attributable to a disposal of a significant part of an organization that does not qualify for discontinued operations reporting. This disclosure will provide users with information about the ongoing trends in a reporting organization’s results from continuing operations. The amendments became effective as to the Company with respect to fiscal year 2015. The effectiveness of this update did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2016 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
Comparison of Operating Results

The following table presents certain data from the consolidated statements of operating income as a percentage of net sales for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Revenue
    
100.0
%
    
100.0
%
Cost of sales
    
74.5
      
73.7
  
Gross Margin
    
25.5
%
    
26.3
%
Operating expenses:
                
General and administrative
    
18.7
%
    
20.2
%
Selling
    
2.0
      
2.1
  
Research and development
    
0.6
      
0.5
  
Impairment loss
    
0.0
      
0.2
  
(Gain) / loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment
    
0.0
      
(0.3
)
Total operating expenses
    
21.3
%
    
22.7
%
Income from Operations
    
4.2
%
    
3.6
%

Overall Revenue

The overall revenue is composed of the revenues from the manufacturing, testing services, distribution and real estate segments. The following table presents the components of the overall revenue realized in fiscal years 2016 and 2015 in percentage format, respectively.

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Manufacturing
    
42.1
%
    
37.9
%
Testing
    
44.3
      
53.1
  
Distribution
    
13.2
      
8.5
  
Real Estate
    
0.4
      
0.5
  
Total
    
100.0
%
    
100.0
%
 
 
-17-
 
 
Revenue in fiscal year 2016 was $34,454, an increase of $522 or 1.5%, compared to $33,932 in fiscal year 2015. The increase in revenue was due to an increase in sales from our manufacturing segment and distribution segment, which was partially offset by the decrease in sales in our testing segment and real estate segment. Although actual sales were higher in fiscal year 2016 than in fiscal year 2015, the currency translation to United States dollars from our subsidiaries’ functional currency served to offset reported revenues for fiscal year 2016. The increase in revenues in the manufacturing segment was primarily attributable to an increase in volume in our manufacturing segment in our Singapore operations and Suzhou, China operations, which was offset by a decrease in volume in our manufacturing segment in our United States operations. In the testing segment Malaysia and Tianjin increased its volume but the revenue decreased mainly due to the currency translation effect and also due to the lower average selling price per unit caused by the competition. The increase in revenues in the distribution segment was mainly attributable to the increase in volume in our Singapore operations and Malaysia operations.

As a percentage of total revenue, the revenue generated by the manufacturing segment in fiscal year 2016 accounted for 42.1%, an increase of 4.2%, as compared to 37.9% in fiscal year 2015. In terms of dollar amount, the revenue generated by the manufacturing segment in fiscal year 2016 was $14,510, reflecting an increase of $1,637, or 12.7%, compared to $12,873 in fiscal year 2015. The increase in revenue generated by the manufacturing segment was due to the higher demand of manufacturing services in the Singapore operations and Suzhou, China operations from sales in the Far East, which was offset with the decrease in sales by another Singapore operation to a major customer through our United States operations.

Backlog in the manufacturing segment was $3,657 as at June 30, 2016, representing an increase of $334 from $3,323 as at June 30, 2016. We expect the demand for our products to continue to increase at a slower pace in fiscal year 2017 as compared to fiscal year 2016, depending on the global market for testing equipment and systems.

As a percentage of total revenue, the revenue generated by the testing services segment in fiscal year 2016 accounted for 44.3% of total sales, a decrease of 8.8% compared to 53.1% in fiscal year 2015. In terms of dollar amount, the revenue generated by the testing services segment for fiscal year 2016 was $15,280, reflecting a decrease of $2,740, compared to $18,020 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in revenue generated by the testing segment was primarily due to a decrease in the average selling price due to stiffer competition in our Malaysia and Tianjin, China operations, resulting in lower revenue despite higher volume during fiscal year 2016. The decrease in revenue in the Suzhou, China operations was due to the effects of translation to functional currency, despite an increase in revenue in local currency. These decreases were partially offset by the increase in revenue in our testing operations in Singapore and Thailand. The increase in Singapore was due to receiving orders from new testing customers and our existing customers increasing their order for certain product categories, which is dependent on the demand for their products. The increase in Thailand was due to an increase in orders from a major customer. Demand for testing services varies from country to country depending on changes taking place in the market and our customers’ forecasts.  Because it is difficult to accurately forecast fluctuations in the market, we believe that it is necessary to maintain testing facilities in close proximity to our customers in order to make it convenient for them to send us their newly manufactured parts for testing and to enable us to maintain a share of the market.

Backlog in the testing services segment as at June 30, 2016 was $818, an increase of $97 as compared to $721 at June 30, 2015. The increase in backlog was mainly from our Singapore operations. The backlog depends on the orders received from customers which are in turn dependent upon the customers’ inventory levels.

As a percentage of total revenue, the revenue generated by the distribution segment in fiscal year 2016 accounted for 13.2% of total sales, an increase of 4.7% compared to 8.5% in fiscal year 2015.  In terms of dollar amount, revenue for fiscal year 2016 was $4,542, an increase of $1,676, or 58.5%, compared to $2,866 for fiscal year 2015. The increase in our distribution segment was due to the increase in orders for certain products from existing customers and new customers in our Singapore and Malaysia operations in fiscal year 2016.

Backlog in the distribution segment as at June 30, 2016 was $1,292, reflecting an increase of $271 compared to the backlog of $1,021 at June 30, 2015. The increase in backlog was mainly due to an increase in orders from customers due to an increase in the demand for the customer’s products and expansion of our customer base.  We believe that our competitive advantage in the distribution segment is our design and engineering capabilities in components and touch screen products, which allow customization to meet the specific requirement of our customers. Product volume for the distribution segment depends on sales activities such as placing orders, queries on products and backlog.  Equipment and electronic component sales are very competitive, as the products are readily available in the market.

As a percentage of total revenue, the revenue generated by the real estate segment in fiscal years 2016 and 2015 accounted for 0.4% and 0.5% of total sales, respectively. In terms of dollar value, revenue for fiscal year 2016 was $122, a decrease of $51, or 29.5%, compared to $173 for fiscal year 2015. Our real estate segment saw a decrease in rental income from our MaoYe and FuLi properties in fiscal 2016.
 
 
-18-
 
 
Backlog in the real estate segment as at June 30, 2016 was $537, an increase of $434 as compared to $103 at June 30, 2015. The increase in backlog was mainly due to renewal of expired  rental agreements of certain properties in our China operations. The operation in Chongqing is actively looking for suitable tenants.

Overall Gross Margin

Overall gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 25.5% in fiscal year 2016, a decrease of 0.8% compared to 26.3% in fiscal year 2015. The decrease in gross margin as a percentage of revenue was mainly due to a decrease in gross margin in the testing, distribution and real estate segments, which was partially offset by the increase in gross margin in the manufacturing segment. In terms of dollar value, the overall gross profit for fiscal year 2016 was $8,769, a decrease of $156, or 1.7%, compared to $8,925 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in dollar value of gross margin was caused primarily by the foreign currency translation. The exchange rates in fiscal 2016 were not as favorable as they were in fiscal year 2015.

The gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the manufacturing segment was 24.1% in fiscal year 2016, an increase of 4.3% compared to 19.8% in fiscal year 2015. In terms of dollar amount, gross profit for the manufacturing segment in fiscal year 2016 was $3,502, an increase of $947, or 37.1%, compared to $2,555 in fiscal year 2015. The increase in absolute dollar amount of gross margin was primarily due to a change in product mix. The increase in gross profit was also attributable to the increase in manufacturing revenue in our Singapore and Suzhou, China operations.
 
The gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the testing services segment was 30.7% in fiscal year 2016, a decrease of 2.4% compared to 33.1% in fiscal year 2015. In terms of dollar amounts, gross profit in the testing services segment in fiscal year 2016 was $4,693, a decrease of $1,268, or 21.3%, compared to $5,961 in fiscal year 2015. The decrease in gross profit margin was primarily due to the decrease in revenue brought about by a lower average selling price in our Malaysia and Tianjin, China operations, as discussed earlier.

The gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the distribution segment was 12.7% in fiscal year 2016, a decrease of 0.3% compared to 13.0% in fiscal year 2016. The decrease in gross margin was due to the change in product mix, as this segment had fewer sales of products with a higher profit margin as compared to the same period of last fiscal year. In terms of dollar amount, gross profit in the distribution segment was $575, an increase of $202, or 54.2%, compared $373 in fiscal year 2015. The gross margin of the distribution segment was not only affected by the market price of our products, but also our product mix, which changes frequently as a result of changes in market demand.

The gross margin as a percentage of revenue in the real estate segment was negative 0.8% in fiscal year 2016, a deterioration of 21.6% compared to a gross margin of 20.8% in fiscal year 2015. In absolute dollar amount, gross loss in the real estate segment was $1 in fiscal year 2016, a deterioration of $37, as compared to $36 in fiscal year 2015. The deterioration was primarily due to costs and expenses decreasing less than the decrease in rental income from both investment properties, MaoYe and FuLi, as a result of decrease in space rented during the period, as compared to the same period in the last fiscal year.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
General and administrative
  
$
6,449
    
$
6,848
  
Selling
    
676
      
717
  
Research and development
    
200
      
182
  
Impairment loss
    
-
      
70
  
Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment
    
(16
)
    
(99
)
Total
  
$
7,309
    
$
7,718
  
 
 
-19-
 
 
General and administrative expenses decreased by $399, or 5.8%, from $6,848 in fiscal year 2015 to $6,449 in fiscal year 2016. The decrease was mainly attributable to a decrease in legal, advertising and travel expenses, and asset valuation fee in the Chongqing, China operations, wages, bonus, travel claims, in the corporate office, and staff related expenses in the Singapore operations and exchange differences when translating to functional currency for the Malaysia and Thailand operations. However, these decreases were partially offset by the increase in provision for bonus, wages and staff benefits expenses in the Singapore and Tianjin, China operations.

Selling expenses were $676 and $717 in fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively, reflecting a decrease of $41, or 5.7%. The decrease was mainly due to the decrease in commissions in the Singapore operations and travel expenses in the Malaysia operation, which was partially offset by the increase in travel expenses in the Tianjin, China operations and commission and travel expenses in the United States operations. The exchange rate differences had a more profound effect on fiscal year 2016 compared to fiscal year 2015.

Research and development expenses increased by $18, or 9.9%, to $200 in fiscal year 2016 from $182 in fiscal year 2015. Our Singapore operations increased their spending on research and development related activities.

Impairment loss on property, plant and equipment was nil and $70 in fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. The impairment loss in fiscal 2015 was from the manufacturing segment in the Singapore operations and the testing segment in the Tianjin operations in China.

Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment decreased by $83 to $16 in fiscal year 2016 as compared to $99 in fiscal year 2015. The decrease in gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment is due to the decrease in disposal by the Malaysia and Singapore operations, coupled with the loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment in the Singapore operations.

Income from Operations

Income from operations was $1,460 in fiscal year 2016, an increase of $253, as compared to $1,207 in fiscal year 2015.  The improvement was mainly due to an increase in revenue and a decrease in operating expenses, which was partially offset by the increase in the cost of sales, as discussed earlier.
 
Interest Expenses
 
The interest expenses for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Interest expenses
  
 $
204
    
$
245
  

Interest expenses decreased by $41, or 16.7%, to $204 in fiscal year 2016 from $245 in fiscal year 2015. The decrease in interest expenses was primarily due to payment of credit facilities in the Singapore and Malaysia operations. We are trying to keep our debt at a minimum in order to save financing costs.  As at June 30, 2016, the Singapore, Malaysia, and Tianjin, China operations had an unused line of credit of $5,241.

 Other Income, Net

Other income, net for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 was as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Investment income deemed interest income
  
$
-
      
68
  
Interest income
    
18
      
8
  
Other rental income
    
97
      
127
  
Exchange gain / (loss)
    
(371
)
    
84
  
Allowance for doubtful deemed interest receivables
    
-
      
(68
)
Other miscellaneous income
    
302
      
144
  
Total
  
$
46
    
$
363
  
 
 
-20-
 
 
Other income decreased by $317 to $46 for fiscal year 2016 as compared to $363 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in other income in fiscal year 2016 was caused mainly by an exchange loss of $371 compared to an exchange gain of $84 in fiscal year 2015, in addition to a decrease in rental income.  This was partially offset by the increase in interest and other miscellaneous income. Other income in fiscal year 2015 included investment income, which was deemed to be interest income since the investment was deemed and classified as a loan receivables based on ASC Topic 310-10-25 Receivables, which amounted to $68. Other income included $68 in allowance for doubtful interest receivables in fiscal year 2015.

Income Tax Expenses / Benefits

Income tax expenses for fiscal year 2016 were $237, as compared to $507 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in income tax expense was mainly attributable to lower profit in our Tianjin, China operations.  In fiscal year 2016, Tianjin operations in China had lower tax provision in 2016 due to lower taxable profit in fiscal year 2016. Tax expenses for the Singapore operation included $25 and $207, respectively, in fiscal years 2016 and 2015, representing the taxes withheld by the China and Malaysia subsidiaries for the payments made to the Singapore subsidiary, since these taxes withheld are not recoverable. The tax withheld by the China and Malaysia subsidiaries was paid to the Inland Revenue department of the respective countries. Deferred tax for the timing difference recorded in fiscal year 2016 also contributed to the decrease in tax expenses, as compared to the previous fiscal year.

As at June 30, 2016, we had net operating expense loss carry-forward of approximately $129 and $293 for federal and state tax purposes, respectively, expiring through 2024. We also had tax credit carry-forward of approximately $834 for federal income tax purposes, expiring through 2033. We are uncertain whether these tax benefits will be realized. Accordingly, no impact of this tax position was recognized in the statement of operations for fiscal year 2016. We did not include any potential income tax position in federal and state income tax returns currently filed.

Loss / Income from Discontinued Operations

Loss from discontinued operations was $4 in fiscal year 2016, a deterioration of $10, as compared to income from discontinued operations of $6 in fiscal year 2015. We discontinued our fabrication segment in fiscal year 2013. The loss was attributable to other income caused by foreign exchange fluctuation being lower than the general and administrative expenses incurred in the discontinued operations during fiscal year 2016.

Non-controlling Interest

As of June 30, 2016 we held an indirect 55% interest each in Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTM”), Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd. (“TTKL”), SHI and PT SHI, and a 76% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.  (“Prestal”). The non-controlling interest for fiscal year 2016, in the net income of subsidiaries, was $282, a decrease of $21 compared to the non-controlling interest in the net income of $303 for the previous fiscal year.  The decrease in the non-controlling interest in the net income of subsidiaries was primarily attributable to the lower net income generated by the Malaysia operations in fiscal year 2016, as compared to the previous fiscal year.

Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders

Net income for fiscal year 2016 was $779, an increase of $258, as compared to $521 for fiscal year 2015. The increase during fiscal year 2016 was mainly due to the increase in revenue and a decrease in operating expenses, a decrease in interest expenses, a decrease in income tax expenses and a decrease in share of net income to non-controlling interest, which were partially offset by the increase in cost of goods sold, as discussed earlier.

Earnings per Share

Basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations for fiscal year 2016 was $0.22, an increase of $0.07 as compared to basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $0.15 in the prior year.

Basic and diluted loss per share from discontinued operations were nil for fiscal years 2016 and 2015.
 
 
-21-
 
 
Segment Information

The revenue, gross margin and income or loss from each segment for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 are presented below.  As the segment revenue and gross margin have been discussed in the previous section, only the comparison of income or loss from operations is discussed below.

Manufacturing Segment

The revenue, gross margin and loss from operations for the manufacturing segment for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

 
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
 
2016
  
2015
  
Revenue
  
$
14,510
    
$
12,873
  
Gross margin
    
24.1
%
    
19.8
%
Income / (loss) from operations
  
$
260
    
$
(426
) 

Income from operations in the manufacturing segment was $260 in fiscal year 2016, an improvement of $686, as compared to a loss of $426 in fiscal year 2015. The change was attributable to an increase in revenue by $1,637 and an increase in gross margin by $947, which was offset partially by an increase in operating expenses by $261. The increase in operating expenses was mainly due to an increase in general and administrative expenses, research and development, increased allocation of corporate charges and a loss on disposal of property, plant and equipment as compared to a gain in fiscal year 2015. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in impairment losses.

Testing Services Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the testing services segment for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

 
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
 
2016
  
2015
  
Revenue
  
$
15,280
    
$
18,020
  
Gross margin
    
30.7
%
    
33.1
%
Income from operations
  
$
1,010
    
$
1,955
  

Income from operations in the testing services segment in fiscal year 2016 was $1,010, a decrease of $945 compared to $1,955 in fiscal year 2015. The decrease in operating income was attributable to a decrease in revenue of $2,740 and a decrease in gross margin of $1,268. Operating expenses were $3,683 and $4,006 for fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease in operating expenses was mainly attributable to a reduction in corporate overhead and a decrease in selling and general and administrative expenses and impairment. The impairment loss in fiscal year 2015 was due to certain equipment in the Tianjin operations in China being found to be unsuitable to test our customers’ products, leading to the asset being impaired, while there was no impairment loss in fiscal year 2016.

Distribution Segment

The revenue, gross margin and income from operations for the distribution segment for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
  
2015
  
Revenue
  
$
4,542
    
$
2,866
  
Gross margin
    
12.7
%
    
13.0
%
Income from operations
  
$
224
    
$
23
  

Income from operations in the distribution segment was $224 in fiscal year 2016, an increase of $201, as compared to $23 in fiscal year 2015. The increase was mainly due to the increase in revenue of $1,676 and an increase in gross margin of $202, while operating expenses did not increase significantly. Increase in allocations of corporate expenses was partially offset by decreases in general and administrative and selling expenses.
 
 
-22-
 
 
Real Estate

The revenue, gross margin and loss from operations for the real estate segment for fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
  
2015
  
Revenue
  
$
122
    
$
173
  
Gross margin
    
-0.8
%
    
    20.8
%
Loss from operations
  
$
(100
)
  
$
(129
)

Loss from operations in the real estate segment decreased by $29 from $129 in fiscal year 2015 to $100 in fiscal year 2016. The decrease in operating loss was primarily due to the decrease in operating expenses. Operating expenses were $99 for fiscal year 2016 as compared to $165 for fiscal year 2015. The decrease in operating expenses was mainly attributable to a decrease in general and administrative expenses brought about by a decrease in legal, advertising and travel expenses and professional fees for valuing the investment properties.

Corporate

The following table presents the loss from operations for Corporate for fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively:

 
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
 
2016
  
2015
  
Income / (loss) from operations
  
$
66
    
$
(216
) 

In fiscal year 2016, Corporate operating income was $66, an improvement of $282 as compared to an operating loss of $216 in fiscal year 2015. This was due to a decrease in operating expenses and an increase in corporate overhead allocated collected. The decrease in operating expenses was mainly due to a decrease in wages, stock options expense, bonus provision and travel expenses . The decrease in bonus expense is due to a balance in bonus provision brought forward from the previous fiscal year.   Stock option expenses in fiscal year 2016 were $101, a decrease of $5 as compared to $106 in fiscal year 2015. These decreases were partially offset by the increase in insurance premium.

Liquidity

The Company’s core businesses—testing services, manufacturing and distribution—operate in a volatile industry, whereby its average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which impact liquidity.  
 
Net cash provided by operating activities decreased by $3,076 to $1,014 for the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 from $4,090 in the same period of the last fiscal year. Despite an increase of $237 in net income, net cash provided by operating activities decreased, primarily due to decreased cash inflow of $1,799 from trade receivables and $133 from other receivables, in addition to increased cash outflow of $500 from other assets and $208 from inventories. In addition, deferred tax provision decreased by $161 while income tax payable decreased by $149. In non-cash items, there was a decrease of $402 in depreciation and amortization, which was partially offset by an increase in accrued interest by $120 and $83 decrease in gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $488 to an outflow of $1,580 for the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 from an outflow of $1,092 for the same period of last fiscal year. The increase in net cash used in investing activities was primarily due to an increase in cash outflow of $200 from investments in restricted and unrestricted deposits, in addition to a decrease in cash inflow of $1,102 from maturing of restricted and unrestricted deposits and $223 from disposal of property, plant and equipment. The increase in net cash used in investing activities was partially offset by a decrease of $1,037 in capital expenditure.
 
Net cash generated from financing activities for the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 was $235, representing a change of $1,922 compared to $1,687 net cash used in financing activities during the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. Cash outflow decreased, mainly due to a decrease in payment on lines of credit by $6,814. The decrease in cash outflow was offset by a decrease in cash inflow of $4,735 from borrowings from bank loans, and an increase in cash outflow of $175 in dividends paid to non-controlling interest.
 
 
-23-
 
 
We believe that our projected cash flows from operations, borrowing availability under our revolving lines of credit, cash on hand, trade credit and the secured bank loans will provide the necessary financial resources to meet our projected cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. 

Capital Resources

Our working capital (defined as current assets minus current liabilities) has historically been generated primarily from the following sources: operating cash flow, availability under our revolving line of credit, and short-term loans. The working capital was $6,479 as of June 30, 2016, representing an increase of $1,191, or 22.5%, compared to working capital of $5,288 as of June 30, 2015. The increase in working capital was mainly due to increases in current assets such as cash and cash equivalents, short term deposits, trade receivables, other receivables, inventories and prepaid expenses and other current assets and decreases in current liabilities such as accrued expenses, income taxes payable and current portion of bank loans payable. Such fluctuations were partially offset by decreases in current assets such as assets held for sale and increases in current liabilities such as lines of credit, trade payable and current portion of capital leases, as discussed above.

The majority of our capital expenditures are based on demands from our customers, as we are operating in a capital-intensive industry. Our capital expenditures were $1,657 and $2,694 for fiscal year 2016 and fiscal year 2015, respectively. The capital expenditure in fiscal year 2016 was primarily in the Singapore operation, Malaysia operation and Tianjin, China, operation, which provide testing services to one of our major customers. We financed our capital expenditures and other operating expenses through operating cash flows, revolving lines of credit and long-term debts.

Our credit rating provides us with ready and adequate access to funds in the global market. At June 30, 2016, we had available unused lines of credit totaling $5,241.

Entity with
  
Type of
  
Interest
  
Expiration
    
Credit
    
Unused
  
Facility
  
Facility
  
Rate
  
Date
    
Limitation
    
Credit
  
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.,   Singapore
  
  Lines of Credit
  
 Ranging from 1.6% to 5.5%
     -     $ 5,745     $ 3,856  
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.     Lines of Credit    Ranging from 6.3% to 6.7%     -     $ 783     $ 783  
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.     Lines of Credit    Ranging from 4.9% to 6.3%     -     $ 1,204     $ 602  

On April 10, 2015, Trio-Tech Tianjin signed an agreement with a bank for an Accounts Receivable Financing facility for RMB 8,000, or approximately $1,204. Interest is charged at the bank’s lending rate plus a floating interest rate. The effective interest rate is 130% of the bank’s lending rate. The financing facility was set up to facilitate the growing testing operations in our Tianjin operations in China. The immediate holding company, Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., acted as the guarantor for this bank facility. The bank account for this credit facility was set up on August 24, 2015 and was put to use during fiscal year 2016.

At June 30, 2015, we had available unused lines of credit totaling $7,529.

Entity with
  
Type of
  
Interest
  
Expiration
    
Credit
    
Unused
  
Facility
  
Facility
  
Rate
  
Date
    
Limitation
    
Credit
  
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore
  
 Lines of Credit
  
 Ranging from 1.9% to 5.6%
     -     $ 7,422     $ 6,161  
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.    Lines of Credit    Ranging from 6.3% to 6.7%     -     $ 396     $ 79  
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.    Lines of Credit    Ranging from 4.9% to 6.3%     -     $ 1,289     $ 1,289  
 
We believe that the projected cash flows from operations, borrowing availability under our revolving lines of credit, cash on hand, and trade credit will provide the necessary capital to meet our projected cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. Should we find an attractive capital investment, we may seek additional debt or equity financing in order to fund the transaction, in the form of bank financing, convertible debt, or the issuance of Common Stock.
 
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not consider the Company to have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.
 
 
-24-
 

ITEM 7A – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we are not required to provide the information required by this item.

ITEM 8 - FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The information called for by this item is included in the Company's consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

ITEM 9 – CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

An evaluation was carried out by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer (the principal executive and principal financial officers, respectively, of the Company) of the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) as of June 30, 2016, the end of the period covered by this Form 10-K. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of June 30, 2016.

Additionally, management has the responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company and thus also assessed the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of June 30, 2016. Management used the framework set forth in the report entitled “Internal Control – Integrated Framework” published by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013 to evaluate the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Internal control over financial reporting refers to the process designed by, or under the supervision of, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, and effected by our Board of Directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purpose in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

1.
Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;
 
2.
Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorization of management and directors of the Company; and
 
3.
Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, and use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Internal control over financial reporting cannot provide absolute assurance of achieving financial reporting objectives because of its inherent limitations.  Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures.  Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Because of such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting.  However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, the risk.

Based on that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting were effective as of June 30, 2016.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2016, which were identified in connection with management’s evaluation required by paragraph (d) of rules 13a-15 and 15d-15 under the Exchange Act, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B – OTHER INFORMATION

None.
 

The information required by Items 10 through 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K (information regarding our directors and executive officers, executive compensation, security ownership of certain beneficial owners, management, related stockholder matters, and certain relationships and related transactions and principal accountant fees and services, respectively) is hereby incorporated by reference from the Company's Proxy Statement to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of fiscal year 2016.

 
-25-
 
 
PART IV

ITEM 15 – EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
 
(a) (1 and 2)                      FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SCHEDULES:

The following financial statements, including notes thereto and the independent auditors' report with respect thereto, are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, starting on page F-1 hereof:
 
1.           Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
2.           Consolidated Balance Sheets
3.           Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)
4.           Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity
5.           Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
6.           Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

ITEM 16 – FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

EXHIBITS:
 
 Number    Description
3.1   Articles of Incorporation, as currently in effect. [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for June 30, 1988.]
3.2   Bylaws, as currently in effect. [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Registrant’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for June 30, 1988.]
10.1   Amendment to 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 14, 2010.]**
10.2   Amendment to 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan [Incorporated by reference to Exhibit B to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 14, 2010.]**
10.3   Amendment to 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan [Incorporated by reference to Appendix A to the Registrant’s Proxy Statement for its Annual Meeting held December 9, 2013.]**
21.1   Subsidiaries of the Registrant (100% owned by the Registrant except as otherwise stated)
        Express Test Corporation (Dormant), a California Corporation
        Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant), a California Corporation
        KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant), a California Corporation
        European Electronic Test Center. Ltd., a Cayman Islands Corporation (Operation ceased on November 1, 2005)
        Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation
        Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation
        Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co., Ltd., a Thailand Corporation
        Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co., Ltd., a Thailand Corporation
        Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation (55% owned by the subsidiary of Registrant)
        Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation (100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia)
        Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., a Malaysia Corporation (76% owned by the Registrant)
        Trio-Tech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation
        Trio-Tech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation
        Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd., (100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
        SHI International Pte. Ltd, a Singapore Corporation (55% owned Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
        PT SHI Indonesia, an Indonesia Corporation (100% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
        Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., a China Corporation (100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., a Singapore Corporation)
 23.1    Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm*
 31.1    Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer of Registrant*
 31.2    Rule 13a-14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer of Registrant*
 32    Section 1350 Certification. *
     
 101.INS*   XBRL Instance Document
 101.SCH*   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
 101.CAL*   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
 101.DEF*   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
 101.LAB*   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
 101.PRE*   XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
 
* Filed electronically herewith.
** Indicates management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements required to be filed as an exhibit to this report
 
 
-26-
 
 
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 
  TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL
   
 
By: /s/Victor H.M. Ting
VICTOR H.M. TING
Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
Date: September 28, 2016
                
 
Pursuant to the requirement of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacity and on the dates indicated.
 
 
 
 /s/A. Charles Wilson
A. Charles Wilson, Director
Chairman of the Board
September 28, 2016
 
 
/s/S.W.Yong
S. W. Yong, Director
President, Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
September 28, 2016
 
 
/s/Victor H. M. Ting
Victor H.M. Ting, Director
Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
September 28, 2016
 
 
/s/Jason T. Adelman
Jason T. Adelman, Director
September 28, 2016
 
 
/s/Richard M. Horowitz
Richard M. Horowitz, Director
September 28, 2016
                                                                                                           
 
-27-
 
 
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Trio-Tech International
Van Nuys, California

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trio-Tech International and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended June 30, 2016.  The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements.  Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States).  Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.  The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting.  Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.  Accordingly, we express no such opinion.  An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.  We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Trio-Tech International and Subsidiaries as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the two-year period ended June 30, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.



Mazars LLP
PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS AND
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS

/s/Mazars LLP

Singapore
September 28, 2016
 
 
F-1
 

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT NUMBER OF SHARES)

   
June 30,
2016
    
June 30,
2015
  
ASSETS
            
CURRENT ASSETS:
            
Cash and cash equivalents
   $ 3,807     $ 3,711  
Short-term deposits
     295       101  
Trade accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $270 and $313
     8,826       7,875  
Other receivables
     596       389  
Inventories, less provision for obsolete inventory of $697 and $764
     1,460       1,141  
Prepaid expenses and other current assets
     264       244  
Assets held for sale
     92       98  
 Total current assets
     15,340       13,559  
NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
                
Deferred tax assets
     401       453  
Investment properties, net
     1,340       1,540  
Property, plant and equipment, net
     11,283       12,522  
Other assets
     1,788       1,823  
Restricted term deposits
     2,067       2,140  
             Total non-current assets
     16,879       18,478  
TOTAL ASSETS
   $ 32,219     $ 32,037  
                 
LIABILITIES
                
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
                
Lines of credit
   $ 2,491     $ 1,578  
Accounts payable
     2,921       2,770  
Accrued expenses
     2,642       3,084  
Income taxes payable
     230       296  
Current portion of bank loans payable
     342       346  
Current portion of capital leases
     235       197  
 Total current liabilities
     8,861       8,271  
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES:
                
Bank loans payable, net of current portion
     1,725       2,198  
Capital leases, net of current portion
     503       475  
Deferred tax liabilities
     216       333  
Other non-current liabilities
     43       38  
 Total non-current liabilities
     2,487       3,044  
TOTAL LIABILITIES
   $ 11,348     $ 11,315  
                 
EQUITY
                
TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL’S SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:
                
Common stock, no par value, 15,000,000 shares authorized; 3,513,055 shares issued and outstanding as at June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015
   $ 10,882     $ 10,882  
Paid-in capital
     3,188       3,087  
Accumulated retained earnings
     3,025       2,246  
Accumulated other comprehensive gain-translation adjustments
     2,162       2,771  
 Total Trio-Tech International shareholders' equity
     19,257       18,986  
Non-controlling interests
     1,614       1,736  
TOTAL EQUITY
   $ 20,871     $ 20,722  
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
   $ 32,219     $ 32,037  
 
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-2
 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
AUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)

   
For the Year Ended
  
   
June 30,
    
June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Revenue
            
  Products
  
$
14,510
    
$
12,873
  
  Testing services
    
15,280
      
18,020
  
  Distribution
    
4,542
      
2,866
  
  Others
    
122
      
173
  
     
34,454
      
33,932
  
Cost of Sales
                
   Cost of products sold
    
11,008
      
10,318
  
   Cost of testing services rendered
    
10,587
      
12,059
  
   Cost of distribution
    
3,967
      
2,493
  
   Others
    
123
      
137
  
     
25,685
      
25,007
  
                 
Gross Margin
    
8,769
      
8,925
  
                 
Operating Expenses:
                
  General and administrative
    
6,449
      
6,848
  
  Selling
    
676
      
717
  
  Research and development
    
200
      
182
  
  Impairment loss
    
-
      
70
  
  Gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment
    
(16
)
    
(99
)
           Total operating expenses
    
7,309
      
7,718
  
                 
Income from Operations
    
1,460
      
1,207
  
                 
Other Income / (Expenses)
                
  Interest expenses
    
(204
)
    
(245
)
  Other income, net
    
46
      
363
  
           Total other (expenses) / income
    
(158
)
    
118
  
                 
Income from Continuing Operations before Income Taxes
    
1,302
      
1,325
  
                 
Income Tax Expenses
    
(237
)
    
(507
)
                 
Income from continuing operations before non-controlling interests, net of tax
    
1,065
      
818
  
                 
Discontinued Operations (Note 24)
                
Income / (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax
    
(4
)
    
6
  
NET INCOME
    
1,061
      
824
  
                 
Less: net income attributable to non-controlling interests
    
282
      
303
  
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders
  
 $
779
    
 $
521
  
                 
Amounts Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders:
                
Income from continuing operations, net of tax
    
788
      
517
  
Income / (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax
    
(9
)
    
4
  
Net Income Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders
  
 $
779
    
 $
521
  
                 
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share:
                
Basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International
  
$
0.22
    
$
0.15
  
Basic and diluted loss per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
Basic and Diluted Earnings per Share from Net Income
  
$
0.22
    
$
0.15
  
Attributable to Trio-Tech International
                
                 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding
                
Basic
    
3,513
      
3,513
  
Dilutive effect of stock options
    
22
      
16
  
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share diluted
    
3,535
      
3,529
  

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-3
 
 
TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

     
For the Year Ended
  
      June 30,       June 30,  
      2016       2015  
Comprehensive Income / (Loss) Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders: 
                
                 
Net income
    
1,061
      
824
  
Foreign currency translation, net of tax
    
(832
)
    
(1,050
)
Comprehensive Income / (Loss)
    
229
      
(226
)
Less: comprehensive income / (loss) attributable to the non-controlling interests
    
59
      
4
  
Comprehensive Income / (Loss) Attributable to Trio-Tech International Common Shareholders
  
 $
170
    
 $
(230
)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
F-4
 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
(IN THOUSANDS) 

   
Common
Stock
          
Additional Paid-in
    
Accumulated Retained
    
Accumulated Other
Comprehensive
    
Non- Controlling
        
   
No. of Shares
    
Amount
    
Capital
    
Earnings
    
Income
    
Interests
    
Total
  
              $        $        $        $        $        $   
Balance at June 30, 2014
     3,513       10,882       2,972       1,725       3,522       1,732       20,833  
                                                         
Stock option expenses
     -       -       106       -       -       -       106  
Net income
     -       -       -       521       -       303       824  
Translation adjustment
     -       -       -       -       (751 )     (299 )     (1,050 ) 
Contribution to capital – payable forgiveness
     -       -       9       -       -       -       9  
Balance at June 30, 2015
     3,513       10,882       3,087       2,246       2,771       1,736       20,722  
                                                         
Stock option expenses
     -       -       101       -       -       -       101  
Net income
     -       -       -       779       -       282       1,061  
Dividend declared by subsidiary
                                             (181 )      (181 )
Translation adjustment
     -       -       -       -       (609 )      (223 )     (832 ) 
Balance at June 30, 2016
     3,513       10,882       3,188       3,025       2,162       1,614       20,871  
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-5
 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (IN THOUSANDS)
 
   
Year Ended
    
   
June 30,
    
June 30,
    
   
2016
    
2015
    
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
            
Net income
  
$
1,061
    
$
824
  
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash flow provided by operating activities
                
Depreciation and amortization
    
1,838
      
2,240
  
Bad debt expenses, net
    
(27
)
    
(28
)
Inventory recovery
    
(64
)
    
(36
)
Warranty (recovery) / expense, net
    
(25
)
    
49
  
Accrued interest expense, net accrued interest income
    
193
      
73
  
Impairment loss
    
-
      
70
  
Contribution to capital – payable forgiveness
    
-
      
9
  
Gain on sale of property, plant & equipment
    
(16
)
    
(99
)
Stock compensation
    
101
      
106
  
Deferred tax (benefit) / provision
    
(72
)
    
89
  
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
                
  Accounts receivables
    
(924
)
    
875
  
  Other receivables
    
(207
)
    
(74
)
  Other assets
    
(342
)
    
158
  
  Inventories
    
(255
)
    
(47
)
  Prepaid expenses and other current assets
    
(20
)
    
(50
)
  Accounts payable and accrued liabilities
    
(165
)
    
(151
)
  Income tax payable
    
(66
)
    
83
  
  Other non-current liabilities
    
4
      
(1
)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
    
1,014
      
4,090
  
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
                
Proceeds from maturing of unrestricted and restricted term deposits, net
    
63
      
1,165
  
Additions to property, plant and equipment
  
 
(1,657
)
    
(2,694
)
Investments in restricted and un-restricted deposits
    
(201
)
    
(1
)
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment
    
215
      
438
  
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
    
(1,580
)
    
(1,092
)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
                
Repayment on lines of credit
    
(8,014
 )    
(14,828
)
Dividends paid on non-controlling interest
    
(181
)
    
(6
)
Repayment of bank loans and capital leases
    
(703
)
    
(721
)
Proceeds from long-term bank loans
    
9,133
      
13,868
  
Net Cash Generated from / (Used in) Financing Activities
    
235
      
(1,687
)
Effect of Changes in Exchange Rate
    
427
      
(538
)
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
    
96
      
773
  
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, BEGINNING OF YEAR
    
3,711
      
2,938
  
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, END OF YEAR
  
$
3,807
    
$
3,711
  
Supplementary Information of Cash Flows
                
Cash paid during the period for:
                
Interest
  
$
204
    
$
247
  
Income taxes
  
$
241
    
$
31
  
Non-Cash Transactions
                
  Capital lease of property, plant and equipment
  
$
279
    
$
566
  
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
 
F-6
 

TRIO-TECH INTERNATIONAL AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
YEARS ENDED JUNE 30, 2016 AND 2015
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT EARNINGS PER SHARE)

1.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES.

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation - Trio-Tech International (the “Company” or “TTI” hereafter) was incorporated in fiscal 1958 under the laws of the State of California.  TTI provides third-party semiconductor testing and burn-in services primarily through its laboratories in Southeast Asia. In addition, TTI operates testing facilities in the United States.  The Company also designs, develops, manufactures and markets a broad range of equipment and systems used in the manufacturing and testing of semiconductor devices and electronic components. In fiscal 2016, TTI conducted business in the foregoing four segments: Manufacturing (assembly), Testing Services, Distribution and Real Estate. TTI has subsidiaries in the U.S., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and China as follows:

 
Ownership
Location
     
Express Test Corporation (Dormant)
100%
Van Nuys, California
Trio-Tech Reliability Services (Dormant)
100%
Van Nuys, California
KTS Incorporated, dba Universal Systems (Dormant)
100%
Van Nuys, California
European Electronic Test Centre (Dormant)
100%
Dublin, Ireland
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.
100%
Singapore
Universal (Far East) Pte. Ltd.  *
100%
Singapore
Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd. *
100%
Bangkok, Thailand
Trio-Tech (Bangkok) Co. Ltd.
100%
Bangkok, Thailand
(49% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd. and 51% owned by Trio-Tech International (Thailand) Co. Ltd.)
    
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.
(55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
55%
Penang and Selangor, Malaysia
Trio-Tech (Kuala Lumpur) Sdn. Bhd.
55%
Selangor, Malaysia
(100% owned by Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.)
    
Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd.
76%
Selangor, Malaysia
(76% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.)
    
Trio-Tech (Suzhou) Co., Ltd. *
100%
Suzhou, China
Trio-Tech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. * (Dormant)
100%
Shanghai, China
Trio-Tech (Chongqing) Co. Ltd. *
100%
Chongqing, China
SHI International Pte. Ltd. (Dormant)
(55% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd)
55%
Singapore
PT SHI Indonesia (Dormant)
(100% owned by SHI International Pte. Ltd.)
55%
Batam, Indonesia
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. *
100%
Tianjin, China
 
* 100% owned by Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd.

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (‘‘U.S. GAAP’’). The basis of accounting differs from that used in the statutory financial statements of the Company’s subsidiaries and equity investee companies, which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in their respective countries of incorporation. In the opinion of management, the consolidated financial statements have reflected all costs incurred by the Company and its subsidiaries in operating the business.

All dollar amounts in the financial statements and in the notes herein are United States dollars (‘‘U.S. dollars’’) unless otherwise designated.

Liquidity – The Company earned net income of $779 and $521for fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company’s core businesses -- testing services, manufacturing (assembly) and distribution -- operate in a volatile industry, whereby its average selling prices and product costs are influenced by competitive factors. These factors create pressures on sales, costs, earnings and cash flows, which will impact liquidity.  
 
 
F-7
 
 
Foreign Currency Translation and Transactions — The U.S. dollar is the functional currency of the U.S. parent company. The Singapore dollar, the national currency of Singapore, is the primary currency of the economic environment in which the operations in Singapore are conducted.  The Company also operates in Malaysia, Thailand, China and Indonesia, of which the Malaysian ringgit (“RM”), Thai baht, Chinese renminbi and Indonesian rupiah, are the national currencies. The Company uses the U.S. dollar for financial reporting purposes.

The Company translates assets and liabilities of its subsidiaries outside the U.S. into U.S. dollars using the rate of exchange prevailing at the fiscal year end, and the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss is translated at average rates during the reporting period. Adjustments resulting from the translation of the subsidiaries’ financial statements from foreign currencies into U.S. dollars are recorded in shareholders' equity as part of accumulated other comprehensive gain - translation adjustments.  Gains or losses resulting from transactions denominated in currencies other than functional currencies of the Company’s subsidiaries are reflected in income for the reporting period.

Use of Estimates — The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Among the more significant estimates included in these financial statements are the estimated allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, reserve for obsolete inventory, reserve for warranty, impairments and the deferred income tax asset allowance. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates.
 
Revenue Recognition — Revenue derived from testing services is recognized when testing services are rendered. Revenues generated from sales of products in the manufacturing and distribution segments are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the products has occurred, customer acceptance has been obtained (which means the significant risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred to the customer), the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured.  Certain products sold (in the manufacturing segment) require installation and training to be performed.

Revenue from product sales is also recorded in accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 605 and Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 104 Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements, (“ASC Topic 605”), which generally require revenue earned on product sales involving multiple-elements to be allocated to each element based on the relative fair values of those elements.  Accordingly, the Company allocates revenue to each element in a multiple-element arrangement based on the element’s respective fair value, with the fair value determined by the price charged when that element is sold and specifically defined in a quotation or contract.  The Company allocates a portion of the invoice value to products sold and the remaining portion of invoice value to installation work in proportion to the fair value of products sold and installation work to be performed.  Training elements are valued based on hourly rates, which services the Company charges for when sold apart from product sales.  The fair value determination of products sold and the installation and training work is also based on our specific historical experience of the relative fair values of the elements if there is no easily observable market price to be considered. In fiscal years 2016 and 2015, the installation revenues generated in connection with product sales were immaterial and were included in the product sales revenue line on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

In the real estate segment: (1) revenue from property development is earned and recognized on the earlier of the dates when the underlying property is sold or upon the maturity of the agreement. If this amount is uncollectible, the agreement empowers the repossession of the property, and (2) rental revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the respective leases. This means that, with respect to a particular lease, actual amounts billed in accordance with the lease during any given period may be higher or lower than the amount of rental revenue recognized for the period. Straight-line rental revenue is commenced when the tenant assumes possession of the leased premises. Accrued straight-line rents receivable represents the amount by which straight-line rental revenue exceeds rents currently billed in accordance with lease agreements.

GST / Indirect Taxes — The Company’s policy is to present taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities on a net basis. The Company records the amounts collected as a current liability and relieves such liability upon remittance to the taxing authority without impacting revenues or expenses.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts — During the normal course of business, the Company extends unsecured credit to its customers in all segments.  Typically, credit terms require payment to be made between 30 to 90 days from the date of the sale.  The Company generally does not require collateral from our customers.
 
 
F-8
 
 
The Company’s management considers the following factors when determining the collectability of specific customer accounts: customer credit-worthiness, past transaction history with the customer, current economic industry trends, and changes in customer payment terms. The Company includes any account balances that are determined to be uncollectible, along with a general reserve, in the overall allowance for doubtful accounts. After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance. Based on the information available to management, the Company believed that its allowance for doubtful accounts was adequate as of June 30, 2016 and 2015.
 
Warranty Costs — The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded in its manufacturing segment.  The Company estimates warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns. The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

Cash and Cash Equivalents — The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Term Deposits — Term deposits consist of bank balances and interest bearing deposits having maturities of 4 to 12 months. As of June 30, 2016, the Company held approximately $199 of unrestricted term deposits in the company’s Malaysian subsidiary and $96 of unrestricted term deposits in the Company’s 100% owned Thailand subsidiary, which were denominated in the currency of Malaysian ringgit and Thai baht, as compared to nil and $101 as of June 30, 2015, respectively.

Restricted Term Deposits — The Company held certain term deposits in the Singapore and Malaysia operations which were considered restricted as they were held as security against certain facilities granted by the financial institutions. As of June 30, 2016 the Company held approximately $1,853 of restricted term deposits in the Company’s 100% owned Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., which were denominated in Singapore currency, and $214 of restricted term deposits in the Company’s 55% owned Malaysian subsidiary, which were denominated in the currency of Malaysia, as compared to June 30, 2015 when the Company held approximately $1,919 of restricted term deposits in the Company’s 100% owned Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., which were denominated in Singapore currency, and $221 of restricted term deposits in the Company’s 55% owned Malaysian subsidiary, which were denominated in the currency of Malaysia.

Inventories — Inventories in the Company’s manufacturing and distribution segments consisting principally of raw materials, works in progress, and finished goods are stated at the lower of cost, using the first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method, or market value.  The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid technological change, short-term customer commitments and rapid changes in demand.  Provisions for estimated excess and obsolete inventory are based on our regular reviews of inventory quantities on hand and the latest forecasts of product demand and production requirements from our customers.  Inventories are written down for not saleable, excess or obsolete raw materials, works-in-process and finished goods by charging such write-downs to cost of sales. In addition to write-downs based on newly introduced parts, statistics and judgments are used for assessing provisions of the remaining inventory based on salability and obsolescence.

Property, Plant and Equipment & Investment Property — Property, plant and equipment, and investment property are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided for over the estimated useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Amortization of leasehold improvements is provided for over the lease terms or the estimated useful lives of the assets, whichever is shorter, using the straight-line method.

Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are charged directly to expense as incurred.  Additions and improvements to the assets are capitalized.  When assets are disposed of, the related cost and accumulated depreciation thereon are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is included in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.

Long-Lived Assets and Impairment – The Company’s business requires heavy investment in manufacturing facilities and equipment that are technologically advanced but can quickly become significantly under-utilized or rendered obsolete by rapid changes in demand.

The Company evaluates the long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. Factors considered important that could result in an impairment review include significant underperformance relative to expected historical or projected future operating results, significant changes in the manner of use of the assets or the strategy for our business, significant negative industry or economic trends, and a significant decline in the stock price for a sustained period of time. Impairment is recognized based on the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying value, and fair value is generally measured based on discounted cash flow analysis, if there is significant adverse change.
 
 
F-9
 
 
The Company applies the provisions of ASC Topic 360, Accounting for the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets (“ASC Topic 360”) to property, plant and equipment.  ASC Topic 360 requires that long-lived assets be reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable through the estimated undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the assets.  Whenever any such impairment exists, an impairment loss will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

Leases — The Company leases certain property, plant and equipment in the ordinary course of business.  The leases have varying terms. Some may have included renewal and/or purchase options, escalation clauses, restrictions, penalties or other obligations that the Company considered in determining minimum lease payments.  The leases were classified as either capital leases or operating leases, in accordance with ASC Topic 840, Accounting for Leases (“ASC Topic 840”). The Company records monthly rental expense equal to the total amount of the payments due in the reporting period over the lease term in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The difference between rental expense recorded and the amount paid is credited or charged to deferred rent, which is included in accrued expenses in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The Company’s management expects that in the normal course of business, operating leases will be renewed or replaced by other leases.  The future minimum operating lease payments, for which the Company is contractually obligated as of June 30, 2016, are disclosed in these notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Assets under capital leases are capitalized using interest rates appropriate at the inception of each lease and are depreciated over either the estimated useful life of the asset or the lease term on a straight-line basis.  The present value of the related lease payments is recorded as a contractual obligation.  The future minimum annual capital lease payments are included in the total future contractual obligations as disclosed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Comprehensive Income or Loss — ASC Topic 220, Reporting Comprehensive Income, (“ASC Topic 220”), establishes standards for reporting and presentation of comprehensive income or loss and its components in a full set of general-purpose financial statements. The Company has chosen to report comprehensive income or loss in the statements of operations.  Comprehensive income or loss is comprised of net income or loss and all changes to shareholders’ equity except those due to investments by owners and distributions to owners.

Income Taxes — The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method in accordance with ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASC Topic 740”). ASC Topic 740 requires an entity to recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets.  Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequence attributable to the difference between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements, which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years.  Further, the effects of enacted tax laws or rate changes are included as part of deferred tax expenses or benefits in the period that covers the enactment date.
 
The calculation of tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex global tax regulations. The Company recognizes potential liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues in the United States and other tax jurisdictions based on its estimate of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. If payment of these amounts ultimately proves to be unnecessary, the reversal of the liabilities would result in tax benefits being recognized in the period when the Company determines the liabilities are no longer necessary. If the estimate of tax liabilities proves to be less than the ultimate assessment, a further charge to expense would result.

Retained Earnings — It is the intention of the Company to reinvest earnings of its foreign subsidiaries in the operations of those subsidiaries. Accordingly, no provision has been made for U.S. income and foreign withholding taxes that would result if such earnings were repatriated. These taxes are undeterminable at this time. The amount of earnings retained in subsidiaries was $8,843 and $8,149 at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Research and Development Costs — The Company incurred research and development costs of $200 and $182 in fiscal year 2016 and in fiscal year 2015, respectively, which were charged to operating expenses as incurred.

Stock Based Compensation — The Company adopted the fair value recognition provisions under ASC Topic 718, Share Based Payments (“ASC Topic 718”) using the modified prospective application method. Under this transition method, compensation cost recognized during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 included the applicable amounts of: (a) compensation cost of all share-based payments granted prior to, but not yet vested as of July 1, 2005 (based on the grant-date fair value estimated in accordance with the original provisions of ASC Topic 718) and (b) compensation cost for all share-based payments granted subsequent to June 30, 2005.
 
 
F-10
 
 
Earnings per Share — Computation of basic earnings per share is conducted by dividing net income available to common shares (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during a reporting period.  Computation of diluted earnings per share gives effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a reporting period.  In computing diluted earnings per share, the average market price of common shares for a reporting period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options.  In fiscal year 2016, all the outstanding options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS because they were anti-dilutive.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments — Carrying values of trade accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses, and term deposits approximate their fair value due to their short-term maturities.  Carrying values of the Company’s lines of credit and long-term debt are considered to approximate their fair value because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit and long-term debt are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company tries to borrow funds with similar terms and remaining maturities. See Note 17 for detailed discussion of the fair value measurement of financial instruments.

ASC Topic 820 defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The financial assets and financial liabilities that require recognition under the guidance include available-for-sale investments, employee deferred compensation plan and foreign currency derivatives. The guidance establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that the observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of us. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect our assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances. As such, fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who holds the asset or owes the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs as follows:

●
Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access. Since valuations are based on quoted prices that are readily and regularly available in an active market, valuation of these products does not entail a significant degree of judgment. Financial assets utilizing Level 1 inputs include U.S. treasuries, most money market funds, marketable equity securities and our employee deferred compensation plan;

●
Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, directly or indirectly. Financial assets and liabilities utilizing Level 2 inputs include foreign currency forward exchange contracts, most commercial paper and corporate notes and bonds; and

●
Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. Financial assets utilizing Level 3 inputs primarily include auction rate securities. We use an income approach valuation model to estimate the exit price of the auction rate securities, which is derived as the weighted-average present value of expected cash flows over various periods of illiquidity, using a risk adjusted discount rate that is based on the credit risk and liquidity risk of the securities.

Concentration of Credit Risk — Financial instruments that subject the Company to credit risk compose accounts receivable.  The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers for potential credit losses.  The Company generally does not require collateral.  The Company believes that its credit policies do not result in significant adverse risk and historically it has not experienced significant credit related losses.

Investments - The Company analyzes its investments to determine if it is a variable interest entity (a “VIE”) and would require consolidation. The Company (a) evaluates the sufficiency of the total equity at risk, (b) reviews the voting rights and decision-making authority of the equity investment holders as a group, and whether there are any guaranteed returns, protection against losses, or capping of residual returns within the group, and (c) establishes whether activities within the venture are on behalf of an investor with disproportionately few voting rights in making this VIE determination. The Company would consolidate an investment that is determined to be a VIE if it was the primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach, whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. A new accounting standard became effective and changed the method by which the primary beneficiary of a VIE is determined by a primarily qualitative approach whereby the variable interest holder, if any, has the power to direct the VIE’s most significant activities and is the primary beneficiary. To the extent that the investment does not qualify as VIE, the Company further assesses the existence of a controlling financial interest under a voting interest model to determine whether the investment should be consolidated.

Equity Method - The Company analyzes its investments to determine if they should be accounted for using the equity method. Management evaluates both Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock to determine whether they give the Company the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the investment even though the Company holds less than 50% of the Common Stock and in-substance Common Stock. The net income of the investment will be reported as “Equity in earnings of unconsolidated joint ventures, net of tax” in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss.
 
 
F-11
 
 
Cost Method - Investee companies not accounted for under the consolidation or the equity method of accounting are accounted for under the cost method of accounting. Under this method, the Company’s share of the earnings or losses of such Investee companies is not included in the consolidated balance sheet or statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. However, impairment charges are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income or loss. If circumstances suggest that the value of the Investee Company has subsequently recovered, such recovery is not recorded.

Loan Receivables from Property Development Projects - The loan receivables from property development projects are classified as current asset, carried at face value and are individually evaluated for impairment.  The allowance for loan losses reflects management’s best estimate of probable losses determined principally on the basis of historical experience and specific allowances for known loan accounts. All loans or portions thereof deemed to be uncollectible or to require an excessive collection cost are written off to the allowance for losses.

Interest income on the loan receivables from property development projects are recognized on an accrual basis. Discounts and premiums on loans are amortized to income using the interest method over the remaining period to contractual maturity. The amortization of discounts into income is discontinued on loans that are contractually 90 days past due or when collection of interest appears doubtful.

Contingent Liabilities - Certain conditions may exist as of the date the financial statements are issued, which may result in a loss to the Company, but which will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The Company’s management and its legal counsel assess such contingent liabilities, and such assessment inherently involves an exercise of judgment. In assessing loss contingencies related to legal proceedings that are pending against the Company or un-asserted claims that may result in such proceedings, the Company’s legal counsel evaluates the perceived merits of any legal proceedings or un-asserted claims as well as the perceived merits of the amount of relief sought or expected to be sought therein.

If the assessment of a contingency indicates that it is probable that a material loss has been incurred and the amount of the liability can be estimated, then the estimated liability would be accrued in the Company’s financial statements. If the assessment indicates that a potentially material loss contingency is not probable, but is reasonably possible, or is probable but cannot be estimated, then the nature of the contingent liability, together with an estimate of the range of possible loss if determinable and material, would be disclosed.

Loss contingencies considered remote are generally not disclosed unless they involve guarantees, in which case the nature of the guarantee would be disclosed.

Reclassification - Certain reclassification have been made to the previous year’s consolidated cash flow statements to conform to current year’s presentation, with no effect on previously reported net income. These reclassifications made is to reflect the gross repayment on lines of credit and proceeds of long-term loans under financing activities.

2. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
 
The amendments in Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-13 ASC Topic 326: Financial Instruments —Credit Losses (“ASC Topic 326”) are issued for the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. For public companies that are not SEC filers, the ASU is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and interim periods within those fiscal years. For all other organizations, the ASU on credit losses will take effect for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, and for interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2021. While early application will be permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018, the Company has not yet determined if it will early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2016-09 ASC Topic 718: Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC Topic 718”) are issued to simplify several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including (a) income tax consequences (b) classification of awards as either equity or liabilities; and (c) classification on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. For all other entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted for any entity in any interim or annual period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The Company does not intend to early adopt and has not yet determined the effects on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations on the adoption of this update.
 
 
F-12
 
 
The amendments in ASU 2016-02 ASC Topic 842: Leases (“ASC Topic 842”) are required to recognize the following for all leases (with the exception of short-term leases) at the commencement date: (a) a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease, measured on a discounted basis; and (b) a right-of-use asset, which is as an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use, or control the use of, a specified asset for the lease term. Effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years, for any of the following: a public business entity (1) a not-for-profit entity that has issued, or is a conduit bond obligor for, securities that are traded, listed, or quoted on an exchange or an over-the-counter market, and (2) an employee benefit plan that files financial statements with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). For all other entities, the amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
The amendments in ASU 2015-17 eliminate the current requirement for organizations to present deferred tax liabilities and assets as current and non-current in a classified balance sheet. Instead, organizations will be required to classify all deferred tax assets and liabilities as non-current. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2015-17 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early application is permitted and the Company has adopted this ASU for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016 and there is no significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
The amendments in ASU 2015-14 ASC Topic 606: Deferral of the Effective Date (“ASC Topic 606”) defers the effective date of update 2014-09 for all entities by one year. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) has issued converged standards on revenue recognition. Specifically, the Board has issued ASU 2014-09, ASC Topic 606. ASU 2014-09 affects any entity using U.S. GAAP that either enters into contracts with customers to transfer goods or services or enters into contracts for the transfer of non-financial assets unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards (e.g., insurance contracts or lease contracts). ASU 2014-09 will supersede the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition (“ASC Topic 605”), and most industry-specific guidance. ASU 2014-09 also supersedes some cost guidance included in Subtopic 605-35, Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production-Type Contracts. In addition, the existing requirements for the recognition of a gain or loss on the transfer of non-financial assets that are not in a contract with a customer (e.g., assets within the scope of ASC Topic 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, (“ASC Topic 360”), and intangible assets within the scope of Topic 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other) are amended to be consistent with the guidance on recognition and measurement (including the constraint on revenue) in ASU 2014-09. For a public entity, the amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. As the new standard will supersede substantially all existing revenue guidance affecting the Company under GAAP, it could impact revenue and cost recognition on sales across all the Company's business segments. The Company carried out an evaluation on the impact and found it to be immaterial, if any, the adoption of this standard will have on its Consolidated Financial Statements.

The amendments in ASU 2015-11 ASC Topic 330: Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory (“ASC Topic 330”) specify that an entity should measure inventory at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. Subsequent measurement is unchanged for inventory measured using Last-In-First-Out or the retail inventory method. The amendments in ASU 2015-011 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The adoption of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

FASB amended ASU 2015-07 ASC Topic 820: Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities that Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or its Equivalent), which removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The amendments also remove the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. Rather, those disclosures are limited to investments for which the entity has elected to measure the fair value using that practical expedient. The amendments in ASU 2015-07 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years. A reporting entity should apply the amendments retrospectively to all periods presented. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
 
F-13
 
 
The amendments in ASU 2015-06 ASC Topic 260: Effects on Historical Earnings per Unit of Master Limited Partnership Dropdown Transactions (“ASC Topic 260”) specify that for purposes of calculating historical earnings per unit under the two-class method, the earnings or losses of a transferred business before the date of a dropdown transaction should be allocated entirely to the general partner. The amendments in ASU 2015-06 are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim periods within those fiscal years. While early adoption is permitted, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The amendments should be applied retrospectively for all financial statements presented. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-02 ASC Topic 810: Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis are intended to improve targeted areas of consolidation guidance for legal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures (collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, and mortgage-backed security transactions). The amendments in ASU 2015-02 are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. While early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period, the Company has not elected to early adopt. ASU 2015-02 may be applied retrospectively in previously issued financial statements for one or more years with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first year restated. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The amendments in ASU 2015-01 eliminate from U.S. GAAP the concept of extraordinary items. Subtopic 225-20, Income Statement - Extraordinary and Unusual Items (“ASC Topic 225”), requires that an entity separately classify, present, and disclose extraordinary events and transactions. Presently, an event or transaction is presumed to be an ordinary and usual activity of the reporting entity unless evidence clearly supports its classification as an extraordinary item.  The amendments in ASU 2015-01 are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. A reporting entity may apply the amendments prospectively. A reporting entity also may apply the amendments retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Early adoption is permitted provided that the guidance is applied from the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. The Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

FASB amended ASU 2014-15 Subtopic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern (“ASC Topic 205”) to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an organization’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Under GAAP, financial statements are prepared under the presumption that the reporting organization will continue to operate as a going concern, except in limited circumstances. The going concern basis of accounting is critical to financial reporting because it establishes the fundamental basis for measuring and classifying assets and liabilities. Currently, GAAP lacks guidance about management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the organization’s ability to continue as a going concern or to provide related footnote disclosures. ASU 2014-15 provides guidance to an organization’s management, with principles and definitions that are intended to reduce diversity in the timing and content of disclosures that are commonly provided by organizations today in the financial statement footnotes. The amendments in ASU 2014-15 are effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. While early application is permitted for annual or interim reporting periods for which the financial statements have not previously been issued, the Company has not elected to early adopt. The effectiveness of this update is not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

The FASB has issued ASU No. 2014-08, ASC Topic 205 Presentation of Financial Statements (“ASC Topic 205”) and ASC Topic 360 Property, Plant, and Equipment (“ASC Topic 360”): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity. The amendments in ASU 2014-08 change the criteria for reporting discontinued operations while enhancing disclosures in this area. It also addresses sources of confusion and inconsistent application related to financial reporting of discontinued operations guidance in U.S. GAAP. Under the new guidance, only disposals representing a strategic shift in operations should be presented as discontinued operations. Those strategic shifts should have a major effect on the organization’s operations and financial results. Examples include a disposal of a major geographic area, a major line of business, or a major equity method investment. In addition, the new guidance requires expanded disclosures about discontinued operations that will provide financial statement users with more information about the assets, liabilities, income, and expenses of discontinued operations. The new guidance also requires disclosure of the pre-tax income attributable to a disposal of a significant part of an organization that does not qualify for discontinued operations reporting. This disclosure will provide users with information about the ongoing trends in a reporting organization’s results from continuing operations. The amendments became effective as to the Company with respect to fiscal year 2015. The effectiveness of this update did not have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.
 
 
F-14
 
 
Other new pronouncements issued but not yet effective until after June 30, 2016 are not expected to have a significant effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position or results of operations.

3. TERM DEPOSITS
 
 
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
 
2016
  
2015
  
Short-term deposits
   $ 295     $ 101  
Restricted term deposits
     2,067       2,140  
 Total
   $ 2,362     $ 2,241  

Restricted deposits represent the amount of cash pledged to secure loans payable granted by financial institutions and serve as collateral for public utility agreements such as electricity and water and performance bonds related to customs duty payable.  Restricted deposits are classified as non-current assets, as they relate to long-term obligations and will become unrestricted only upon discharge of the obligations. Short-term deposits represent bank deposits, which do not qualify as cash equivalents.

4. TRADE ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR DOUBTFUL ACCOUNTS

Accounts receivable are customer obligations due under normal trade terms. The Company performs continuing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial conditions, and although management generally does not require collateral, letters of credit may be required from its customers in certain circumstances.

Senior management reviews accounts receivable on a periodic basis to determine if any receivables will potentially be uncollectible. Management includes any accounts receivable balances that are determined to be uncollectible in the allowance for doubtful accounts.  After all attempts to collect a receivable have failed, the receivable is written off against the allowance.  Based on the information available to us, management believed the allowance for doubtful accounts as of June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015 was adequate.  

The following table represents the changes in the allowance for doubtful accounts:
 
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
 
2016
2015
    
Beginning
   $ 313     $  438  
Additions charged to expenses
     21       84  
Recovered / (write-off)
     (48 )     (180 )
Currency translation effect
     (16 )     (29 )
Ending
   $ 270      $ 313  

 
5. LOANS RECEIVABLE FROM PROPERTY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS

The following table presents TTCQ’s loans receivable from property development projects in China as of June 30, 2016. The exchange rate is based on the historical rate published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as on March 31, 2015, since the net loan receivable was “nil” as at June 30, 2016.

 
Loan Expiry
  
Loan Amount
    
Loan Amount
  
 
Date
  
(RMB)
    
(U.S. Dollars)
  
Short-term loan receivables 
              
JiangHuai (Project - Yu Jin Jiang An)
May 31, 2013
    
2,000
      
325
  
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables
      
 (2,000
)
    
(325
) 
Net loan receivable from property development projects
      
-
      
-
  
                   
Long-term loan receivables
              
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye
Oct 31, 2016
    
5,000
      
814
  
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property
      
 (5,000
)
    
(814
) 
Net loan receivable from property development projects
      
-
      
-
  
 
 
F-15
 
 
The following table presents TTCQ’s loans receivable from property development projects in China as of June 30, 2015. The exchange rate is based on the historical rate published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as on March 31, 2015, since the net loans receivable was “nil” as at June 30, 2015.

 
Loan Expiry
  
Loan Amount
    
Loan Amount
  
 
Date
  
(RMB)
    
(U.S. Dollars)
  
Short-term loan receivables 
              
Investment in JiangHuai (Project - Yu Jin Jiang An)
May 31, 2013
    
2,000
      
325
  
Less: allowance for doubtful receivables
      
 (2,000
)
    
(325
) 
Net loan receivable from property development projects
      
-
      
-
  
                   
Long-term loan receivables
              
Jun Zhou Zhi Ye
Oct 31, 2016
    
5,000
      
814
  
Less: transfer – down-payment for purchase of investment property
      
 (5,000
)
    
(814
) 
Net loan receivable from property development projects
      
-
      
-
  

On November 1, 2010, TTCQ entered into a Memorandum Agreement with JiangHuai Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) to invest in their property development projects (Project - Yu Jin Jiang An) located in Chongqing City, China. Due to the short-term nature of the investment, the amount was classified as a loan based on ASC Topic 310-10-25 Receivables, amounting to renminbi (“RMB”) 2,000, or approximately $325. The loan was renewed, but expired on May 31, 2014. TTCQ is in the legal process of recovering the outstanding amount of $325. TTCQ did not generate other income from JiangHuai for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016, or for the same period in the last fiscal year. Based on TTI’s financial policy, an impairment of $325 on the investment in JiangHuai was provided for during the second quarter of fiscal 2014 based on TTI’s financial policy.
 
On November 1, 2010, TTCQ entered into a Memorandum Agreement with JiaSheng Property Development Co. Ltd. (“JiaSheng”) to invest in their property development projects (Project B-48 Phase 2) located in Chongqing City, China. Due to the short-term nature of the investment, the amount was classified as a loan based on ASC Topic 310, amounting to RMB 5,000, or approximately $814 based on the exchange rate as at March 31, 2015 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. The amount was unsecured and repayable at the end of the term. The loan was renewed in November 2011 for a period of one year, which expired on October 31, 2012 and was again renewed in November 2012 and expired in November 2013. On November 1, 2013 the loan was transferred by JiaSheng to, and is now payable by, Chong Qing Jun Zhou Zhi Ye Co. Ltd. (“Jun Zhou Zhi Ye”), and the transferred agreement expires on October 31, 2016. Hence the loan receivable was reclassified as a long-term receivable. The book value of the loan receivable approximates its fair value. TTCQ did not generate other income from Jun Zhou Zhi Ye for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2015, TTCQ recorded RMB 417, or approximately $68, in other income from Jun Zhou Zhi Ye. In fiscal year 2015, an allowance for doubtful deemed interest receivables from Jun Zhou Zhi Ye of $68 was made on the other income. In the second quarter of fiscal year 2015, the loan receivable was transferred to down payment for purchase of investment property that is being developed in the Singapore Themed Resort Project.
 
6. INVENTORIES

Inventories consisted of the following:
   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
  
2015
  
Raw materials
  
$
967
    
$
1,038
  
Work in progress
    
909
      
611
  
Finished goods
    
279
      
348
  
Less: provision for obsolete inventory
    
(697
)
    
(764
)
Currency translation effect
    
2
      
(92
)
   
$
1,460
    
$
1,141
  
 
 
F-16
 
 
The following table represents the changes in provision for obsolete inventory:
   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Beginning
   $ 764     $ 844  
Additions charged to expenses
     22       67  
Usage - disposition
     (86 )     (103 )
Currency translation effect
     (3 )     (44 )
Ending
   $ 697     $ 764  

7. ASSETS HELD FOR SALE

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the operations in Malaysia planned to sell its factory building in Penang, Malaysia. In May 2015, Trio-Tech Malaysia was approached by a potential buyer to purchase the factory building. Negotiation is still ongoing and is subject to approval by Penang Development Corporation. In accordance with ASC Topic 360, during fiscal year 2015, the property was reclassified from investment property, which had a net book value of RM 371, or approximately $92, to assets held for sale, since there was an intention to sell the factory building. The net book values of the building were RM371, or $92, for fiscal years 2016 and RM 371, or approximately $98, for fiscal year 2015.

8.  INVESTMENTS

Investments were nil as at June 30, 2016 and as at June 30, 2015.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2011, the Company entered into a joint-venture agreement with JiaSheng to develop real estate projects in China. The Company invested RMB 10,000, or approximately $1,606 based on the exchange rate as of March 31, 2014 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, for a 10% interest in the newly formed joint venture, which was incorporated as a limited liability company, Chong Qing Jun Zhou Zhi Ye Co. Ltd. (the “joint venture”), in China. The agreement stipulated that the Company would nominate two of the five members of the Board of Directors of the joint venture and had the ability to assign two members of management to the joint venture.  The agreement also stipulated that the Company would receive a fee of RMB 10,000, or approximately $1,606 based on the exchange rate as of March 31, 2014 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, for the services rendered in connection with obtaining priority to bid in certain real estate projects from the local government. Upon signing of the agreement, JiaSheng paid the Company RMB 5,000 in cash, or approximately $803 based on the exchange rate published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of March 31, 2014. The remaining RMB 5,000, which was not recorded as a receivable as the Company considered the collectability uncertain, would be paid over 72 months commencing in 36 months from the date of the agreement when the joint venture secured a property development project stated inside the joint venture agreement. The Company considered the RMB 5,000, or approximately $803 based on the exchange rate as of March 31, 2014 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, received in cash from JiaSheng, the controlling venturer in the joint venture, as a partial return of the Company’s initial investment of RMB10,000, or approximately $1,606 based on the exchange rate as of March 31, 2014 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Therefore, the RMB 5,000 received in cash was offset against the initial investment of RMB 10,000, resulting in a net investment of RMB 5,000 as of March 31, 2014. The Company further reduced its investments by RMB 137, or approximately $22, towards the losses from operations incurred by the joint-venture, resulting in a net investment of RMB 4,863, or approximately $781 based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of March 31, 2014.
 
“Investments” in the real estate segment were the cost of an investment in a joint venture in which we had a 10% interest. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2014, TTCQ disposed of its 10% interest in the joint venture. The joint venture had to raise funds for the development of the project. As a joint-venture partner, TTCQ was required to stand guarantee for the funds to be borrowed; considering the amount of borrowing, the risk involved was higher than the investment made and hence TTCQ decided to dispose of the 10% interest in the joint venture investment. On October 2, 2013, TTCQ entered into a share transfer agreement with Zhu Shu. Based on the agreement, the purchase price was to be paid by (1) RMB 10,000 worth of commercial property in Chongqing China, or approximately $1,634 based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of October 2, 2013, by non-monetary consideration and (2) the remaining RMB 8,000, or approximately $1,307 based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of October 2, 2013, by cash consideration. The consideration consisted of (1) commercial units measuring 668 square meters to be delivered in June 2016 and (2) sixteen quarterly equal installments of RMB500 per quarter commencing from January 2014. Based on ASC Topic 845 Non-monetary Consideration, the Company deferred the recognition of the gain on disposal of the 10% interest in joint venture investment until such time that the consideration is paid, so that the gain can be ascertained. The recorded value of the disposed investment amounting to $783, based on exchange rates published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore as of June 30, 2014, is classified as “other assets” under non-current assets, because it is considered a down payment for the purchase of the commercial property in Chongqing. TTCQ performed a valuation on a certain commercial unit and its market value was higher than the carrying amount.  The first three installment amounts of RMB 500 each due in January 2014, April 2014 and July 2014 were all outstanding until the date of disposal of the investment in the joint venture. Out of the outstanding RMB 8,000, TTCQ had received RMB 100 during May 2014. However, the transferee, Jun Zhou Zhi Ye, has not registered the share transfer (10% interest in the joint venture) with the relevant authorities in China as of the date of this report.
 
 
F-17
 
 
On October 14, 2014, TTCQ and Jun Zhou Zhi Ye entered into a memorandum of understanding. Based on the memorandum of understanding, both parties have agreed to register a sales and purchase agreement upon Jun Zhou Zhi Ye obtaining the license to sell the commercial property (the Singapore Themed Resort Project) located in Chongqing, China. The proposed agreement is for the sale of shop lots with a total area of 1,484.55 square meters as consideration for all the outstanding amounts owed to TTCQ by Jun Zhou Zhi Ye as follows:
 
a)
Long term loan receivable RMB 5,000, or approximately $814, as disclosed in Note 5, plus the interest receivable on long term loan receivable of RMB 1,250;
 
b)
 
c)
Commercial units measuring 668 square meters, as mentioned above; and
 
RMB 5,900 for the part of the unrecognized cash consideration of RMB 8,000 relating to the disposal of the joint venture.
 
The shop lots are to be delivered to TTCQ upon completion of the construction of the shop lots in the Singapore Themed Resort Project, and the initial targeted date of completion was no later than December 31, 2016. However, should there be further delays in the project completion, based on the discussion with the developers it is estimated to be completed by December 31, 2018. The consideration does not include the remaining outstanding amount of RMB 2,000, or approximately $326, which will be paid in cash.

9. INVESTMENT PROPERTIES

The following table presents the Company’s investment properties in China as of June 30, 2016. The exchange rate is based on the exchange rate as of June 30, 2016 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

   
Investment Date
  
Investment
Amount
(RMB)
    
Investment
Amount
(U.S.Dollars)
  
Purchase of Property I – MaoYe
Jan 04, 2008
     5,554       894  
Purchase of Property II – JiangHuai
Jan 06, 2010
     3,600       580  
Purchase of Property III – FuLi
Apr 08, 2010
     4,025       648  
Currency translation
       -       (139 )
Gross investment in rental properties
       13,179       1,983  
                   
Accumulated depreciation on rental properties
June 30, 2016
     (4,278 )     (643 )
                   
Net investment in properties – China
       8,901       1,340  

The following table presents the Company’s investment properties in China as of June 30, 2015. The exchange rate is based on the exchange rate as of June 30, 2015 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

  Investment Date  
Investment Amount
(RMB)		     Investment Amount(U.S.Dollars)  
Purchase of Property I – MaoYe
Jan 04, 2008
     5,554       894  
Purchase of Property II – JiangHuai
Jan 06, 2010
     3,600       580  
Purchase of Property III – FuLi
Apr 08, 2010
     4,025       648  
Currency translation
       -       1  
Gross investment in rental properties
       13,179       2,123  
                   
Accumulated depreciation on rental properties
June 30, 2015
     (3,619 )     (583 )
                   
Net investment in properties – China
       9,560       1,540  
 
 
F-18
 
 
The following table presents the Company’s investment properties in Malaysia as of June 30, 2016. The exchange rate is based on the exchange rate as of June 30, 2015 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

  Investment Date  
Investment
Amount
(RM)
    
Investment Amount
(U.S. Dollars)
  
Reclassification of Penang Property I
Dec 31, 2012
    
681
      
181
  
Gross investment in rental property
      
681
      
181
  
                   
Accumulated depreciation on rental property
June 30, 2015
    
(310
)
    
(83
)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale” 
June 30, 2015
    
(371
) 
    
(98
)
Net investment in rental property - Malaysia
      
-
      
-
  

The following table presents the Company’s investment properties in Malaysia as of June 30, 2015. The exchange rate is based on the exchange rate as of June 30, 2015 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

  Investment Date  
Investment
Amount
(RM)
    
Investment Amount
(U.S. Dollars)
  
Reclassification of Penang Property I
Dec 31, 2012
    
681
      
181
  
Gross investment in rental property
      
681
      
181
  
                   
Accumulated depreciation on rental property
June 30, 2014
    
(310
)
    
(83
)
Reclassified as “Assets held for sale” 
June 30, 2015
    
(371
) 
    
(98
) 
Net investment in rental property - Malaysia
      
-
      
-
  
 
Rental Property I - MaoYe

In fiscal 2008, TTCQ purchased an office in Chongqing, China from MaoYe Property Ltd. (“MaoYe”), for a total cash purchase price of RMB 5,554, or approximately $894. TTCQ rented this property to a third party on July 13, 2008. The term of the rental agreement was five years. The rental agreement was renewed on July 16, 2014 for a further period of five years. The rental agreement provides for a rent increase of 8% every year after July 15, 2015. The renewed agreement expires on July 15, 2018; however, this rental agreement (1,104 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 39, or approximately $6) was terminated on July 31, 2015. TTCQ identified a new tenant and signed a new rental agreement (653 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 39, or approximately $6) on August 1, 2015. This rental agreement provides for a rent increase of 5% every year on January 31, commencing with 2017 until the rental agreement expires on July 31, 2020. TTCQ signed a new rental agreement (451 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 27, or approximately $4) on January 29, 2016. This rental agreement provides for a rent increase of 5% every year on January 29, commencing with 2017 until the rental agreement expires on February 28, 2019.

Property purchased from MaoYe generated a rental income of $78 and $115 for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Rental Property II - JiangHuai

In fiscal year 2010, TTCQ purchased eight units of commercial property in Chongqing, China from Chongqing JiangHuai Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“JiangHuai”) for a total purchase price of RMB 3,600, or approximately $580. TTCQ rented all of these commercial units to a third party until the agreement expired in January 2012. TTCQ then rented three of the eight commercial units to another party during the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2013 under a rental agreement that expired on March 31, 2014. Currently all the units are vacant and TTCQ is working with the developer to find a suitable buyer to purchase all the commercial units. TTCQ has yet to receive the title deed for these properties; however, TTCQ has the vacancies in possession with the exception of two units, which are in the process of clarification. TTCQ is in the legal process to obtain the title deed, which is dependent on JiangHuai completing the entire project. In August 2016, TTCQ performed a valuation on one of the commercial units and its market value was higher than the carrying amount.

Property purchased from JiangHuai generated a rental income of nil for both the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015.
 
 
F-19
 
 
Rental Property III – FuLi
 
In fiscal 2010, TTCQ entered into a Memorandum Agreement with Chongqing FuLi Real Estate Development Co. Ltd. (“FuLi”) to purchase two commercial properties totaling 311.99 square meters (“office space”) located in Jiang Bei District Chongqing. Although TTCQ currently rents its office premises from a third party, it intends to use the office space as its office premises. The total purchase price committed and paid was RMB 4,025, or approximately $649. The development was completed and the property was handed over during April 2013 and the title deed was received during the third quarter of fiscal 2014.
 
The two commercial properties were leased to third parties under two separate rental agreements, one of which expired in April 2014 and the other of which expired in August 2014.
 
For the unit for which the agreement expired in April 2014, a new tenant was identified and a new agreement was executed, which expires on April 30, 2017. The new agreement carried an increase in rent of 20% in the first year. Thereafter the rent increases by approximately 8% for the subsequent years until April 2017.
 
For the unit for which the agreement expired in August 2014, a new tenant was identified and a rental agreement was executed, which agreement was to expire on August 9, 2016. The agreement carried an increase in rent of approximately 21% in the first year. Thereafter the rent was to increase by approximately 6% for the subsequent year. The tenant of this unit defaulted on payment of the quarterly rental due in August 2015, however the rental deposit is available to offset the outstanding rent. In early October 2015, TTCQ issued a legal letter to this tenant on the outstanding amounts, to which the tenant has not responded. As of the date of this report, the August 2014 rental agreement (161 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 16, and approximately $2) was terminated.
 
A new rental agreement with a new tenant (161 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 14, or approximately $2) was signed on October 21, 2015. This rental agreement provides for a rent increase of 6% after the first year, commencing from the year 2016 until the rental agreement expires on October 20, 2017. The tenant of this unit had defaulted on payment of the monthly rental due for February 2016, however the rental deposit has been offset and the balance amount recognized as other income. In March 2016, TTCQ issued a legal letter to this tenant on the outstanding amounts, to which the tenant has not responded. A new rental agreement with a new tenant (161 square meters at a monthly rental of RMB 14, or approximately $2) was signed commencing from April 1, 2016 until the rental agreement expires on March 31, 2018.
 
Property purchased from FuLi generated a rental income of $44 and $58 for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Penang Property

During the fourth quarter of 2015, the operations in Malaysia planned to sell its factory building in Penang, Malaysia. In accordance to ASC Topic 360, the property was reclassified from investment property, which had a net book value of RM 371, or approximately $98, to assets held for sale since there was an intention to sell the factory building. In May 2015, TTM was approached by a potential buyer to purchase the factory building. On September 14, 2015, application to sell the property was rejected by PDC. The rejection was based on the business activity of the purchaser not suitable to the industry that is being promoted on the said property. PDC made an offer to purchase the property, which was not at the expected value and the offer expired on March 28, 2016. However, management is still actively looking for a suitable buyer. As of June 30, 2016 the net book value was RM 369, or approximately $92.

Summary

Total rental income for all investment properties (Property I, II and III) in China was $122 for the year ended June 30, 2016, and was $173 for the same period in the last fiscal year.

Rental income from the Penang property was nil for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, as the property in Penang, Malaysia was vacant at the date of this report. In the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2015, the Penang property was reclassified from investment property to assets held for sale.

Depreciation expenses for all investment properties in China were $103 and 109 for both the years ended June 30, 2016, and 2015, respectively.
 
 
F-20
 
 
10. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
 
Property, plant and equipment consisted of the following:

     
 
Estimated Useful Life
in Years
      For the Year Ended June 30,  
            2016        2015   
Building and improvements
     3-20     $ 5,002     $ 4,980  
Leasehold improvements
     3-27       5,591        5,692  
Machinery and equipment
     3-7       24,106        23,679  
Furniture and fixtures
     3-5       823        873  
Equipment under capital leases
     3-5       1,171        672  
Property, plant and equipment, gross
           $ 36,693     $ 35,896  
Less: accumulated depreciation
             (22,828 )     (21,740 ) 
Accumulated amortization on equipment under capital leases
             (633 )     (458 )
Total accumulated depreciation
           $ (23,461 )    $ (22,198 )
Property, plant and equipment before currency translation effect, net
             13,232        13,698  
Currency translation effect
             (1,949 )     (1,176  )
Property, plant and equipment, net
           $ 11,283     $ 12,522  

Depreciation and amortization expenses for property, plant and equipment during fiscal years 2016 and 2015 were $1,735 and $2,240, respectively.

11. OTHER ASSETS
 
Other assets consisted of the following:
   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Down payment for purchase of investment properties
   $ 1,536     $ 1,645  
Down payment for purchase of property, plant and equipment
     115       31  
Deposits for rental and utilities
     137       147  
Total
   $ 1,788     $ 1,823  

12. LINES OF CREDIT

The carrying value of the Company’s lines of credit approximates its fair value, because the interest rates associated with the lines of credit are adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

The Company’s credit rating provides it with readily and adequate access to funds in global markets.

As of June 30, 2016, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with
  
Type of
  
Interest
  
Expiration
    
Credit
    
Unused
  
Facility
  
Facility
  
Rate
  
Date
    
Limitation
    
Credit
  
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore
  
Lines of Credit
  
Ranging from 1.6% to 5.5%
     -     $ 5,745     $ 3,856  
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.   Lines of Credit  
Ranging from 6.3% to 6.7%
     -       783       783  
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.   Lines of Credit  
Ranging from 4.9% to 6.3%
     -       1,204       602  
 
 
F-21
 
 
On May 3, 2016, Trio-Tech Tianjin used the facility amounting to RMB 2 million, or approximately $301, and on June 23, 2016, further used an additional facility of RMB 2 million, or approximately $301.

As of June 30, 2015, the Company had certain lines of credit that are collateralized by restricted deposits.

Entity with
  
Type of
  
Interest
  
Expiration
    
Credit
    
Unused
  
Facility
  
Facility
  
Rate
  
Date
    
Limitation
    
Credit
  
Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., Singapore
  
Lines of Credit
  
Ranging from 1.9% to 5.6%
     -     $ 7,422     $ 6,161  
Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.   Lines of Credit  
Ranging from 6.3% to 6.7%
     -     $ 396     $ 79  
Trio-Tech (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.   Lines of Credit  
Ranging from 4.9% to 6.3%
     -     $ 1,289     $ 1,289  

On April 10, 2015, Trio-Tech Tianjin signed an agreement with a bank for an Accounts Receivable Financing facility with the bank for RMB 8,000, or approximately $1,289, interest is charged at the bank’s lending rate plus a floating interest rate. The effective interest rate is 130% of the bank’s lending rate. The financing facility was set up to facilitate the growing testing operations in our Tianjin operations in China. The immediate holding company, Trio-Tech International Pte. Ltd., acted as the guarantor for this bank facility. The bank account for this facility was set up on August 24, 2015 and has started use in fiscal year 2016.

13. ACCRUED EXPENSES
 
Accrued expenses consisted of the following:
 
      For the Year Ended June 30,  
      2016        2015   
Payroll and related costs
     1,311       1,513  
Commissions
     47       52  
Customer deposits
     91       41  
Legal and audit
     297       244  
Sales tax
     110       131  
Utilities
     115       129  
Warranty
     78       109  
Accrued purchase of materials and property, plant and equipment
     50       430  
Provision for re-instatement
     308       422  
Other accrued expenses
     331       243  
Currency translation effect
     (96 )     (230 )
Total
   $ 2,642     $ 3,084  

14. WARRANTY ACCRUAL
 
The Company provides for the estimated costs that may be incurred under its warranty program at the time the sale is recorded.  The warranty period for products manufactured by the Company is generally one year or the warranty period agreed with the customer.  The Company estimates the warranty costs based on the historical rates of warranty returns.  The Company periodically assesses the adequacy of its recorded warranty liability and adjusts the amounts as necessary.

      For the Year Ended June 30,  
      2016        2015   
Beginning
  
$
103
    
$
60
  
Additions charged to cost and expenses
    
80
      
114
  
Utilization / reversal
    
(105
)
    
(65
)
Currency translation effect
    
(2
)
    
(6
)
Ending
  
$
76
    
$
103
  

 
F-22
 

15. BANK LOANS PAYABLE
 
Bank loans payable consisted of the following:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Note payable denominated in U.S. dollars to a commercial bank for expansion plans in Singapore and its subsidiaries, maturing in March 2017, bearing interest at the bank’s lending rate (7.3% at June 30, 2016 and 2015), with monthly payments of principal plus interest of $16 and $18 through August 2024 in fiscal year 2016 and 2015, respectively. This note payable is secured by plant and equipment with the net book value of $294 and $357 as at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
    
 
148
      
 
326
  
Note payable denominated in RM to a commercial bank for expansion plans in Malaysia, maturing in August 2024, bearing interest at the bank’s prime rate plus 1.50% (4.1% to 6.9% at June 30, 2016 and 2015), with monthly payments of principal plus interest of $22 and $12 through August 2024 in fiscal year 2016 and 2015, respectively. This loan payable is collateralized by the acquired building with the net book value of $2,898 and $3,146 as at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
    
 
1,919
      
2,218
  
Current portion
    
(342)
      
(346
)
                 
Long term portion of bank loans payable
  
$
1,725
    
$
2,198
  

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2016 were as follows:

2017
  
$
342
  
2018
    
204
  
2019
 
 
215
 
2020
    
226
  
2021
    
239
  
Thereafter
    
841
  
Total obligations and commitments
  
$
2,067
  

Future minimum payments (excluding interest) as of June 30, 2015 were as follows:

2016
  
$
346
  
2017
    
322
  
2018
 
 
183
 
2019
    
193
  
2020
    
203
  
Thereafter
    
1,297
  
Total obligations and commitments
  
$
2,544
  
 
16. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

The Company leases certain of its facilities and equipment under long-term agreements expiring at various dates through fiscal year 2016 and thereafter. Certain of these leases require the Company to pay real estate taxes and insurance and provide for escalation of lease costs based on certain indices.
 
 
F-23
 
 
Future minimum payments under capital leases and non-cancelable operating leases and net rental income under non-cancelable sub-leased properties as of June 30, 2016 were as follows:
For the Year Ending June 30,
  
Capital Leases
    
Operating Leases
    
Sub-lease
Rental (Income)
    
Net
Operating Leases
  
2017
   $ 235     $ 598     $ (24 )   $ 574  
2018
     212       269       (24 )     245  
2019
     156       204       (24 )     180  
Thereafter
     135       229       -       229  
Total future minimum lease payments
   $ 738     $ 1,300     $ (72 )   $ 1,228  
Less: amount representing interest
     -                          
Present value of net minimum lease payments
     738                          
Less: current portion of capital lease obligations
     235                          
Long-term obligations under capital leases
     503                          

Future minimum payments under capital leases and non-cancelable operating leases and net rental income under non-cancelable sub-leased properties as of June 30, 2015 were as follows:

For the Year Ending June 30,
  
Capital Leases
    
Operating Leases
    
Sub-lease
Rental (Income)
    
Net
Operating Leases
  
2016
   $ 197     $ 803     $ (128 )   $ 675  
2017
     199       671       (41 )     630  
2018
     169       279       (24 )     255  
Thereafter
     107       2,060       -       2,060  
Total future minimum lease payments
   $ 672     $ 3,813     $ (193 )   $ 3,620  
Less: amount representing interest
     -                          
Present value of net minimum lease payments
     672                          
Less: current portion of capital lease obligations
     197                          
Long-term obligations under capital leases
     475                          
 
The Company purchased equipment under the capital lease agreements with rates ranging from 1.6% to 7.5%. These agreements mature ranging from July 2016 to May 2020.

Total rental expense on all operating leases, cancelable and non-cancelable, amounted to $743 and $784 in fiscal years 2016 and 2015 respectively.

Trio-Tech (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. has a capital lease for the purchase of equipment and other related infrastructure costs amounting to RM 1,153, or approximately $287 based on the exchange rate on June 30, 2016 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, as compared to RM 33, or approximately $9 for the last fiscal year.

Trio-Tech Tianjin Co. Ltd has a capital lease for the purchase of equipment and other related infrastructure costs amounting to RMB 597, or approximately $93 based on the exchange rate on June 30, 2016 published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore, as compared to nil for last fiscal year.

Deposits with banks in China are not insured by the local government or agency, and are consequently exposed to risk of loss. The Company believes the probability of a bank failure, causing loss to the Company, is remote.

The Company is, from time to time, the subject of litigation claims and assessments arising out of matters occurring in its normal business operations.  In the opinion of management, resolution of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial statements.
 
 
F-24
 
 
17. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS APPROXIMATE CARRYING VALUE

In accordance with ASC Topic 825 and 820, the following presents assets and liabilities measured and carried at fair value and classified by level of fair value measurement hierarchy:

There were no transfers between Levels 1 and 2 during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016 and for the same period in last fiscal year.

Term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.
 
Restricted term deposits (Level 2) – The carrying amount approximates fair value because of the short maturity of these instruments.

Lines of credit (Level 3) – The carrying value of the lines of credit approximates fair value due to the short-term nature of the obligations.

Bank loans payable (Level 3) – The carrying value of the Company’s bank loan payables approximates its fair value as the interest rates associated with long-term debt is adjustable in accordance with market situations when the Company borrowed funds with similar terms and remaining maturities.

18. CONCENTRATION OF CUSTOMERS

The Company had one major customer that accounted for the following revenue and trade accounts receivable:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Revenue
                
- Customer A
    
60.6
%
    
63.4
%
Trade Accounts Receivable
                
- Customer A
    
66.9
%
    
60.5
%

19. BUSINESS SEGMENTS

In fiscal year 2016, the Company operated in four segments; the testing service industry (which performs structural and electronic tests of semiconductor devices), the designing and manufacturing of equipment (which equipment tests the structural integrity of integrated circuits and other products), distribution of various products from other manufacturers in Singapore and Southeast Asia and the real estate segment in China

The real estate segment recorded other income of nil and $68 and allowance for doubtful interest receivables of nil and $68 for fiscal year 2016 and 2015, respectively, based on the average exchange rate for the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, published by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. Due to the short-term nature of the investments, the investments were classified as loan receivables based on ASC Topic 310. Thus the investment income was classified under other income, which is not part of the below table.

The revenue allocated to individual countries was based on where the customers were located. The allocation of the cost of equipment, the current year investment in new equipment and depreciation expense have been made on the basis of the primary purpose for which the equipment was acquired.

All inter-segment sales were sales from the manufacturing segment to the testing and distribution segment. Total inter-segment sales were $1,086 in fiscal year 2016 and $1,655 in fiscal year 2015. Corporate assets mainly consisted of cash and prepaid expenses. Corporate expenses mainly consisted of stock option expenses, salaries, insurance, professional expenses and directors' fees. Corporate expenses are allocated to the four segments on a pre-determined fixed amount calculated based on the annual budgeted sales, except the Malaysia operation, which is calculated based on actual sales. The following segment information table includes segment operating income or loss after including corporate expenses allocated to the segments, which gets eliminated in the consolidation.
 
 
F-25
 
 
Business Segment Information:
                          
 
Year
        
Operating
          
Depr.
        
 
Ended
  
Net
    
Income
    
Total
    
and
    
Capital
  
 
June 30,
  
Revenue
    
(Loss)
    
Assets
    
Amort.
    
Expenditures
  
Manufacturing
2016
  
$
14,510
    
$
260
    
$
7,944
    
$
202
    
$
79
  
 
2015
  
$
12,873
    
$
(426
)
  
$
5,515
    
$
151
    
$
512
  
                                           
Testing Services
2016
    
15,280
      
1,010
      
19,849
      
1,531
      
1,574
  
 
2015
    
18,020
      
1,955
      
21,906
      
1,981
      
2,175
  
                                           
Distribution
2016
    
4,542
      
224
      
662
      
2
      
4
  
 
2015
    
2,866
      
23
      
854
      
-
      
6
  
                                           
Real Estate
2016
    
122
      
(100
)
    
3,306
      
103
      
-
  
 
2015
    
173
      
(129
)
    
3,635
      
108
      
1
  
                                           
Fabrication 
2016
    
-
      
-
      
30
      
-
      
-
  
Services*
2015
    
-
      
-
      
30
      
-
      
-
  
                                           
Corporate &
2016
    
-
      
66
      
428
        
-
    
-
  
Unallocated
2015
    
-
      
(216
)
    
97
        
-
    
-
  
                                           
Total Company
2016
  
$
34,454
    
$
1,460
    
$
32,219
    
$
1,838
    
$
1,657
  
 
2015
  
$
33,932
    
$
1,207
    
$
32,037
    
$
2,240
    
$
2,694
  

* Fabrication services is a discontinued operation (Note 24).

20. OPERATING LEASES
 
Operating leases arise from the leasing of the Company’s commercial and residential real estate investment property. Initial lease terms generally range from 12 to 60 months. Depreciation expense for assets subject to operating leases is taken into account primarily on the straight-line method over a period of twenty years in amounts necessary to reduce the carrying amount of the asset to its estimated residual value. Depreciation expenses relating to the property held as investments in operating leases was $103 and $109 for fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively.
 
Future minimum rental income in China to be received from fiscal year 2017 to fiscal year 2021 on non-cancellable operating leases is contractually due as follows as of June 30, 2016:
 
2017
  
$
174
  
2018
    
149
  
2019
 
 
116
  
2020
    
84
  
2021
    
7
  
   
$
530
  
 
Future minimum rental income in China to be received from fiscal year 2016 to fiscal year 2020 on non-cancellable operating leases is contractually due as follows as of June 30, 2015:
 
2016
  
$
188
  
2017
    
165
  
2018
 
 
146
 
2019
    
6
  
2020
    
-
  
   
$
505
  
 
 
F-26
 
 
21. OTHER INCOME, NET

Other income, net consisted of the following:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Investment income deemed interest income
  
$
-
      
68
  
Interest income
    
18
      
8
  
Other rental income
    
97
      
127
  
Exchange gain / (loss)
    
(371
)
    
84
  
Allowance for doubtful deemed interest receivables
    
-
      
(68
)
Other miscellaneous income
    
302
      
144
  
Total
  
$
46
    
$
363
  

Other income included investment income which was deemed to be interest income since the investment was deemed and classified as a loan receivables based on ASC Topic 310-10-25 Receivables amounted to nil for fiscal year 2016, as compared to $68 for fiscal year 2015. No allowance for doubtful interest receivables was included in fiscal year 2016, as compared to $68 in the previous fiscal year.

22. INCOME TAXES  

On a consolidated basis, the Company’s net income tax provisions were as follows:

      For the Year Ended June 30,  
       2016        2015  
Current:
                
Federal
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
State
    
2
      
2
  
Foreign
    
300
      
439
  
   
$
302
    
$
441
  
Deferred:
                
Federal
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
State
    
-
      
-
  
Foreign
    
(65
)
    
66
  
     
(65
)
    
66
  
Total provisions
  
$
237
    
$
507
  

The reconciliation between the U.S. federal tax rate and the effective income tax rate was as follows:

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Statutory federal tax rate
    
(34.00
)%
    
(34.00
)%
State taxes, net of federal benefit
    
(6.00
)
    
(6.00
)
Foreign tax related to profits making subsidiaries
    
19.45
      
4.69
  
NOL Expiration
    
(0.21
)
    
(0.24
)
Other
    
(0.50
)
    
(0.27
)
Changes in valuation allowance
    
3.08
      
(2.71
)
Effective rate
    
(18.18
)%
    
(38.53
)%

At June 30, 2016, the Company had net operating loss carry-forward of approximately $129 and $293 for federal and state tax purposes, respectively, expiring through 2024. The Company also had tax credit carry-forward of approximately $834 for federal income tax purposes expiring through 2033. Management of the Company is uncertain whether it is more likely than not that these future benefits will be realized. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance was established.
 
 
F-27
 
 
At June 30, 2015, the Company had net operating loss carry-forward of approximately $353 and $658 for federal and state tax purposes, respectively, expiring through 2024. The Company also had tax credit carry-forward of approximately $834 for federal income tax purposes expiring through 2033. Management of the Company is uncertain whether it is more likely than not that these future benefits will be realized. Accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established.

The components of deferred income tax assets (liabilities) were as follows:

     
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
      2016        2015   
Deferred tax assets:                
Net operating losses and credits
  
$
1,498
    
$
1,645
  
Inventory valuation
    
99
      
99
  
Depreciation
    
-
      
-
  
Provision for bad debts
    
128
      
144
  
Accrued vacation
    
40
      
32
  
Capital loss
    
-
      
66
  
Accrued expenses
    
1,262
      
1,338
  
Investment in subsidiaries
    
169
      
169
  
Other
    
11
      
23
  
Total deferred tax assets
  
$
3,207
    
$
3,516
  
                 
Deferred tax liabilities:     (34 )     (56 ) 
Accrued expenses     (182
)
     (277 ) 
Depreciation     -       -  
Other     (216 )      (333 ) 
Total deferred income tax liabilities                
Subtotal     2,991       3,183  
Valuation allowance     (2,806 )     (3,063 ) 
Net deferred tax assets / (liability)     185       120  
                 
Presented as follows in the balance sheets:                
Deferred tax assets     401       453  
Deferred tax liabilities     (216 )     (333 ) 
Net deferred tax assets / (liability)     185       120  
 
The valuation allowance was decreased by $257 and increased by $187 in fiscal year years 2016 and 2015, respectively.

For U.S. income tax purposes, no provision has been made for U.S. taxes on undistributed earnings amounting to $694 and $617 as at June 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, of overseas subsidiaries with which the Company intends to continue to reinvest. It is not practicable to estimate the amount of additional tax that might be payable on the foreign earnings if they were remitted as dividends or lent to the Company, or if the Company should sell its stock in the subsidiary.  However, the Company believes that the existing U.S. foreign tax credits and net operating losses available would substantially eliminate any additional tax effects.
 
 
F-28
 
 
23. UNRECOGNIZED TAX BENEFITS

The Company adopted ASC Topic 740, Accounting for Income Taxes - Interpretation of Topic 740.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:
 
Balance at July 1, 2014
   $ (250 )
Additions based on current year tax positions
     -  
Additions for prior year(s) tax positions
     -  
Reductions for prior year(s) tax positions
     -  
Settlements
     -  
Expiration of statute of limitations
     -  
 Balance at June 30, 2015
   $ (250 )
Additions based on current year tax positions
     -  
Additions for prior year(s) tax positions
     -  
Reductions for prior year(s) tax positions
     -  
Settlements
     -  
Expiration of statute of limitations
     -  
Balance at June 30, 2016
   $ (250 )

The Company accrues penalties and interest on unrecognized tax benefits as a component of penalties and interest expense, respectively. The Company has not accrued any penalties or interest expense relating to the unrecognized benefits at June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2015.

The major tax jurisdictions in which the Company files income tax returns are the United States of America, Singapore, Malaysia, China, Thailand and Indonesia. The statute of limitations, in general, is open for years 2005 to 2015 for tax authorities in those jurisdictions to audit or examine income tax returns.  The Company is under annual review by the governments of Singapore, Malaysia, China, Thailand and Indonesia. However, the Company is not currently under tax examination in any other jurisdiction.

24.      DISCONTINUED OPERATION AND CORRESPONDING RESTRUCTURING PLAN

The Company’s Indonesia operation and the Indonesia operation’s immediate holding company, which comprise the fabrication services segment, suffered continued operating losses from fiscal year 2010 to 2014, and the cash flow was minimal from fiscal year 2009 to 2014. The Company established a restructuring plan to close the fabrication services operation, and in accordance with ASC Topic 205, Presentation of Financial Statement Discontinued Operations (“ASC Topic 205”), from fiscal year 2015 onwards, the Company presented the operation results from fabrication services as a discontinued operation as the Company believed that no continued cash flow would be generated by the discontinued component and that the Company would have no significant continuing involvement in the operations of the discontinued component.

In accordance with the restructuring plan, the Company’s Indonesia operation is negotiating with its suppliers to settle the outstanding balance of accounts payable of $56 and has no collection for accounts receivable. The Company’s fabrication operation in Batam, Indonesia is in the process of winding up the operations. The Company anticipates that it may incur costs and expenses when the winding up of the subsidiary in Indonesia takes place.

In January 2010, the Company established a restructuring plan to close the Testing operation in Shanghai, China.  Based on the restructuring plan and in accordance with ASC Topic 205, the Company presented the operation results from Shanghai as a discontinued operation as the Company believed that no continued cash flow would be generated by the discontinued component (Shanghai subsidiary) and that the Company would have no significant continuing involvement in the operations of the discontinued component. The Shanghai operation has an outstanding balance of accounts payable of $36 and is collecting the accounts receivable of $1.

The discontinued operations in Shanghai and in Indonesia incurred general and administrative expenses of $7 and $22 for the year ended June 30, 2016 and 2015. The Company anticipates that it may incur additional costs and expenses at the time of the winding up of the business of the subsidiary through which the Shanghai, China facility operated.
 
 
F-29
 

Income / (Loss) from discontinued operations was as follows:

     
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
      2016        2015   
Revenue
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
Cost of sales
    
-
      
-
  
Gross loss
    
-
      
-
  
Operating expenses
                
General and administrative
    
7
      
22
  
Selling
    
-
      
-
  
Impairment
    
-
      
-
  
       Total 
    
7
      
22
  
Loss from discontinued operation
    
(7
)
    
(22
)
Other income / (charges)
    
3
      
28
  
Net income / (loss) from discontinued operation
  
$
(4
)
  
$
6
  

The Company does not provide a separate cash flow statement for the discontinued operation, as the impact of this discontinued operation is immaterial.

25. EARNINGS PER SHARE

The Company adopted ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share. Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) are computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders (numerator) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (denominator) during the period.  Diluted EPS give effect to all dilutive potential common shares outstanding during a period.  In computing diluted EPS, the average price for the period is used in determining the number of shares assumed to be purchased from the exercise of stock options and warrants.
 
Options to purchase 366,250 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $2.07 to $3.26 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2016. All the other outstanding options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for fiscal year 2016 since they were anti-dilutive.
 
Options to purchase 430,000 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices ranging from $3.10 to $4.35 per share were outstanding as of June 30, 2015. All the outstanding options were excluded in the computation of diluted EPS for fiscal year 2015 since they were anti-dilutive.

The following table is a reconciliation of the weighted average shares used in the computation of basic and diluted EPS for the years presented herein:
 
     
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
       2016        2015  
Income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from continuing operations, net of tax
  
$
788
    
$
517
  
Income / (loss) attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders from discontinued operations, net of tax
  
$
(9
)
  
$
4
  
Net income attributable to Trio-Tech International common shareholders
  
$
779
    
$
521
  
                 
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - basic
    
3,513
      
3,513
  
Dilutive effect of stock options
    
22
      
16
  
Number of shares used to compute earnings per share - diluted
    
3,535
      
3,529
  
                 
Basic and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations attributable to Trio-Tech International
  
$
0.22
    
$
0.15
  
                 
Basic and diluted earnings per share from discontinued operations attributable to Trio-Tech International
  
$
-
    
$
-
  
Basic and diluted earnings per share from net income attributable to Trio-Tech International
  
$
0.22
    
$
0.15
  
 
 
F-30
 
 
26. STOCK OPTIONS

On September 24, 2007, the Company’s Board of Directors unanimously adopted the 2007 Employee Stock Option Plan (the “2007 Employee Plan”) and the 2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (the “2007 Directors Plan”) each of which was approved by the shareholders on December 3, 2007. Each of those plans was amended by the Board in 2010 to increase the number of shares covered thereby, which amendments were approved by the shareholders on December 14, 2010. At present, the 2007 Employee Plan provides for awards of up to 600,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock to employees, consultants and advisors. The Board also amended the 2007 Directors Plan in November 2013 to further increase the number of shares covered thereby from 400,000 shares to 500,000 shares, which amendment was approved by the shareholders on December 9, 2013. The 2007 Directors Plan provides for awards of up to 500,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock to the members of the Board of Directors in the form of non-qualified options and restricted stock. These two plans are administered by the Board, which also establishes the terms of the awards.

Assumptions

The fair value for the options granted were estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following weighted average assumptions, assuming no expected dividends: 

   
For the Year Ended June 30,
  
   
2016
    
2015
  
Expected volatility
    
60.41% to 104.94
%
    
71.44% to 104.94
%
Risk-free interest rate
    
0.30% to 0.78
%
    
0.30% to 0.78
%
Expected life (years)
    
2.50
      
2.50
  

The expected volatilities are based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock. Due to higher volatility, the observation is made on a daily basis for the twelve months ended June 30, 2016. The observation period covered is consistent with the expected life of options. The expected life of the options granted to employees has been determined utilizing the “simplified” method as prescribed by ASC Topic 718 Stock Based Compensation, which, among other provisions, allows companies without access to adequate historical data about employee exercise behavior to use a simplified approach for estimating the expected life of a "plain vanilla" option grant. The simplified rule for estimating the expected life of such an option is the average of the time to vesting and the full term of the option. The risk-free rate is consistent with the expected life of the stock options and is based on the United States Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.

2007 Employee Stock Option Plan

The Company’s 2007 Employee Plan permits the grant of stock options to its employees covering up to an aggregate of 600,000 shares of Common Stock. Under the 2007 Employee Plan, all options must be granted with an exercise price of not less than fair value as of the grant date and the options granted must be exercisable within a maximum of ten years after the date of grant, or such lesser period of time as is set forth in the stock option agreements. The options may be exercisable (a) immediately as of the effective date of the stock option agreement granting the option, or (b) in accordance with a schedule related to the date of the grant of the option, the date of first employment, or such other date as may be set by the Compensation Committee. Generally, options granted under the 2007 Employee Plan are exercisable within five years after the date of grant, and vest over the period as follows: 25% vesting on the grant date and the remaining balance vesting in equal installments on the next three succeeding anniversaries of the grant date. The share-based compensation will be recognized in terms of the grade method on a straight-line basis for each separately vesting portion of the award. Certain option awards provide for accelerated vesting if there is a change in control (as defined in the 2007 Employee Plan).
 
On March 21, 2016, the Company granted options to purchase 40,000 shares of its Common Stock to employee directors pursuant to the 2007 Employee Plan during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $2 in the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 under the 2007 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $3 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2007 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of two years. No stock options were exercised during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016. The weighted-average remaining contractual term for non-vested options was 4.72 years. There were 271,875 shares of Common Stock available for grant under the 2007 Employee Plan.
 
 
F-31
 
 
The Company did not grant any stock options pursuant to the 2007 Employee Plan and no stock options were exercised during the twelve months ended June 30, 2015. There were no cash proceeds from exercise of stock options during fiscal year 2015. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $23 in fiscal year ended June 30, 2015 under the 2007 Employee Plan. The balance of unamortized stock-based compensation of $4 based on fair value on the grant date related to options granted under the 2007 Employee Plan is to be recognized over a period of three years. The weighted-average grant date fair-value and weighted-average remaining contractual term for non-vested options were $1.69 and 1.45 years, respectively.
 
As of June 30, 2016, there were vested employee stock options that were exercisable covering a total of 51,250 shares of Common Stock. The weighted-average exercise price was $3.28 and the weighted average contractual term was 2.82 years. The total fair value of vested and outstanding employee stock options as of June 30, 2016 was $168.
 
As of June 30, 2015, there were vested employee stock options covering a total of 112,500 shares of Common Stock. The weighted-average exercise price was $4.06 and the weighted average contractual term was 1.28 years. The total fair value of vested employee stock options was $457 and remains outstanding as of June 30, 2015.
 
A summary of option activities under the 2007 Employee Plan during the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2016 is presented as follows:

   
Options
    
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
    
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
  
Outstanding at July 1, 2015
    
130,000
    
$
3.93
      
1.57
    
$
13
  
Granted
    
40,000
      
3.26
      
-
      
-
  
Exercised
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Forfeited or expired
    
(80,000
)
    
4.35
      
-
      
-
  
Outstanding at June 30, 2016
    
90,000
    
$
3.26
      
3.42
    
$
30
  
Exercisable at June 30, 2016
    
51,250
    
$
3.28
      
2.82
    
$
16
  

The aggregate intrinsic value of the 90,000 shares of common stock upon exercise of options was $30.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Employee Plan during the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2015 is presented as follows:
 
   
Options
    
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
    
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
  
Outstanding at July 1, 2014
    
130,000
    
$
3.93
      
2.57
    
$
13
  
Granted
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Exercised
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Forfeited or expired
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Outstanding at June 30, 2015
    
130,000
    
$
3.93
      
1.57
    
$
13
  
Exercisable at June 30, 2015
    
112,500
    
$
4.06
      
1.28
    
$
-
  

The aggregate intrinsic value of the 126,500 shares of common stock upon exercise of options was $175.
 
 
F-32
 

A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 is presented below: 
 
         
Weighted Average Grant-Date
  
   
Options
    
Fair Value
  
Non-vested at July 1, 2015
    
17,500
    
$
1.69
  
Granted
    
40,000
      
-
  
Vested
    
(18,750
)
    
-
  
Forfeited
            
-
  
Non-vested at June 30, 2016
    
38,750
    
$
3.22
  
 
A summary of the status of the Company’s non-vested employee stock options during the twelve months ended June 30, 2015 is presented below:

  
        
Weighted Average Grant-Date
  
   
Options
    
Fair Value
  
Non-vested at July 1, 2014
    
26,250
    
$
1.69
  
Granted
    
-
      
-
  
Vested
    
8,750
      
-
  
Forfeited
    
-
      
-
  
Non-vested at June 30, 2015
    
17,500
    
$
1.69
  
 
2007 Directors Equity Incentive Plan

The 2007 Directors Plan permits the grant of options covering up to an aggregate of 500,000 shares of Common Stock to its non-employee directors in the form of non-qualified options and restricted stock. The exercise price of the non-qualified options is 100% of the fair value of the underlying shares on the grant date. The options have five-year contractual terms and are generally exercisable immediately as of the grant date.

On March 21, 2016, the Company granted options to purchase 150,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2007 Directors Plan with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2007 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant. The fair value of the options granted to purchase 150,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock was approximately $489 based on the fair value of $3.26 per share determined by the Black Scholes option pricing model. As all of the stock options granted under the 2007 Directors Plan vest immediately at the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2007 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2016.  The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $42 in the fiscal year 2016 under the 2007 Directors Plan. No stock options were exercised during the fiscal year 2016. There were 80,000 shares of Common Stock available for grant under the 2007 Directors Plan.

On October 5, 2015, the Company granted options to purchase 50,000 shares of its Common Stock to directors pursuant to the 2007 Directors Plan with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of Common Stock (as defined under the 2007 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) at the date of grant. The fair value of the options granted to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company’s Common Stock was approximately $51 based on the fair value of $2.69 per share determined by the Black Scholes option pricing model. As all of the stock options granted under the 2007 Directors Plan vest immediately at the date of grant, there were no unvested stock options granted under the 2007 Directors Plan as of June 30, 2015. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $55 in the six months ended December 31, 2015 under the 2007 Directors Plan. No stock options were exercised during the nine months ended December 31, 2015.  No stock options were exercised during the six months ended December 31, 2015.
 
 
F-33
 

During the fiscal year 2015, the Company granted options to purchase 50,000 shares of its Common Stock to our directors pursuant to the 2007 Directors Plan with an exercise price equal to the fair market value of our Common Stock (as defined under the 2007 Directors Plan in conformity with Regulation 409A or the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended) on October 21, 2014, the date of grant thereof. The fair value of the options granted to purchase 50,000 shares of the Company's Common Stock was $191 based on the grant date fair value of $3.81 per share determined by the Black Scholes option pricing model.
 
There were no stock options exercised during the fiscal year 2016, hence there were no proceeds from exercise of stock options during fiscal year 2016. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $$99 in the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2016 under the 2007 Directors Plan.

There were no stock options exercised during the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2015, hence there were no proceeds from exercise of stock options during fiscal year 2015. The Company recognized stock-based compensation expenses of $106 in the twelve-month period ended June 30, 2015 under the 2007 Directors Plan.

As of June 30, 2016, there were vested director stock options covering a total of 415,000 shares of Common Stock. The weighted-average exercise price was $3.14 and the weighted average remaining contractual term was 3.29 years. The total fair value of vested directors' stock options as of June 30, 2016 was $24. All of our director stock options vest immediately at the date of grant. There were no unvested director stock options as of June 30, 2016.
 
As of June 30, 2015, there were vested director stock options covering a total of 365,000 shares of Common Stock. The weighted-average exercise price was $3.65 and the weighted average remaining contractual term was 1.99 years. The total fair value of vested directors' stock options as of June 30, 2015 was $24. All of our director stock options vest immediately at the date of grant. There were no unvested director stock options as of June 30, 2015.

A summary of option activities under the 2007 Directors Plan during the twelve months ended June 30, 2016 is presented as follows:
 
   
Options
    
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
    
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
  
Outstanding at July 1, 2015
    
365,000
    
$
3.65
      
1.99
    
$
53
  
Granted
    
200,000
      
3.12
                  
Exercised
                                
Forfeited or expired
    
(150,000
)
    
4.35
                  
Outstanding at June 30, 2016
    
415,000
      
3.14
      
3.29
      
198
  
Exercisable at June 30, 2016
    
415,000
      
3.14
      
3.29
      
198
  
 
A summary of option activities under the 2007 Directors Plan during the twelve months ended June 30, 2015 is presented as follows:
 
   
Options
    
Weighted Average
Exercise
Price
    
Weighted Average Remaining
Contractual
Term (Years)
    
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value
  
Outstanding at July 1, 2014
    
315,000
    
$
3.62
      
2.63
    
$
24
  
Granted
    
50,000
      
3.81
      
-
      
-
  
Exercised
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Forfeited or expired
    
-
      
-
      
-
      
-
  
Outstanding at June 30, 2015
    
365,000
    
$
3.65
      
1.99
    
$
53
  
Exercisable at June 30, 2015
    
365,000
    
$
3.65
      
1.99
    
$ 
53
  
 
27. NON-CONTROLLING INTEREST

In accordance with the provisions of ASC Topic 810, the Company has classified the non-controlling interest as a component of stockholders’ equity in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Additionally, the Company has presented the net income attributable to the Company and the non-controlling ownership interests separately in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Non-controlling interest represents the minority stockholders’ share of 45% of the equity of Trio-Tech Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., 45% interest in SHI International Pte. Ltd., and 24% interest in Prestal Enterprise Sdn. Bhd., which are subsidiaries of the Company.
 
The table below reflects a reconciliation of the equity attributable to non-controlling interest:

     
For the Year Ended
June 30,
  
Non-controlling interest     2016        2015   
Beginning balance
  
$
1,736
    
$
1,732
  
Net income
    
282
      
303
  
Dividend declared by a subsidiary
    
(181
)
    
-
  
Translation adjustment
    
(223
)
    
(299
)
Ending balance
  
$
1,614
    
$
1,736
  
 
28.           RELATED PARTY TRANSACTION

There were no related party transactions in fiscal year 2016 or 2015.
 
 
F-34