Revenue

6 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2019

Revenue from Contract with Customer [Abstract]

Revenue

5. Revenue

Revenue is recognized when control of the promised goods or services is transferred to our customers (students and members), in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.

The following tables disaggregate revenue by source (in thousands):

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2019
	Medical and Healthcare		Financial Services		Home Office and Other		Consolidated
Higher education	$	214,153	$	—	$	—	$	214,153
Test preparation/certifications		—		26,938		—		26,938
Conferences/seminars		—		13,742		—		13,742
Memberships/subscriptions		—		5,055		—		5,055
Other		6,027		257		—		6,284
Total	$	220,180	$	45,992	$	—	$	266,172

	Six Months Ended December 31, 2019
	Medical and Healthcare		Financial Services		Home Office and Other		Consolidated
Higher education	$	415,606	$	—	$	—	$	415,606
Test preparation/certifications		—		51,909		—		51,909
Conferences/seminars		—		30,814		—		30,814
Memberships/subscriptions		—		9,922		—		9,922
Other		12,061		473		—		12,534
Total	$	427,667	$	93,118	$	—	$	520,785

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2018
	Medical and Healthcare		Financial Services		Home Office and Other		Consolidated
Higher education	$	211,487	$	—	$	—	$	211,487
Test preparation/certifications		—		27,299		(808)		26,491
Conferences/seminars		—		10,676		—		10,676
Memberships/subscriptions		—		3,900		—		3,900
Other		1,140		267		—		1,407
Total	$	212,627	$	42,142	$	(808)	$	253,961

	Six Months Ended December 31, 2018
	Medical and Healthcare		Financial Services		Home Office and Other		Consolidated
Higher education	$	412,660	$	—	$	—	$	412,660
Test preparation/certifications		—		56,015		(1,615)		54,400
Conferences/seminars		—		13,544		—		13,544
Memberships/subscriptions		—		7,836		—		7,836
Other		2,067		393		—		2,460
Total	$	414,727	$	77,788	$	(1,615)	$	490,900

Certain prior period amounts in the above tables have been reclassified for consistency with the current period presentation. In addition, see Note 20 “Segment Information” for a disaggregation of revenue by geographical region.

Performance Obligations and Revenue Recognition

Higher education: Higher education revenue consists of tuition, fees, books, and other educational products. The majority of revenue is derived from tuition and fees, which is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term as instruction is delivered. Books and other educational product revenue are recognized when products are shipped or students receive access to electronic materials. Under certain circumstances, we report revenue from these transactions on a net basis because our performance obligation is to facilitate a transaction between the student and a vendor.

Test preparation/certifications: Test preparation revenue consists of test preparation course instruction and self-study materials sales. Becker test preparation revenue is recognized when access to the course materials is delivered to the customer. EduPristine test preparation course instruction revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the applicable instruction delivery periods. Certification revenue consists of exam preparation guides, seminars, exam sitting fees, and recertification fees. We recognize revenue for each of these items at a point in time when the applicable performance obligation is satisfied.

Conferences/seminars: Conference revenue consists of revenue from attendees, sponsors, and exhibitors. We recognize revenue for all items related to conferences at the time of the conference. Seminar revenue consists of seminars delivered in live, live-online, or on-demand online formats. We recognize revenue for live and live-online seminars on the day of the seminar. On-demand online seminars, in which customers have access to a webcast of a seminar, are recognized on the day the customer places the order.

Memberships/subscriptions: Membership revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the membership period. Subscription revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the subscription period.

Other: Other revenue consists of housing and other miscellaneous services. Other revenue is recognized over the period in which the applicable performance obligation is satisfied.

Customer contracts generally have separately stated prices for each performance obligation contained in the contract. Therefore, each performance obligation generally has its own standalone selling price. For higher education students, arrangements for payment are agreed to prior to registration of the student’s first academic term. The majority of U.S. students obtain Title IV or other financial aid resulting in institutions receiving a significant amount of the transaction price at the beginning of the academic term. Students utilizing private funding or funding through Adtalem’s institutional loan programs (see Note 9 “Financing Receivables” for additional information) generally pay after the academic term is complete. For non-higher education customers, payment is typically due and collected at the time a customer places an order.

Transaction Price

Revenue, or transaction price, is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring goods or services.

For higher education, students may receive discounts, scholarships, or refunds, which gives rise to variable consideration. The amounts of discounts or scholarships are applied to individual student accounts when such amounts are awarded. Therefore, the transaction price is reduced directly by these discounts or scholarships from the amount of the standard tuition rate charged. Upon withdrawal, a student may be eligible to receive a refund or partial refund, the amount of which is dependent on the timing of the withdrawal during the academic term. If a student withdraws prior to completing an academic term, federal and state regulations and accreditation criteria permit Adtalem to retain only a set percentage of the total tuition received from such student, which varies with, but generally equals or exceeds, the percentage of the academic term completed by such student. Payment amounts received by Adtalem in excess of such set percentages of tuition are refunded to the student or the appropriate funding source. For contracts with similar characteristics and historical data on refunds, the expected value method is applied in determining the variable consideration related to refunds. Estimates of Adtalem’s expected refunds are determined at the outset of each academic term, based upon actual refunds in previous academic terms. Reserves related to refunds are presented as refund liabilities within accrued liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. All refunds are netted against revenue during the applicable academic term.

Management reassesses collectability throughout the period revenue is recognized by the Adtalem institutions, on a student-by-student basis. This reassessment is based upon new information and changes in facts and circumstances relevant to a student’s ability to pay. Management also reassesses collectability when a student withdraws from the institution and has unpaid tuition charges. Such unpaid charges do not meet the threshold of reasonably collectible and are recognized as revenue on a cash basis.

For test preparation and other Financial Services products, the transaction price is equal to the amount charged to the customer, which is the standard rate, less any discounts, and an estimate for returns or refunds.

We believe it is probable that no significant reversal will occur in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. Therefore, the estimate of variable consideration is not constrained.

Contract Balances

For our higher education institutions, students are billed at the beginning of each academic term and payment is due at that time. Adtalem’s performance obligation is to provide educational services in the form of instruction during the academic term. As instruction is provided, deferred revenue is reduced. A significant portion of student payments are from Title IV financial aid and other programs and are generally received during the first month of the respective academic term. For students utilizing Adtalem’s institutional loan programs (see Note 9 “Financing Receivables”), payments are generally received after the academic term, and the corresponding performance obligation, is complete. When payments are received, accounts receivable is reduced.

For our Financial Services businesses, customers are billed and payment is due at the time of order placement. In most cases, performance obligations are delivered subsequent to payments received. Delivering our performance obligations reduces deferred revenue, and accounts receivable is reduced upon payments received. Becker offers flexible payment plans with terms of up to 12-months as a financing option for the Becker CPA Exam Review Course (see Note 9 “Financing Receivables”). In this case, payment is received after satisfying the performance obligation.

Revenue of $88.0 million was recognized during the first six months of fiscal year 2020 that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of fiscal year 2020. Revenue recognized from performance obligations that were satisfied or partially satisfied in prior periods was not material.

The difference between the opening and closing balances of deferred revenue includes decreases from revenue recognized during the period, increases from charges related to the start of academic terms beginning during the period, and increases from payments received related to academic terms commencing after the end of the reporting period.

Allowance for bad debts as of December 31, 2019, June 30, 2019, and December 31, 2018 were $17.0 million, $14.5 million, and $11.2 million, respectively.

Practical Expedients

As our performance obligations have an original expected duration of one year or less, we have applied the practical expedient (as provided in ASC 606-10-50-14) to not disclose the information in ASC 606-10-50-13, which requires disclosure of the amount of the transaction price allocated to our performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) as of the end of the reporting period and when the entity expects to recognize this amount as revenue. All consideration from contracts with customers is included in the transaction price.