2.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods.

Significant estimates and assumptions by management affect the Company’s revenue recognition for multiple element arrangements, allowance for doubtful accounts, the net realizable value of inventory, estimated fair value of cost method investments, valuations and purchase price allocations related to business combinations, expected future cash flows including growth rates, discount rates, terminal values and other assumptions and estimates used to evaluate the recoverability of long-lived assets, estimated fair values of intangible assets and goodwill, amortization methods and periods, warranty reserves, certain accrued expenses, stock-based compensation, fair value estimates of contingent consideration, contingent liabilities, tax reserves and recoverability of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and related valuation allowance.

Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, Repligen Sweden AB and Repligen Singapore Pte. Ltd. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Foreign Currency

The Company translates the assets and liabilities of its foreign subsidiary at rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates in effect during the reporting period. Translation adjustments including adjustments related to the Company’s intercompany loan with Repligen Sweden are remeasured at each period end and included in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Revenue Recognition

Product Sales

The Company’s revenue recognition policy is to recognize revenues from product sales and services in accordance with ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. These standards require that revenues are recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, product delivery, including customer acceptance, has occurred or services have been rendered, the price is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. Determination of whether these criteria have been met are based on management’s judgments primarily regarding the fixed nature of the fee charged for the product delivered and the collectability of those fees. The Company has a few longstanding customers who comprise the majority of revenue and have excellent payment histories and therefore the Company does not require collateral. The Company has had no significant write-offs of uncollectible invoices in the periods presented. When more than one element such as equipment, consumables, and services are contained in a single arrangement, the Company allocates revenue between the elements based on each element’s relative selling price, provided that each element meets the criteria for treatment as a separate unit of accounting. An item is considered a separate unit of accounting if it has value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The selling price of the undelivered elements is determined by the price charged when the element is sold separately, or in cases when the item is not sold separately, by third-party evidence of selling price or management’s best estimate of selling price.

The Company’s product revenues are from the sale of bioprocessing products, equipment devices, and related consumables used with these equipment devices to customers in the life science and biopharmaceutical industries. On product sales to end customers, revenue is recognized, net of discounts, when both the title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer, as determined by the shipping terms provided there are no uncertainties regarding acceptance, and all obligations have been completed. Generally, our product arrangements for equipment sales are multiple element arrangements, and may include services, such as installation and training, and multiple products, such as consumables and spare parts. In accordance with ASC 605-25, based on terms and conditions of the product arrangements, the Company believes that these services and undelivered products can be accounted for separately from the delivered product element as the delivered products have value to our customers on a standalone basis. Accordingly, revenue for services not yet performed at the time of product shipment are deferred and recognized as such services are performed. The relative selling price of any undelivered products is also deferred at the time of shipment and recognized as revenue when these products are delivered. For product sales to distributors, the Company recognizes revenue for both equipment and consumables upon delivery to the distributor unless direct shipment to the end user is requested. In this case, revenue is recognized upon delivery to the end user’s location. In general, distributors are responsible for shipment to the end customer along with installation, training and acceptance of the equipment by the end customer. Sales to distributors are not contingent upon resale of the product.

At the time of sale, the Company also evaluates the need to accrue for warranty and sales returns. The supply agreements the Company has with its customers and the related purchase orders identify the terms and conditions of each sale and the price of the goods ordered. Due to the nature of the sales arrangements, inventory produced for sale is tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Since the product is manufactured to order and in compliance with required specifications prior to shipment, the likelihood of sales return, warranty or other issues is largely diminished. Furthermore, there is no customer right of return in our sales agreements. Sales returns and warranty issues are infrequent and have not had a material impact on the Company’s financial statements historically.

Shipping and handling fees are recorded as a component of product revenue, with the associated costs recorded as a component of cost of product revenue.

The Scripps Research Institute

On April 6, 2007, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide commercial license agreement (“Scripps License Agreement”) with The Scripps Research Institute (“Scripps”). Pursuant to the License Agreement, the Company obtained a license to use, commercialize and sublicense certain patented technology and improvements thereon, owned or licensed by Scripps, relating to compounds that may have utility in treating Friedreich’s ataxia, an inherited neurodegenerative disease.

Pursuant to the Scripps License Agreement, the Company agreed to pay Scripps an initial license fee of $300,000, certain royalty and sublicense fees and, in the event that the Company achieved specified developmental and commercial milestones, certain additional milestone payments. Total future milestone payments, if all milestones had been achieved, would have been approximately $4,300,000. In addition, the Company issued Scripps and certain of its designees 87,464 shares of the Company’s common stock, which had a value of $300,000 on the date of issuance.

In connection with the Scripps License Agreement, the Company issued warrants to an individual at Scripps to purchase up to 150,000 shares of common stock. No expense has been recorded related to these warrants through December 31, 2014. During the year ending December 31, 2014, the warrant’s seven-year term expired.

As of January 2014, all rights and obligations have been transferred to BioMarin.

Sale of Intellectual Property to BioMarin

In January 2014, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “Asset Purchase Agreement”) with BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. (“BioMarin”) to sell Repligen’s histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) portfolio. Pursuant to the terms of the Asset Purchase Agreement, the Company received $2 million from BioMarin as an upfront payment on January 30, 2014 and a $125,675 payment on September 3, 2014 upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company is entitled to receive up to $160 million in potential future milestone payments for the development, regulatory approval and commercial sale of portfolio compounds included in the agreement. These potential milestone payments are approximately 37% related to clinical development and 63% related to initial commercial sales in specific geographies. In addition, Repligen is eligible to receive royalties on sales of therapeutic products originating from the HDACi portfolio. The royalty rates are tiered and begin in the mid-single-digits for the first HDACi portfolio product and for the first non-HDACi portfolio product with lesser amounts for any backup products developed under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Repligen’s receipt of these royalties is subject to customary offsets and deductions. There are no refund provisions in this agreement. The Company recognized $2.1 million of revenue in the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 related to the transfer of the HDACi technology under the Asset Purchase Agreement. Any milestones earned upon specified clinical development or commercial sales events or future royalty payments, under the Asset Purchase Agreement will be recognized as revenue when they are earned.

Activities under this agreement were evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represented a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identified the following deliverables in the BioMarin agreement:

•

The assignment by Repligen to BioMarin of the Repligen Technology (“Repligen Know-How” and “Repligen Patents”) and the Scripps Agreement (the “Transferred Assets”);

•

The transfer of certain notebooks, data, documents, biological materials (if any) and other such documents in our possession that might be useful to further development of the program (the “Technology Transfer”).

Two criteria must be met in order for a deliverable to be considered a separate unit of accounting. The first criterion requires that the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis. The second criterion, which relates to evaluating a general right of return, is not applicable because such a provision does not exist in the Asset Purchase Agreement. The deliverables outlined above were deemed to have stand-alone value and to meet the criteria to be accounted for as separate units of accounting. Factors considered in this determination included, among other things, BioMarin’s right under the agreement to assign the Transferred Assets, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if BioMarin could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the multiple-element arrangements guidance addresses how to allocate the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price.

The Company identified the arrangement consideration to allocate among the units of accounting as the $2.0 million non-refundable up-front payment and the $125,675 payment to be received upon completion of the Technology Transfer. The Company excluded the potential milestone payments provided for in the Asset Purchase Agreement from the arrangement consideration as they were not considered fixed or determinable at the time the Asset Purchase Agreement was signed. Because Repligen had not sold these items on a standalone basis previously, Repligen had no vendor-specific objective evidence of selling price. Furthermore, Repligen did not have detailed third-party evidence of selling price, and as a result we used our best estimate of selling price for each item. In determining these prices, Repligen considered what Repligen would be willing to sell the items for on a standalone basis, what the market would bear for such items and what another party might charge for these items.

The up-front arrangement consideration allocated to the Transferred Assets was recognized upon execution of the Asset Purchase Agreement as the risks and rewards associated with the Transferred Assets transferred at that time. The Company used a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the value of the Transferred Assets. Key assumptions in the analysis included: the estimated market size for a compound targeted at Friedreich’s ataxia, the estimated remaining costs of development and time to commercialization, and the probability of successfully developing and commercializing the program. Based on this analysis, the Company allocated $2,115,000 to the value of the Transferred Assets. However, as the recognized revenue is limited to the non-contingent consideration received, the Company recognized $2,000,000, the amount of the up-front payment, as revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2014.

The estimated selling price of the Technology Transfer items was approximately $300,000 resulting in consideration allocation of approximately $11,000. However, as this item was not delivered prior to March 31, 2014, the Company did not recognize any revenue related to the Technology Transfer in the three months ended March 31, 2014. Repligen received the payment and recognized $125,675 of other revenues in September 2014 upon completion of the Technology Transfer.

The Company believes that a change in the key assumptions used to determine best estimate of selling price for each of the deliverables would not have a significant effect on the allocation of arrangement consideration.

In addition to the $2.1 million up-front payment, the Company is also eligible to receive up to $160 million in potential milestone payments from BioMarin comprised of:

•

Up to $60 million related to the achievement of specified clinical and regulatory milestone events; and

•

Up to $100 million related to the achievement of specified commercial sales events, specifically the first commercial sale in specific territories.

The Company evaluated the potential milestones in accordance with ASC 605-28, which allows an entity to make an accounting policy election to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. This evaluation included an assessment of the risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone as well as whether the achievement of the milestone was due in part to our initial clinical work, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether a milestone satisfies all of the criteria required to conclude that a milestone is substantive. Milestones that are not considered substantive are recognized as earned if there are no remaining performance obligations or over the remaining period of performance, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.

The Company believes that the $60 million of specified clinical and regulatory milestone payments are substantive. Therefore, any such milestones achieved will be recognized as revenue when earned.

Any milestones achieved upon specified commercial sales events or future royalty payments are considered contingent revenue under the Asset Purchase Agreement, and will be recognized as revenue when they are earned as there are no undelivered elements remaining and no continuing performance obligations under the arrangement.

Sale of SecreFlo

On December 23, 2014, the Company sold its synthetic human secretin line, SecreFlo, to Innovate Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., or Innovate, pursuant to an asset purchase agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, Repligen received a nominal upfront payment and is eligible to receive royalties on net sales of qualified products for a period beginning on the first commercial sale of such product through the earlier of the expiration of the regulatory exclusivity period for the product or 10 years from its first commercial sale.

Pfizer License Agreement

In December 2012, the Company entered into an exclusive worldwide licensing agreement (the “License Agreement”) with Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”) to advance the spinal muscular atrophy program, or SMA program. Pursuant to the terms of the License Agreement, the Company received $5 million from Pfizer as an upfront payment on January 22, 2013, a $1 million milestone payment on September 4, 2013 and a $1 million milestone payment on December 28, 2014. On January 26, 2015 Pfizer notified the Company that they were terminating the License Agreement for convenience, effective as of April 26, 2015. The Company does not intend to invest additional resources to the development of the SMA program.

Orencia Royalty

In April 2008, the Company settled its outstanding litigation with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“Bristol”) and began recognizing royalty revenue in fiscal year 2009 for Bristol’s net sales in the United States of Orencia^® which is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The royalty agreement with Bristol provided that the Company would receive such royalty payments on sales of Orencia^® by Bristol through December 31, 2013. Pursuant to the settlement with Bristol (“Bristol Settlement”), the Company recognized royalty revenue of approximately $17,881,000 for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013. Revenue earned from Bristol royalties was recorded in the periods when it was earned based on royalty reports sent by Bristol to the Company. These royalty payments have ceased as of December 31, 2013, and the Company has no continuing obligations to Bristol as a result of this settlement.

Pursuant to the Bristol Settlement, Repligen remitted to the University of Michigan 15% of all royalty revenue received from Bristol. Royalty expense for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2013 was approximately $2,682,000. This operating expense was included in cost of royalty revenue in the Company’s statements of comprehensive income.

Therapeutics Licensing Agreements

Activities under licensing agreements are evaluated in accordance with ASC 605-25 to determine if they represent a multiple element revenue arrangement. The Company identifies the deliverables included within the agreement and evaluates which deliverables represent separate units of accounting. The Company accounts for those components as separate units of accounting if the following two criteria are met:

•

The delivered item or items have value to the customer on a stand-alone basis.

•

If there is a general right of return relative to the delivered items, delivery or performance of the undelivered items is considered probable and within our control.

Factors considered in this determination include, among other things, whether any other vendors sell the items separately and if the licensee could use the delivered item for its intended purpose without the receipt of the remaining deliverables. If multiple deliverables included in an arrangement are separable into different units of accounting, the Company allocates the arrangement consideration to those units of accounting. The amount of allocable arrangement consideration is limited to amounts that are fixed or determinable. Arrangement consideration is allocated at the inception of the arrangement to the identified units of accounting based on their relative selling price. Revenue is recognized for each unit of accounting when the appropriate revenue recognition criteria are met.

Future milestone payments, if any, under a license agreement will be recognized under the provisions of ASC 605-28, which the Company adopted on January 1, 2011. The Company has elected to recognize a payment that is contingent upon the achievement of a substantive milestone in its entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is substantive if:

•

It can only be achieved based in whole or in part on either (1) the Company’s performance or (2) on the occurrence of a specific outcome resulting from the Company’s performance;

•

There is substantive uncertainty at the date an arrangement is entered into that the event will be achieved; and

•

It would result in additional payments being due to the entity.

The commercial milestone payments and royalty payments received under license agreements, if any, will be recognized as revenue when they are earned.

Research and Development Agreements

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, the Company recognized $803,000 of revenue, respectively, from sponsored research and development projects under agreements with the National Institutes of Health / Scripps Research Institute, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Go Friedreich’s Ataxia Research, the European Friedrich’s Ataxia Consortium for Translational Studies, and the Friedreich’s Ataxia Research Alliance. The Company did not recognize any such revenue in the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Research revenue is recognized when the expense has been incurred and services have been performed. Determination of which costs incurred qualify for reimbursement under the terms of the Company’s contractual agreements and the timing of when such costs were incurred involves the judgment of management. The Company’s calculations are based upon the agreed-upon terms as stated in the arrangements. However, should the estimated calculations change or be challenged by other parties to the agreements, research revenue may be adjusted in subsequent periods. The calculations have not historically changed or been challenged and the Company does not anticipate any subsequent change in its revenue related to sponsored research and development projects.

There have been no material changes to the Company’s initial estimates related to revenue recognition in any periods presented in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Risks and Uncertainties

The Company evaluates its operations periodically to determine if any risks and uncertainties exist that could impact its operations in the near term. The Company does not believe that there are any significant risks which have not already been disclosed in the consolidated financial statements. A loss of certain suppliers could temporarily disrupt operations, although alternate sources of supply exist for these items. The Company has mitigated these risks by working closely with key suppliers, identifying alternate sources and developing contingency plans.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

At December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, the Company’s investments included money market funds as well as short-term and long-term marketable securities. Short-term marketable securities are investments with original maturities of greater than 90 days. Long-term marketable securities are securities with maturities of greater than one year at the original date of purchase. The average remaining contractual maturity of marketable securities at December 31, 2015 is approximately 5.8 months.

Investments in debt securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2015
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
Marketable securities:
U.S. Government and agency securities	$	7,029	$	—	$	(6	)	$	7,023
Corporate and other debt securities		10,659		7		(7	)		10,659

		17,688		7		(13	)		17,682
Long-term marketable securities:
U.S. Government and agency securities		838		—		(2	)		836
Corporate and other debt securities		800		—		(3	)		797

		1,638		—		(5	)		1,633

Total	$	19,326	$	7	$	(18	)	$	19,315

At December 31, 2015, the Company’s investments included thirty-four debt securities in unrealized loss positions with a total unrealized loss of approximately $19,000 and a total fair market value of approximately $12,520,000. All investments with gross unrealized losses have been in unrealized loss positions for less than 12 months. The unrealized losses were caused primarily by current economic and market conditions. There was no change in the credit risk of the securities. The Company does not intend to sell any investments in an unrealized loss position, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the investments before recovery of their amortized cost bases. There were no realized gains or losses on the investments for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Investments in debt securities consisted of the following at December 31, 2014 (in thousands):


	December 31, 2014
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gain		Gross Unrealized Loss			Fair Value
Marketable securities:
U.S. Government and agency securities	$	12,716	$	2	$	(2	)	$	12,716
Corporate and other debt securities		10,373		4		(3	)		10,374

		23,089		6		(5	)		23,090
Long-term marketable securities:
U.S. Government and agency securities		1,228		—		—			1,228
Corporate and other debt securities		2,326		—		(4	)		2,322

		3,554		—		(4	)		3,550

Total	$	26,643	$	6	$	(9	)	$	26,640

The contractual maturities of debt securities at December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands):


	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in 1 year or less	$	17,688	$	17,682
Due in 1 to 2 years		1,638		1,633

	$	19,326	$	19,315

Fair Value Measurement

In determining the fair value of its assets and liabilities, the Company uses various valuation approaches. The Company employs a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability and are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The fair value hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the source of inputs as follows:


Level 1	—	Valuations based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.
Level 2	—	Valuations based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active and models for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.
Level 3	—	Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The availability of observable inputs can vary among the various types of financial assets and liabilities. To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for financial statement disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is categorized is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the overall fair value measurement.

The Company’s fixed income investments are comprised of obligations of U.S. government agencies, corporate debt securities and other interest bearing securities. These investments have been initially valued at the transaction price and subsequently valued, at the end of each reporting period, utilizing third party pricing services or other market observable data. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income and market based approaches and observable market inputs to determine value. These observable market inputs include reportable trades, benchmark yields, credit spreads, broker/dealer quotes, bids, offers, current spot rates and other industry and economic events. The Company validates the prices provided by third party pricing services by reviewing their pricing methods and matrices, obtaining market values from other pricing sources, analyzing pricing data in certain instances and confirming that the relevant markets are active. After completing its validation procedures, the Company did not adjust or override any fair value measurements provided by the pricing services as of December 31, 2015.

The following fair value hierarchy table presents information about each major category of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 (in thousands):


	Fair value measurement at reporting date using:
	Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets (Level 1)		Significant other observable inputs (Level 2)		Significant unobservable inputs (Level 3)		Total
Assets:
Money market funds	$	12,685	$	—	$	—	$	12,685
U.S. Government and agency securities		7,456		402		—		7,858
Corporate and other debt securities		—		11,457		—		11,457

Total	$	20,141	$	11,859	$	—	$	32,000

Liabilities:
Contingent consideration – short-term		—		—		4,480		4,480
Contingent consideration – long-term		—		—		2,308		2,308

Total	$	—	$	—	$	6,788	$	6,788

As of December 31, 2015, the Company has no other assets or liabilities for which fair value measurement is either required or has been elected to be applied, other than the liabilities for contingent consideration recorded in connection with the acquisition of the assets of BioFlash Partners, LLC (“BioFlash”) and the Refine Acquisition. The contingent consideration related to BioFlash is valued using management’s estimates of royalties to be paid to the former shareholders of BioFlash based on sales of the acquired assets. The contingent consideration related to the Refine Acquisition is valued using management’s estimates of expected future milestone payments based on forecasted sales of the acquired assets and portion of any receipts that might be received in connection with the resolution, withdrawal or settlement of certain patent disputes with a third party to be paid to the former shareholders of Refine. These valuations are Level 3 valuations as the primary inputs are unobservable.

The following tables provide quantitative information associated with the fair value measurement of the Company’s contingent consideration related to Refine using Level 3 inputs (in thousands):


		Contingent Consideration
		Refine
Fair value as of December 31, 2015		$ 6,369
Valuation technique		Probability-adjusted discounted cash flow
Periods in which milestones can be achieved		2015 – 2016


	Fixed Earn-out		Variable Earn-out		Accrued Balance
2015	$	3,500		850	$	4,350
2016		4,250		1,300		2,019

The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of Refine’s contingent consideration are the probabilities of successful achievement of sales milestones. Significant increases or decreases in estimated Refine sales would result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement, respectively.

Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration in fiscal 2015 are primarily attributable to an increase to the expected Refine milestone payment of $4,048,000 related to 2015 sales and forecasted 2016 sales, a $1,000,000 milestone payment made to Refine related to 2014 sales, a $110,000 minimum royalty payment made to BioFlash, and a final milestone payment made to Novozymes Biopharma DK A/S of 25,000 Euros (approximately $29,000). All milestone payments made in 2015 were previously accrued. The following table provides a rollforward of the fair value of the contingent consideration (in thousands):


Balance at December 31, 2014	$	3,844
Payments		(1,139	)
Changes in fair value		4,083

Balance at December 31, 2015	$	6,788

There were no remeasurements to fair value during the year ended December 31, 2015 of financial assets and liabilities that are not measured at fair value on a recurring basis.

Inventories

Inventories relate to the Company’s bioprocessing business. The Company values inventory at cost or, if lower, fair market value, using the first-in, first-out method. The Company reviews its inventories at least quarterly and records a provision for excess and obsolete inventory based on its estimates of expected sales volume, production capacity and expiration dates of raw materials, work-in-process and finished products. Expected sales volumes are determined based on supply forecasts provided by key customers for the next 3 to 12 months. The Company writes down inventory that has become obsolete, inventory that has a cost basis in excess of its expected net realizable value, and inventory in excess of expected requirements to cost of product revenue. Manufacturing of bioprocessing finished goods is done to order and tested for quality specifications prior to shipment. Reserves for excess and obsolete inventory were $343,000 and $78,000 as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The reserve balance at December 31, 2015 and 2014 is sufficient to cover excess or obsolete inventory for the consolidated Company.

A change in the estimated timing or amount of demand for the Company’s products could result in additional provisions for excess inventory quantities on hand. Any significant unanticipated changes in demand or unexpected quality failures could have a significant impact on the value of inventory and reported operating results. During all periods presented in the accompanying financial statements, there have been no material adjustments related to a revised estimate of inventory valuations.

Work-in-process and finished products inventories consist of material, labor, outside processing costs and manufacturing overhead.

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):


	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
Raw Materials	$	10,671	$	5,374
Work-in-process		1,586		2,256
Finished products		5,741		4,754

Total	$	17,998	$	12,384

Accrued Liabilities

The Company estimates accrued liabilities by identifying services performed on the Company’s behalf, estimating the level of service performed and determining the associated cost incurred for such service as of each balance sheet date. For example, the Company would accrue for professional and consulting fees incurred with law firms, audit and accounting service providers and other third party consultants. These expenses are determined by either requesting those service providers to estimate unbilled services at each reporting date for services incurred or tracking costs incurred by service providers under fixed fee arrangements.

The Company has processes in place to estimate the appropriate amounts to record for accrued liabilities, which principally involve the applicable personnel reviewing the services provided. In the event that the Company does not identify certain costs that have begun to be incurred or the Company under or over-estimates the level of services performed or the costs of such services, the reported expenses for that period may be too low or too high. The date on which certain services commence, the level of services performed on or before a given date, and the cost of such services often require the exercise of judgment. The Company makes these judgments based upon the facts and circumstances known at the date of the financial statements.

Income Taxes

Deferred taxes are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Valuation allowances are provided, if, based upon the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. The Company evaluates this tax position on a quarterly basis. The Company also accrues for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Property, Plant & Equipment

Property, Plant & Equipment is recorded at cost less allowances for depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset as follows:


Classification		Estimated Useful Life
Leasehold improvements		Shorter of the term of the lease or estimated useful life
Equipment		Three to eight years
Furniture and fixtures		Three to eight years

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing net income available to common shareholders by the weighted-average number of common shares and dilutive common share equivalents then outstanding. Potential common share equivalents consist of restricted stock awards and the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and warrants. Under the treasury stock method, unexercised “in-the-money” stock options are assumed to be exercised at the beginning of the period or at issuance, if later. The assumed proceeds are then used to purchase common shares at the average market price during the period. Share-based payment awards that entitle their holders to receive non-forfeitable dividends before vesting are considered participating securities and are included in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share.

A reconciliation of basic and diluted share amounts is as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2015		2014		2013
Numerator:
Net income	$	9,345,000	$	8,170,000	$	16,093,000
Denominator:
Basic weighted average common shares outstanding		32,881,940		32,497,657		31,667,015
Weighted average common stock equivalents from assumed exercise of stock options and restricted stock awards		695,151		766,010		739,626

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding		33,577,091		33,263,667		32,406,641

Basic net income per common share	$	0.28	$	0.25	$	0.51

Diluted net income per common share	$	0.28	$	0.25	$	0.50

At December 31, 2015, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,240,935 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $10.44 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, 196,209 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

At December 31, 2014, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,225,117 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $8.31 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, 307,475 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

At December 31, 2013, there were outstanding options to purchase 1,610,988 shares of the Company’s common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $5.07 per share. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, 187,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise prices of the stock options were greater than or equal to the average price of the common shares, and were therefore anti-dilutive.

Segment Reporting

The Company views its operations, makes decisions regarding how to allocate resources and manages its business as one operating segment. As a result, the financial information disclosed herein represents all of the material financial information related to the Company’s principal operating segment.

The following table represents the Company’s total revenue by geographic area (based on the location of the customer):


	Years ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Sweden		37	%		38	%		35	%
United States		28	%		33	%		51	%
United Kingdom		17	%		20	%		12	%
Other		18	%		9	%		2	%

Total		100	%		100	%		100	%

The following table represents the Company’s total assets by geographic area (in thousands):


	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
United States	$	91,881	$	83,785
Sweden		54,313		44,508
Singapore		43		—

Total	$	146,237	$	128,293

The following table represents the Company’s long-lived assets by geographic area (in thousands):


	December 31, 2015		December 31, 2014
United States	$	36,350	$	38,695
Sweden		6,635		8,653

Total	$	42,985	$	47,348

There were no long-lived assets in Singapore as of December 31, 2015 and 2014.

Concentrations of Credit Risk and Significant Customers

Financial instruments that subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk primarily consist of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and accounts receivable. Per the Company’s investment policy, cash equivalents and marketable securities are invested in financial instruments with high credit ratings and credit exposure to any one issue, issuer (with the exception of U.S. treasury obligations) and type of instrument is limited. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had no investments associated with foreign exchange contracts, options contracts or other foreign hedging arrangements.

Concentration of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable is limited to customers to whom the Company makes significant sales. While a reserve for the potential write-off of accounts receivable is maintained, the Company has not written off any significant accounts to date. To control credit risk, the Company performs regular credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition.

Revenue from significant customers as a percentage of the Company’s total revenue is as follows:


	Years ended December 31,
	2015			2014			2013
Orencia^® Royalties from Bristol		—			—			27	%
GE Healthcare		37	%		38	%		35	%
MilliporeSigma		29	%		33	%		25	%

Significant accounts receivable balances as a percentage of the Company’s total trade accounts receivable and royalties and other receivable balances are as follows:


	December 31, 2015			December 31, 2014
GE Healthcare		13	%		29	%
MilliporeSigma		32	%		7	%
Bioprocessing Customer C		21	%		—
Bioprocessing Customer D		—			11	%

Goodwill, Other Intangible Assets and Acquisitions

Acquisitions

Total consideration transferred for acquisitions is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, if any, based on their fair values at the dates of acquisition. The fair value of identifiable intangible assets is based on detailed valuations that use information and assumptions determined by management. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. Any excess of the fair value of the net tangible and intangible assets acquired over the purchase price is recognized in the statement of operations. The fair value of contingent consideration includes estimates and judgments made by management regarding the probability that future contingent payments will be made and the extent of royalties to be earned in excess of the defined minimum royalties. Management updates these estimates and the related fair value of contingent consideration at each reporting period. Changes in the fair value of contingent consideration are recorded in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company uses the income approach to determine the fair value of certain identifiable intangible assets including customer relationships and developed technology. This approach determines fair value by estimating after-tax cash flows attributable to these assets over their respective useful lives and then discounting these after-tax cash flows back to a present value. The Company bases its assumptions on estimates of future cash flows, expected growth rates, expected trends in technology, etc. Discount rates used to arrive at a present value as of the date of acquisition are based on the time value of money and certain industry-specific risk factors.

Goodwill

Goodwill is not amortized and is reviewed for impairment at least annually. There was no evidence of impairment to goodwill at December 31, 2015. There were no goodwill impairment charges during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets are amortized over their useful lives using the estimated economic benefit method, as applicable, and the amortization expense is recorded within cost of product revenue and selling, general and administrative expense in the statements of operations. Intangible assets and their related useful lives are reviewed at least annually to determine if any adverse conditions exist that would indicate the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. More frequent impairment assessments are conducted if certain conditions exist, including a change in the competitive landscape, any internal decisions to pursue new or different technology strategies, a loss of a significant customer, or a significant change in the marketplace, including changes in the prices paid for our products or changes in the size of the market for our products. If impairment indicators are present, the Company determines whether the underlying intangible asset is recoverable through estimated future undiscounted cash flows. If the asset is not found to be recoverable, it is written down to the estimated fair value of the asset based on the sum of the future discounted cash flows expected to result from the use and disposition of the asset. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life is changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company continues to believe that its intangible assets are recoverable at December 31, 2015.

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2015 (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)
Technology – developed	$	3,295	$	(1,026	)		12
In process research and development		1,600		—			—
Patents		240		(177	)		8
Customer relationships		11,805		(3,682	)		9
Trademark/ tradename		700		—			—

Total intangible assets	$	17,640	$	(4,885	)		10

Intangible assets consisted of the following at December 31, 2014 (in thousands):


	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Weighted Average Useful Life (in years)
Technology – developed	$	3,338	$	(750	)		12
In process research and development		1,600		—			—
Patents		240		(148	)		8
Customer relationships		12,202		(2,546	)		9
Trademark/ tradename		700		—			—

Total intangible assets	$	18,080	$	(3,444	)		10

Amortization expense for amortized intangible assets was approximately $1,600,000, $1,425,000 and $1,022,000 for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, the Company expects to record the approximate amortization expense (in thousands):


Years Ending	Amortization Expense
December 31, 2016	$	1,701
December 31, 2017		1,701
December 31, 2018		1,537
December 31, 2019		1,522
December 31, 2020		1,189

Stock Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes it as expense over the employee’s requisite service period on a straight-line basis. The Company records the expense for share-based awards subject to performance-based milestone vesting over the remaining service period when management determines that achievement of the milestone is probable. Management evaluates whether the achievement of a performance-based milestone is probable as of the reporting date. The Company has no awards that are subject to market conditions. The Company recognizes stock-based compensation expense based upon options that are ultimately expected to vest, and accordingly, such compensation expense has been adjusted by an amount of estimated forfeitures.

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to calculate the fair value of share-based awards on the grant date. The following assumptions are used in calculating the fair value of share-based awards:

Expected term—The expected term of options granted represents the period of time for which the options are expected to be outstanding. For purposes of estimating the expected term, the Company has aggregated all individual option awards into one group as the Company does not expect substantial differences in exercise behavior among its employees.

Expected volatility—The expected volatility is a measure of the amount by which the Company’s stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of options granted. The Company determines the expected volatility based primarily upon the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock over a period commensurate with the option’s expected term.

Risk-free interest rate—The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the option’s expected term on the grant date.

Expected dividend yield—The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on any of its capital stock and does not expect to do so in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the Company uses an expected dividend yield of zero to calculate the grant-date fair value of a stock option.

Estimated forfeiture rates—The Company has applied, based on an analysis of its historical forfeitures, annual forfeiture rates of 8% for awards granted to non-executive level employees, 3% for awards granted to executive level employees and 0% for awards granted to non-employee members of the Board of Directors to all unvested stock options as of December 31, 2014. The Company reevaluates this analysis periodically and adjusts these estimated forfeiture rates as necessary. Ultimately, the Company will only recognize expense for those shares that vest.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (Topic 606), which supersedes all existing revenue recognition requirements, including most industry-specific guidance. The new standard requires the Company to recognize revenue when it transfers goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration that the Company expects to receive for those goods or services. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delayed the effective date of the new standard from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2018. The FASB also agreed to allow entities to choose to adopt the standard as of the original effective date. The Company has not yet determined which adoption method it will utilize or the effect that the adoption of this guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-11, “Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory,” (“ASU 2015-11”). ASU 2015-11 requires inventory be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value, and options that currently exist for market value be eliminated. ASU 2015-11 defines net realizable value as estimated selling prices in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The guidance is effective prospectively for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016 and interim periods within those fiscal years with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of ASU 2015-11 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In September 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-16, “Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments.” The new standard requires that an acquirer recognize adjustments to provisional amounts that are identified during the measurement period in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined and sets forth new disclosure requirements related to the adjustments. The new standard will be effective on January 1, 2016. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-17, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes.” The new standard requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The Company adopted this standard as of December 31, 2015 with prospective application; accordingly, the Company reclassified all current deferred tax assets and liabilities to noncurrent on its consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2015, which resulted in an immaterial reclassification of current deferred tax assets to other long-term liabilities. Prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted upon adoption of this new standard.