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Derivative Instruments
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities Disclosure [Abstract]  
Derivative Instruments DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS
NW Natural
NW Natural enters into financial derivative contracts to hedge a portion of the NGD segment's natural gas sales requirements. These contracts include swaps, options, and option combinations. These derivative financial instruments are primarily used to manage commodity price variability. A small portion of NW Natural's derivative hedging strategy involves foreign currency forward contracts.

NW Natural enters into these financial derivatives, up to prescribed limits, primarily to hedge price variability related to term physical gas supply contracts. The foreign currency forward contracts are used to hedge the fluctuation in foreign currency exchange rates for pipeline demand charges paid in Canadian dollars.

In the normal course of business, NW Natural also enters into indexed-price physical forward natural gas commodity purchase contracts and options to meet the requirements of NGD customers. These contracts qualify for regulatory deferral accounting treatment.

Notional Amounts
The following table presents the absolute notional amounts related to open positions on NW Natural derivative instruments:
September 30,December 31,
In thousands202320222022
Natural gas (in therms):
Financial1,080,345 1,006,665 852,435 
Physical749,838 672,350 463,254 
Foreign exchange$10,483 $9,905 $7,617 

Purchased Gas Adjustment (PGA)
Rates and hedging approaches may vary between states due to different rate structures and mechanisms. Under the PGA mechanism in Oregon, derivatives entered into by NW Natural for the procurement or hedging of natural gas for future gas years generally receive regulatory deferral accounting treatment. In general, commodity hedging for the current gas year is completed prior to the start of the gas year, and hedge prices are reflected in the weighted-average cost of gas in the PGA filing. Hedge contracts entered into after the start of the PGA period are subject to the PGA incentive sharing mechanism in Oregon. Under the PGA mechanism in Washington, NW Natural incorporates a risk-responsive hedging strategy, and receives regulatory deferral accounting treatment for its Washington gas supplies.

NW Natural entered the 2022-23 gas year with forecasted sales volume hedged at approximately 84% in total, including 67% in financial hedges and 17% in physical gas supplies.The total hedged for Oregon was approximately 85%, including 67% in financial hedges and 18% in physical gas supplies. The total hedged for Washington was approximately 79%, including 66% in financial hedges and 13% in physical gas supplies.
Unrealized and Realized Gain/Loss
The following table reflects the income statement presentation for the unrealized gains and losses from NW Natural's derivative instruments:

Three Months Ended September 30,
20232022
In thousandsNatural gas commodityForeign ExchangeNatural gas commodityForeign Exchange
Benefit (expense) to cost of gas$14,516 $(276)$(11,626)$(455)
Operating revenues (expense)— — — — 
Amounts deferred to regulatory accounts on balance sheet
(14,516)276 11,626 455 
Total gain (loss) in pre-tax earnings$— $— $— $— 

Nine Months Ended September 30,
20232022
In thousandsNatural gas commodityForeign exchangeNatural gas commodityForeign exchange
Benefit (expense) to cost of gas$(58,741)$(95)$32,827 $(528)
Operating revenues (expense)— — — — 
Amounts deferred to regulatory accounts on balance sheet58,741 95 (32,827)528 
Total gain (loss) in pre-tax earnings$— $— $— $— 

Unrealized Gain/Loss
Outstanding derivative instruments related to regulated NGD operations are deferred in accordance with regulatory accounting standards. The cost of foreign currency forward and natural gas derivative contracts are recognized immediately in the cost of gas; however, costs above or below the amount embedded in the current year PGA are subject to a regulatory deferral tariff and therefore, are recorded as a regulatory asset or liability.

Realized Gain/Loss
NW Natural realized net losses of $7.5 million and net gains of $145.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, respectively, from the settlement of natural gas financial derivative contracts, whereas, net gains of $16.9 million and $74.0 million were realized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, respectively. Realized gains and losses offset the higher or lower cost of gas purchased, resulting in no incremental amounts to collect or refund to customers.

Credit Risk Management of Financial Derivatives Instruments
No collateral was posted with or by NW Natural counterparties as of September 30, 2023 or 2022. NW Natural attempts to minimize the potential exposure to collateral calls by diversifying counterparties and using credit limits to manage liquidity risk. Counterparties generally allow a certain credit limit threshold before requiring NW Natural to post collateral against unrealized loss positions. Given NW Natural's credit ratings, counterparty credit limits and portfolio diversification, it was not subject to collateral calls in 2023 or 2022. The collateral call exposure is set forth under credit support agreements, which generally contain credit limits. NW Natural could also be subject to collateral call exposure where it has agreed to provide adequate assurance, which is not specific as to the amount of credit limit allowed but could potentially require additional collateral posting by NW Natural in the event of a material adverse change.

NW Natural's financial derivative instruments are subject to master netting arrangements; however, they are presented on a gross basis in the consolidated balance sheets. NW Natural and its counterparties have the ability to set-off obligations to each other under specified circumstances. Such circumstances may include a defaulting party, a credit change due to a merger affecting either party, or any other termination event.

If netted by its counterparties, NW Natural's physical and financial derivative position would result in an asset of $10.1 million and a liability of $48.1 million as of September 30, 2023, an asset of $40.8 million and a liability of $8.5 million as of September 30, 2022, and an asset of $153.3 million and a liability of $3.6 million as of December 31, 2022.

NW Natural is exposed to derivative credit and liquidity risk primarily through securing fixed price natural gas commodity swaps and interest rate swaps with financial counterparties. NW Natural utilizes master netting arrangements with International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA) contracts to minimize these risks including ISDA Credit Support Agreements with counterparties based on their credit ratings. Additionally, NW Natural uses counterparty, industry, sector and country diversification to minimize credit risk. In certain cases, NW Natural may require counterparties to post collateral, guarantees, or letters of credit to maintain its minimum credit requirement standards or for liquidity management purposes. See Note 15 in the 2022 Form 10-K for additional information.
Fair Value
In accordance with fair value accounting, NW Natural includes non-performance risk in calculating fair value adjustments. This includes a credit risk adjustment based on the credit spreads of NW Natural counterparties when in an unrealized gain position, or on NW Natural's own credit spread when it is in an unrealized loss position. The inputs in our valuation models include natural gas futures, volatility, credit default swap spreads and interest rates. Additionally, the assessment of non-performance risk is generally derived from the credit default swap market and from bond market credit spreads. The impact of the credit risk adjustment for all financial derivatives outstanding to the fair value calculation was $0.3 million, which decreased the liability at September 30, 2023. The net fair value was a liability of $38.0 million, an asset of $32.3 million, and an asset of $149.7 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, and December 31, 2022, respectively. No Level 3 inputs were used in our derivative valuations during the nine months ended September 30, 2023, and 2022. See Note 2 in the 2022 Form 10-K.

NW Holdings
NW Holdings and NWN Water entered into interest rate swap agreements with major financial institutions that effectively converted variable-rate debt to a fixed rate. Interest payments made between the effective date and expiration date are hedged by the swap agreements. The notional amount, effective date, expiration date and benchmark rate of the swap agreements are shown in the table below:

In millionsNotional AmountEffective DateExpiration DateFixed Rate
NW Holdings$100.0 1/17/20233/15/20244.7 %
NWN Water$55.0 1/19/20236/10/20263.8 %

Unrealized gains and losses related to these interest rate swap agreements are recorded in AOCI on the consolidated balance sheet and totaled $1.1 million and $0.1 million, net of tax, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no amounts reclassified from AOCI to net income during the nine months ended September 30, 2023.