Significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 of the 2020 Form 10-K. There were no material changes to those accounting policies during the three months ended March 31, 2021 other than those set forth in this Note 2. The following are current updates to certain critical accounting policy estimates and new accounting standards.

In applying regulatory accounting principles, NW Holdings and NW Natural capitalize or defer certain costs and revenues as regulatory assets and liabilities pursuant to orders of the Oregon Public Utilities Commission (OPUC), Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission (WUTC), Idaho Public Utilities Commission (IPUC) or Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT), which provide for the recovery of revenues or expenses from, or refunds to, utility customers in future periods, including a return or a carrying charge in certain cases.


	Regulatory Assets
	March 31,				December 31,
In thousands	2021		2020		2020
NW Natural:
Current:
Unrealized loss on derivatives(1)	$	1,038	$	4,845	$	4,198
Gas costs	21,851		10,898		1,979
Environmental costs(2)	5,396		4,459		4,992
Decoupling(3)	4		610		361
Pension balancing(4)	7,131		6,794		7,131
Income taxes	2,273		3,576		3,484
Other(5)	10,096		6,633		9,600
Total current	$	47,789	$	37,815	$	31,745
Non-current:
Unrealized loss on derivatives(1)	$	1,272	$	939	$	2,852
Pension balancing(4)	41,111		46,031		43,383
Income taxes	13,895		16,354		15,368
Pension and other postretirement benefit liabilities	165,598		168,676		170,812
Environmental costs(2)	84,977		82,491		90,623
Gas costs	11,242		350		3,925
Decoupling(3)	2		—		1,031
Other(5)	20,555		13,183		20,893
Total non-current	$	338,652	$	328,024	$	348,887
Other (NW Holdings)	40		—		40
Total non-current - NW Holdings	$	338,692	$	328,024	$	348,927


	Regulatory Liabilities
	March 31,				December 31,
In thousands	2021		2020		2020
NW Natural:
Current:
Gas costs	$	2,575	$	4,046	$	1,118
Unrealized gain on derivatives(1)	19,914		2,257		13,674
Decoupling(3)	10,134		11,203		11,793
Income taxes	8,217		7,522		8,217
Asset optimization revenue sharing	35,878		17,241		10,298
Other(5)	4,596		4,868		5,262
Total current	$	81,314	$	47,137	$	50,362
Non-current:
Gas costs	$	634	$	1,328	$	314
Unrealized gain on derivatives(1)	3,087		2,451		6,135
Decoupling(3)	2,652		4,784		1,723
Income taxes(6)	182,511		192,644		189,587
Accrued asset removal costs(7)	434,489		408,212		427,960
Other(5)	12,142		12,956		13,074
Total non-current - NW Natural	$	635,515	$	622,375	$	638,793
Other (NW Holdings)	869		844		870
Total non-current - NW Holdings	$	636,384	$	623,219	$	639,663

(1)Unrealized gains or losses on derivatives are non-cash items and therefore do not earn a rate of return or a carrying charge. These amounts are recoverable through NGD rates as part of the annual Purchased Gas Adjustment (PGA) mechanism when realized at settlement.

We believe all costs incurred and deferred at March 31, 2021 are prudent. All regulatory assets and liabilities are reviewed annually for recoverability, or more often if circumstances warrant. If we should determine that all or a portion of these regulatory assets or liabilities no longer meet the criteria for continued application of regulatory accounting, then NW Holdings and NW Natural would be required to write-off the net unrecoverable balances in the period such determination is made.

Restricted cash is primarily comprised of funds from public purpose charges for programs that assist low-income customers with bill payments or energy efficiency. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform prior period information to the current presentation.


	March 31,				December 31,
In thousands	2021		2020		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	17,907	$	471,079	$	30,168
Restricted cash included in other current assets	7,605		4,785		5,286
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	25,512	$	475,864	$	35,454


	March 31,				December 31,
In thousands	2021		2020		2020
Cash and cash equivalents	$	10,418	$	432,255	$	10,453
Restricted cash included in other current assets	7,605		4,785		5,286
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	18,023	$	437,040	$	15,739

Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due for natural gas sales and transportation services to NGD customers, plus amounts due for gas storage services. NW Holdings and NW Natural establish allowances for uncollectible accounts (allowance) for trade receivables, including accrued unbilled revenue, based on the aging of receivables, collection experience of past due account balances including payment plans, and historical trends of write-offs as a percent of revenues. A specific allowance is established and recorded for large individual customer receivables when amounts are identified as unlikely to be partially or fully recovered. Inactive accounts are written-off against the allowance after they are 120 days past due or when deemed uncollectible. Differences between the estimated allowance and actual write-offs will occur based on a number of factors, including changes in economic conditions, customer creditworthiness, and natural gas prices. The allowance for uncollectible accounts is adjusted quarterly, as necessary, based on information currently available.

Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due for natural gas sales and transportation services to NGD customers and amounts due for gas storage services. The payment term of these receivables is generally 15 days. For these short-term receivables, it is not expected that forecasted economic conditions would significantly affect the loss estimates under stable economic conditions. For extreme situations like a financial crisis, natural disaster, and the economic slowdown caused by pandemics like COVID-19, we enhance our review and analysis.

After considering the significant exposure to quarantine-related job losses in Oregon and Washington state, NW Holdings and NW Natural expanded our standard review procedures for our allowance for uncollectible accounts calculation, including analyzing the significant indications of unemployment rate and comparing to historic economic data during the 2007-2009 time period when the country experienced an economic recession. We then considered other qualitative information including recent customer interactions related to payment plans and credit issues, statistics from our website related to credit inquiries, and economic stimulus provided by the federal government which could have a beneficial impact on residential and commercial customers' abilities to ultimately make payment on their accounts. Our provision calculation for residential accounts is estimated

based on the factors noted above including a review of percentage of accounts with no payment received for 90 or more days. For commercial accounts, we have resumed normal collection processes and our provision is based on historical write-off trends and current information on delinquent accounts. For industrial accounts, we continue to analyze those accounts on an account-by-account basis with specific reserves taken as necessary.


	As of						As of
	December 31, 2020		Three Months Ended March 31, 2021				March 31, 2021
In thousands	Beginning Balance		Provision recorded, net of adjustments		Write-offs recognized, net of recoveries		Ending Balance(1)
Allowance for uncollectible accounts:
Residential	$	2,153	$	801	$	(156)	$	2,798
Commercial	704		(171)		(144)		389
Industrial	142		(59)		3		86
Accrued unbilled and other	220		22		(12)		230
Total	$	3,219	$	593	$	(309)	$	3,503

NW Natural currently holds two net investments in sales-type leases, with substantially all of the net investment balance related to the North Mist natural gas storage agreement with Portland General Electric (PGE) which is billed under an OPUC-approved rate schedule. See Note 6 for more information on the North Mist lease. Due to the nature of this service, PGE may recover the costs of the lease through general rate cases. Therefore, we expect the risk of loss due to the credit of this lessee to be remote. As such, no allowance for uncollectability was recorded for our sales-type lease receivables. NW Natural will continue monitoring the credit health of the lessees and the overall economic environment, including the economic factors closely tied to the financial health of our current and future lessees.

During 2020, our regulated utilities received approval in their respective jurisdictions to defer certain financial impacts associated with COVID-19 such as bad debt expense, financing costs to secure liquidity, lost revenues related to late fees and reconnection fees, and other COVID-19 related costs, net of offsetting direct expense reductions associated with COVID-19. As of March 31, 2021, we deferred to a regulatory asset approximately $5.0 million for incurred costs associated with COVID-19 that we believe are recoverable.

We consider the applicability and impact of all accounting standards updates (ASUs) issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). ASUs not listed below were assessed and determined to be either not applicable or are expected to have minimal impact on NW Holdings' or NW Natural's consolidated financial position or results of operations.

INCOME TAXES. On December 18, 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes." The purpose of the amendment is to reduce cost and complexity related to accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles and improving consistent application for other areas in Topic 740. The amendments in this ASU were effective beginning January 1, 2021. The amended presentation and disclosure guidance was applied retrospectively. The adoption did not materially affect the financial statements and disclosures of NW Holdings or NW Natural.

REFERENCE RATE REFORM. On March 12, 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." The purpose of the amendment is to provide optional expedients and exceptions for applying generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions affected by reference rate reform if certain criteria are met. The amendments in this ASU apply only to contracts, hedging relationships, and other transactions that reference LIBOR or another reference rate expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform.