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SIGNIFCANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Policies)
12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2013
Notes To Consolidated Financial Statements [Abstract]  
Organization Consolidation And Presentation Of Financial Statements Disclosure Text Block

The consolidated financial statements of NU, NSTAR Electric and PSNH include the accounts of each of their respective subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements of NU, NSTAR Electric and PSNH and the financial statements of CL&P and WMECO are herein collectively referred to as the "financial statements."

 

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

 

NU's consolidated financial information includes NSTAR and its subsidiaries' results of operations beginning April 10, 2012. The information disclosed for NSTAR Electric represents its results of operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011 presented on a comparable basis. NU did not apply "push-down accounting" to NSTAR Electric, whereby the adjustments of assets and liabilities to fair value and the resultant goodwill would be shown on the financial statements of the acquired subsidiary.

 

NU consolidates CYAPC and YAEC as CL&P's, NSTAR Electric's, PSNH's and WMECO's combined ownership interest in each of these entities is greater than 50 percent. Intercompany transactions between CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO and the CYAPC and YAEC companies have been eliminated in consolidation of the NU financial statements. For CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO, the investments in CYAPC and YAEC continue to be accounted for under the equity method. See Note 1J, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies – Equity Method Investments," for further information.

 

NU's utility subsidiaries are subject to the application of accounting guidance for entities with rate-regulated operations that considers the effect of regulation resulting from differences in the timing of the recognition of certain revenues and expenses from those of other businesses and industries. NU's utility subsidiaries' energy delivery business is subject to rate-regulation that is based on cost recovery and meets the criteria for application of rate-regulated accounting. See Note 3, "Regulatory Accounting," for further information.

 

Certain reclassifications of prior year data were made in the accompanying balance sheets for NU, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO and the statements of cash flows for all companies presented. These reclassifications were made to conform to the current year presentation.

 

In accordance with accounting guidance on noncontrolling interests in consolidated financial statements, the Preferred Stock of CL&P and the Preferred Stock of NSTAR Electric, which are not owned by NU or its consolidated subsidiaries and are not subject to mandatory redemption, have been presented as noncontrolling interests in the financial statements of NU.  The Preferred Stock of CL&P and the Preferred Stock of NSTAR Electric are considered to be temporary equity and have been classified between liabilities and permanent shareholders' equity on the balance sheets of NU, CL&P and NSTAR Electric due to a provision in the preferred stock agreements of both CL&P and NSTAR Electric that grant preferred stockholders the right to elect a majority of the CL&P and NSTAR Electric Board of Directors, respectively, should certain conditions exist, such as if preferred dividends are in arrears for a specified amount of time.  The Net Income reported in the statements of income and cash flows represents net income prior to apportionment to noncontrolling interests, which is represented by dividends on preferred stock of CL&P and NSTAR Electric.

 

Receivables Policy Text Block

NU, including CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO, presents its receivables at net realizable value by maintaining a provision for uncollectible amounts. This provision is determined based upon a variety of factors, including applying an estimated uncollectible account percentage to each receivable aging category, based upon historical collection and write-off experience and management's assessment of collectibility from individual customers. Management assesses the collectibility of receivables, and if circumstances change, collectibility estimates are adjusted accordingly. Receivable balances are written off against the provision for uncollectible accounts when the accounts are terminated and these balances are deemed to be uncollectible.

 

Fair Value Of Financial Instruments Policy

H.       Fair Value Measurements

Fair value measurement guidance is applied to derivative contracts that are not elected or designated as normal purchases or normal sales” (normal) and to the marketable securities held in trusts. Fair value measurement guidance is also applied to investment valuations used to calculate the funded status of pension and PBOP plans and nonrecurring fair value measurements of nonfinancial assets such as goodwill and AROs.

 

Fair Value Hierarchy: In measuring fair value, NU uses observable market data when available and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs. Inputs used in fair value measurements are categorized into three fair value hierarchy levels for disclosure purposes. The entire fair value measurement is categorized based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. NU evaluates the classification of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a quarterly basis, and NU's policy is to recognize transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

 

Level 1 - Inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date.  Active markets are those in which transactions for the asset or liability occur in sufficient frequency and volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.

 

Level 2 - Inputs are quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable.

 

Level 3 - Quoted market prices are not available. Fair value is derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or assumptions are unobservable. Where possible, valuation techniques incorporate observable market inputs that can be validated to external sources such as industry exchanges, including prices of energy and energy-related products.

 

Determination of Fair Value: The valuation techniques and inputs used in NU's fair value measurements are described in Note 2, "Merger of NU and NSTAR," Note 5, "Derivative Instruments," Note 6, "Marketable Securities," Note 7, "Asset Retirement Obligations," and Note 14, "Fair Value of Financial Instruments," to the financial statements.

 

Certain of NSTAR's stock-based compensation awards, including deferred shares, performance shares and all outstanding stock options, were replaced with NU awards using the exchange ratio upon consummation of the merger. In accordance with accounting guidance for business combinations, the portion of the fair value of these awards attributable to service provided prior to the merger was included in the purchase price as it represented consideration transferred in the merger. See Note 10D, "Employee Benefits – Share-Based Payments," for further information.

 

Purchase Price Allocation: The allocation of the total purchase price to the estimated fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed was determined based on the accounting guidance for fair value measurements, which defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The allocation of the total purchase price included adjustments to record the fair value of NSTAR's unregulated telecommunications business, regulatory assets not earning a return, lease agreements, long-term debt and the preferred stock of NSTAR Electric. The fair values of NSTAR's assets and liabilities were determined based on significant estimates and assumptions, including Level 3 inputs, that were judgmental in nature. These estimates and assumptions included the timing and amounts of projected future cash flows and discount rates reflecting risk inherent in future cash flows.

 

The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each of the following financial instruments:

 

Preferred Stock, Long-Term Debt and Rate Reduction Bonds: The fair value of CL&P's and NSTAR Electric's preferred stock is based upon pricing models that incorporate interest rates and other market factors, valuations or trades of similar securities and cash flow projections. The fair value of fixed-rate long-term debt securities and RRBs is based upon pricing models that incorporate quoted market prices for those issues or similar issues adjusted for market conditions, credit ratings of the respective companies and treasury benchmark yields. Adjustable rate long-term debt securities are assumed to have a fair value equal to their carrying value. The fair values provided in the tables below are classified as Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy.

Allowance For Funds Used During Construction Policy

M.       Allowance for Funds Used During Construction

AFUDC represents the cost of borrowed and equity funds used to finance construction and is included in the cost of the Regulated companies' utility plant. The portion of AFUDC attributable to borrowed funds is recorded as a reduction of Other Interest Expense, and the AFUDC related to equity funds is recorded as Other Income, Net on the statements of income. AFUDC costs are recovered from customers over the service life of the related plant in the form of increased revenue collected as a result of higher depreciation expense.

The Regulated companies' average AFUDC rate is based on a FERC-prescribed formula using the cost of a company's short-term financings as well as a company's capitalization (preferred stock, long-term debt and common equity). The average rate is applied to average eligible CWIP amounts to calculate AFUDC.

 

Other Taxes Policy Certain sales taxes are also collected by NU's companies that serve customers in Connecticut and Massachusetts as agents for state and local governments and are recorded on a net basis with no impact on the statements of income.
Public Utilities Policy Text Block

The rates charged to the customers of NU's Regulated companies are designed to collect each company's costs to provide service, including a return on investment. Therefore, the accounting policies of the Regulated companies reflect the application of accounting guidance for entities with rate-regulated operations and reflect the effects of the rate-making process.

 

Management believes it is probable that each of the Regulated companies will recover their respective investments in long-lived assets, including regulatory assets. If management were to determine that it could no longer apply the accounting guidance applicable to rate-regulated enterprises to any of the Regulated companies' operations, or that management could not conclude it is probable that costs would be recovered from customers in future rates, the costs would be charged to net income in the period in which the determination is made.

 

Derivatives Policy Text Block

I.       Derivative Accounting

Many of the Regulated companies' contracts for the purchase and sale of energy or energy-related products are derivatives. The accounting treatment for energy contracts entered into varies and depends on the intended use of the particular contract and on whether or not the contract is a derivative. For the Regulated companies, regulatory assets or regulatory liabilities are recorded to offset the fair values of derivative contracts, as costs are recovered from, or refunded to, customers in future rates.

 

The application of derivative accounting is complex and requires management judgment in the following respects: identification of derivatives and embedded derivatives, election and designation of the normal exception, and determination of the fair value of derivative contracts. All of these judgments can have a significant impact on the financial statements.

 

The judgment applied in the election of the normal exception (and resulting accrual accounting) includes the conclusion that it is probable at the inception of the contract and throughout its term that it will result in physical delivery of the underlying product and that the quantities will be used or sold by the business in the normal course of business. If facts and circumstances change and management can no longer support this conclusion, then the normal exception and accrual accounting is terminated and fair value accounting is applied prospectively.

 

The fair value of derivative contracts is based upon the contract terms and conditions and the underlying market price or fair value per unit. When quantities are not specified in the contract, the Company determines whether the contract has a determinable quantity by using amounts referenced in default provisions and other relevant sections of the contract. The fair value of derivative assets and liabilities with the same counterparty are offset and recorded as a net derivative asset or liability on the balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of derivative contracts are recorded as regulatory assets or liabilities and do not impact net income.

 

For further information regarding derivative contracts, see Note 5, "Derivative Instruments," to the financial statements.

5.       DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

 

 

Fair Value Measurements of Derivative Instruments

Valuation of Derivative Instruments: Derivative contracts classified as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy relate to the financial contracts for natural gas futures and forward contracts to purchase energy. Prices are obtained from broker quotes and are based on actual market activity. The contracts are valued using the mid-point of the bid-ask spread. Valuations of these contracts also incorporate discount rates using the yield curve approach.

 

The fair value of derivative contracts classified as Level 3 utilizes significant unobservable inputs. The fair value is modeled using income techniques, such as discounted cash flow valuations adjusted for assumptions relating to exit price. Significant observable inputs for valuations of these contracts include energy and energy-related product prices in future years for which quoted prices in an active market exist. Fair value measurements categorized in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy are prepared by individuals with expertise in valuation techniques, pricing of energy and energy-related products, and accounting requirements. The future power and capacity prices for periods that are not quoted in an active market or established at auction are based on available market data and are escalated based on estimates of inflation to address the full time period of the contract.

 

Valuations of derivative contracts using a discounted cash flow methodology include assumptions regarding the timing and likelihood of scheduled payments and also reflect non-performance risk, including credit, using the default probability approach based on the counterparty's credit rating for assets and the company's credit rating for liabilities. Valuations incorporate estimates of premiums or discounts that would be required by a market participant to arrive at an exit price, using historical market transactions adjusted for the terms of the contract.

 

Marketable Securities Policy

U.S. government issued debt securities are valued using market approaches that incorporate transactions for the same or similar bonds and adjustments for yields and maturity dates. Corporate debt securities are valued using a market approach, utilizing recent trades of the same or similar instrument and also incorporating yield curves, credit spreads and specific bond terms and conditions. Asset-backed debt securities include collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial mortgage backed securities, and securities collateralized by auto loans, credit card loans or receivables. Asset-backed debt securities are valued using recent trades of similar instruments, prepayment assumptions, yield curves, issuance and maturity dates and tranche information. Municipal bonds are valued using a market approach that incorporates reported trades and benchmark yields. Other fixed income securities are valued using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, and discounted cash flows.

Environmental Costs Policy

Environmental Matters

General: NU, CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO are subject to environmental laws and regulations intended to mitigate or remove the effect of past operations and improve or maintain the quality of the environment. These laws and regulations require the removal or the remedy of the effect on the environment of the disposal or release of certain specified hazardous substances at current and former operating sites. NU, CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO have an active environmental auditing and training program and believe that they are substantially in compliance with all enacted laws and regulations.

 

These liabilities are estimated on an undiscounted basis and do not assume that any amounts are recoverable from insurance companies or other third parties. The environmental reserves include sites at different stages of discovery and remediation and do not include any unasserted claims.

 

It is possible that new information or future developments could require a reassessment of the potential exposure to related environmental matters. As this information becomes available, management will continue to assess the potential exposure and adjust the reserves accordingly.

 

Earnings Per Share Policy Text Block

RSUs and performance shares are included in basic weighted average common shares outstanding as of the date that all necessary vesting conditions have been satisfied. The dilutive effect of unvested RSUs and performance shares is calculated using the treasury stock method. Assumed proceeds of these units under the treasury stock method consist of the remaining compensation cost to be recognized and a theoretical tax benefit. The theoretical tax benefit is calculated as the tax impact of the intrinsic value of the units (the difference between the market value of the average units outstanding for the period, using the average market price during the period, and the grant date market value).

 

The dilutive effect of stock options to purchase common shares is also calculated using the treasury stock method. Assumed proceeds for stock options consist of cash proceeds that would be received upon exercise, and a theoretical tax benefit. The theoretical tax benefit is calculated as the tax impact of the intrinsic value of the stock options (the difference between the market value of the average stock options outstanding for the period, using the average market price during the period, and the exercise price).

Segment Reporting Policy Policy Text Block

SEGMENT INFORMATION

 

Presentation: NU is organized between the Electric Distribution, Electric Transmission and Natural Gas Distribution reportable segments and Other based on a combination of factors, including the characteristics of each segments' products and services, the sources of operating revenues and expenses and the regulatory environment in which each segment operates. These reportable segments represented substantially all of NU's total consolidated revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011. Revenues from the sale of electricity and natural gas primarily are derived from residential, commercial and industrial customers and are not dependent on any single customer. The Electric Distribution reportable segment includes the generation activities of PSNH and WMECO.

 

The remainder of NU's operations is presented as Other in the tables below and primarily consists of 1) the equity in earnings of NU parent from its subsidiaries and intercompany interest income, both of which are eliminated in consolidation, and interest expense related to the debt of NU parent, 2) the revenues and expenses of NU's service company, most of which are eliminated in consolidation, 3) the operations of CYAPC and YAEC, and 4) the results of other non-regulated subsidiaries, which are not part of its core business.

 

Cash flows used for investments in plant included in the segment information below are cash capital expenditures that do not include amounts incurred but not paid, cost of removal, AFUDC related to equity funds, and, for certain subsidiaries, the capitalized portions of pension expense.

 

 

Consolidation Variable Interest Entity Policy

VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES

 

The Company's variable interests outside of the consolidated group are not material and consist of contracts that are required by regulation and provide for regulatory recovery of contract costs and benefits through customer rates. NU, CL&P and NSTAR Electric hold variable interests in variable interest entities (VIEs) through agreements with certain entities that own single renewable energy or peaking generation power plants and with other independent power producers. NU, CL&P and NSTAR Electric do not control the activities that are economically significant to these VIEs or provide financial or other support to these VIEs. Therefore, NU, CL&P and NSTAR Electric do not consolidate any power plant VIEs.

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Policy [Policy Text Block]

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and short-term cash investments that are highly liquid in nature and have original maturities of three months or less. At the end of each reporting period, any overdraft amounts are reclassified from Cash and Cash Equivalents to Accounts Payable on the balance sheets.

Asset Retirement Obligations, Policy [Policy Text Block]

The Liability Assumed Upon Consolidation of CYAPC and YAEC represents the CYAPC and YAEC ARO fair value as of the merger date. The fair value of the ARO for CYAPC and YAEC includes uncertainties of the fuel off-load dates related to the DOE's timing of performance regarding its obligation to dispose of the spent nuclear fuel and high level waste. The incremental asset recorded as an offset to the ARO was fully depreciated since the plants have no remaining useful life. Any changes in the assumptions used to calculate the fair value of the ARO are recorded as an offset to the related regulatory asset. The assets held in the decommissioning trust are restricted for settling the asset retirement obligation and all other decommissioning obligations. For further information on the assets held in trust to support this obligation, see Note 6, Marketable Securities, to the financial statements

Goodwill and Intangible Assets, Policy [Policy Text Block]

The goodwill from the merger with NSTAR of $3.2 billion was allocated to NU's reporting units based on their estimated fair values. NU's reporting units consist of Electric Distribution, Electric Transmission and Natural Gas Distribution. See the "Goodwill" section below for the allocation of goodwill to each reporting unit.

 

Goodwill: In accordance with the accounting standards, goodwill is not subject to amortization. However, goodwill is subject to fair value-based rules for measuring impairment, and resulting write-downs, if any, are charged to Operating Expenses. These accounting standards require that goodwill be reviewed at least annually for impairment and whenever facts or circumstances indicate that there may be an impairment. NU uses October 1st as the annual goodwill impairment testing date.

 

On April 10, 2012, upon consummation of the merger with NSTAR, NU recorded approximately $3.2 billion of goodwill. With the completion of the merger, NU reviewed its management structure and determined that the reporting units for the purpose of testing goodwill for impairment are Electric Distribution, Electric Transmission and Natural Gas Distribution. NU's reporting units are consistent with the operating segments underlying the reportable segments identified in Note 21, "Segment Information," to the financial statements. Accordingly, the goodwill resulting from the merger was allocated to the Electric Distribution, Electric Transmission and Natural Gas Distribution reporting units based on the estimated fair values of the reporting units as of the merger date.

 

Prior to the merger with NSTAR, the only reporting unit that maintained goodwill was the Natural Gas Distribution reportable segment related to the acquisition of the parent of Yankee Gas in 2000. This goodwill was recorded at Yankee Gas. The goodwill balance at Yankee Gas as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 was $0.3 billion.

 

NU completed its annual goodwill impairment test for each of its reporting units as of October 1, 2013 and determined that no impairment exists. There were no events subsequent to October 1, 2013 that indicated impairment of goodwill.

 

 

Pension And Other Postretirement Plans Policy

A.       Pension Benefits and Postretirement Benefits Other Than Pensions

NUSCO sponsors a defined benefit retirement plan that covers most employees, including CL&P, PSNH, and WMECO employees, hired before 2006 (or as negotiated, for bargaining unit employees), referred to as the NUSCO Pension Plan. NSTAR Electric acts as plan sponsor for a defined benefit retirement plan that covers most employees of NSTAR Electric and certain affiliates, hired before October 1, 2012, or as negotiated by bargaining unit employees, referred to as the NSTAR Pension Plan. Both plans are subject to the provisions of ERISA, as amended by the PPA of 2006. NUSCO also maintains non-qualified defined benefit retirement plans (herein collectively referred to as the SERP Plans), which provide benefits in excess of Internal Revenue Code limitations to eligible current and retired participants.

 

NUSCO also sponsors defined benefit postretirement plans that provide certain retiree health care benefits, primarily medical and dental, and life insurance benefits to retiring employees that meet certain age and service eligibility requirements (NUSCO PBOP Plans and NSTAR PBOP Plan). Under certain circumstances, eligible retirees are required to contribute to the costs of postretirement benefits. The benefits provided under the NUSCO and NSTAR PBOP Plans are not vested and the Company has the right to modify any benefit provision subject to applicable laws at that time.

 

The funded status of the Pension, SERP and PBOP Plans is calculated based on the difference between the benefit obligation and the fair value of plan assets and is recorded on the balance sheets as an asset or a liability. Because the Regulated companies recover the retiree benefit costs from customers through rates, regulatory assets are recorded in lieu of an adjustment to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss). Regulatory accounting was also applied to the portions of the NUSCO costs that support the Regulated companies, as these costs are also recovered from customers. Adjustments to the Pension and PBOP funded status for the unregulated companies are recorded on an after-tax basis to Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss). For further information, see Note 3, "Regulatory Accounting," and Note 15, "Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income/(Loss)," to the financial statements. The SERP Plans do not have plan assets.

 

For the NUSCO Pension and PBOP Plans, the expected return on plan assets is calculated by applying the assumed rate of return to a four-year rolling average of plan asset fair values, which reduces year-to-year volatility. This calculation recognizes investment gains or losses over a four-year period from the years in which they occur. Investment gains or losses for this purpose are the difference between the calculated expected return and the actual return. As investment gains and losses are reflected in the average plan asset fair values, they are subject to amortization with other unrecognized actuarial gains or losses. For the NSTAR Pension and PBOP Plans, the entire difference between the actual return and calculated expected return on plan assets is reflected as a component of unrecognized actuarial gain or loss. Unrecognized actuarial gains or losses are amortized as a component of Pension and PBOP expense over the estimated average future employee service period.

 

Pension and SERP Plans: The funded status of each of the plans is recorded on the respective acting sponsor's balance sheet: NUSCO (NUSCO Pension, NUSCO SERP and NSTAR SERP) and NSTAR Electric (NSTAR Pension). The NUSCO plans are accounted for under the multiple-employer approach while the NSTAR plans are accounted for under the multi-employer approach. Accordingly, the balance sheet of NSTAR Electric reflects the full funded status of the NSTAR Pension Plan.

 

Pension and SERP Expense: For the NUSCO Plans, NU allocates net periodic pension expense to its subsidiaries based on the actual participant demographic data for each subsidiary's participants. Benefit payments to participants and contributions are also tracked for each subsidiary. The actual investment return in the trust each year is allocated to each of the subsidiaries annually in proportion to the investment return expected to be earned during the year. For the NSTAR Pension Plan, the net periodic pension expense recorded at NSTAR Electric represents the full cost of the plan and then a portion of the costs are allocated to affiliated companies based on participant demographic data.

PBOP Expense: For the NUSCO Plans, NU allocates net periodic postretirement benefits expense to certain subsidiaries based on the actual participant demographic data for each subsidiary's participants. Benefit payments to participants and contributions are also tracked for each subsidiary. The actual investment return in the trust is allocated to each of the subsidiaries annually in proportion to the investment return expected to be earned during the year. For the NSTAR Plan, NU allocates the net periodic postretirement expenses to certain subsidiaries based on actual participant demographic data for each of its subsidiaries.

Contributions: NU's policy is to annually fund the NUSCO and NSTAR Pension Plans in an amount at least equal to an amount that will satisfy federal requirements. NU contributed $202.7 million to the NUSCO Pension Plan in 2013, of which $108.3 million was contributed by PSNH. NSTAR Electric contributed $82 million to the NSTAR Pension Plan in 2013. Based on the current status of the NUSCO Pension Plan, NU expects to make a contribution of $68.6 million in 2014. NSTAR Electric expects to make a contribution of $3 million in 2014 to the NSTAR Pension Plan.

For the PBOP Plans, it is NU's policy to annually fund the NUSCO PBOP Plans in an amount equal to the PBOP Plans' postretirement benefit cost, excluding curtailment and termination benefits, and the NSTAR PBOP Plan in an amount that approximates annual benefit payments. NU contributed $57.6 million to the PBOP Plans in 2013 and expects to make $39.7 million in contributions in 2014.

 

Fair Value of Pension and PBOP Plan Assets: Pension and PBOP funds are held in external trusts. Trust assets, including accumulated earnings, must be used exclusively for Pension and PBOP payments. NU's investment strategy for its Pension and PBOP Plans is to maximize the long-term rates of return on these plans' assets within an acceptable level of risk. The investment strategy for each asset category includes a diversification of asset types, fund strategies and fund managers and establishes target asset allocations that are routinely reviewed and periodically rebalanced. In 2013 and 2012, PBOP assets were comprised of specific assets within the defined benefit pension plan trust (401(h) assets) as well as assets held in the PBOP Plans. The investment policy and strategy of the 401(h) assets is consistent with those of the defined benefit pension plans, which are detailed below. NU's expected long-term rates of return on Pension and PBOP Plan assets are based on these target asset allocation assumptions and related expected long-term rates of return. In developing its expected long-term rate of return assumptions for the Pension and PBOP Plans, NU evaluated input from consultants, as well as long-term inflation assumptions and historical returns. For the year ended December 31, 2013, management has assumed long-term rates of return of 8.25 percent for the Pension and PBOP Plan assets.

The Company values assets based on observable inputs when available. Equity securities, exchange traded funds and futures contracts classified as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy are priced based on the closing price on the primary exchange as of the balance sheet date. Commingled funds included in Level 2 equity securities are recorded at the net asset value provided by the asset manager, which is based on the market prices of the underlying equity securities. Swaps are valued using pricing models that incorporate interest rates and equity and fixed income index closing prices to determine a net present value of the cash flows. Fixed income securities, such as government issued securities, corporate bonds and high yield bond funds, are included in Level 2 and are valued using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics or discounted cash flows. The pricing models utilize observable inputs such as recent trades for the same or similar instruments, yield curves, discount margins and bond structures. Hedge funds and investments in opportunistic fixed income funds are recorded at net asset value based on the values of the underlying assets. The assets in the hedge funds and opportunistic fixed income funds are valued using observable inputs and are classified as Level 3 within the fair value hierarchy due to redemption restrictions. Private Equity investments and Real Estate and Other Assets are valued using the net asset value provided by the partnerships, which are based on discounted cash flows of the underlying investments, real estate appraisals or public market comparables of the underlying investments. These investments are classified as Level 3 due to redemption restrictions.

 

Property, Plant and Equipment, Depreciation Methods Utility property, plant and equipment is recorded at original cost. Original cost includes materials, labor, construction overhead and AFUDC for regulated property. The cost of repairs and maintenance, including planned major maintenance activities, is charged to Operating Expenses as incurred. Depreciation of utility assets is calculated on a straight-line basis using composite rates based on the estimated remaining useful lives of the various classes of property (estimated useful life for PSNH distribution). The composite rates are subject to approval by the appropriate state regulatory agency. The composite rates include a cost of removal component, which is collected from customers over the lives of the plant assets and is recognized as a regulatory liability. Depreciation rates are applied to property from the time it is placed in service. Upon retirement from service, the cost of the utility asset is charged to the accumulated provision for depreciation. The actual incurred removal costs are applied against the related regulatory liability.
Income Tax, Policy [Policy Text Block]

11.       INCOME TAXES

 

The tax effect of temporary differences is accounted for in accordance with the rate-making treatment of the applicable regulatory commissions and relevant accounting authoritative literature.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities.

Interest and Penalties: Interest on uncertain tax positions is recorded and generally classified as a component of Other Interest Expense on the statements of income. However, when resolution of uncertainties results in the Company receiving interest income, any related interest benefit is recorded in Other Income, Net on the statements of income. No penalties have been recorded. If penalties are recorded in the future, then the estimated penalties would be classified as a component of Other Income, Net on the statements of income.

Member of Group Filing Consolidated Return, Policy [Policy Text Block]

NU, CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO file a consolidated federal income tax return and unitary, combined and separate state income tax returns. These entities are also parties to a tax allocation agreement under which taxable subsidiaries do not pay any more taxes than they would have otherwise paid had they filed a separate company tax return, and subsidiaries generating tax losses, if any, are paid for their losses when utilized.

 

Share-based Compensation, Option and Incentive Plans Policy [Policy Text Block]

D.       Share-Based Payments

Share-based compensation awards are recorded using a fair-value-based method at the date of grant. NU, CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO record compensation expense related to these awards, as applicable, for shares issued or sold to their respective employees and officers, as well as the allocation of costs associated with shares issued or sold to NU's service company employees and officers that support CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO.

 

NU Incentive Plan: NU maintains long-term equity-based incentive plans under the NU Incentive Plan in which NU, CL&P, NSTAR Electric, PSNH and WMECO employees, officers and board members are entitled to participate. The NU Incentive Plan was approved in 2007, and authorized NU to grant up to 4,500,000 new shares for various types of awards, including RSUs and performance shares, to eligible employees, officers, and board members.

NU accounts for its various share-based plans as follows:

 

  • RSUs - NU records compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based upon the fair value of NU's common shares at the date of grant. The par value of RSUs is reclassified to Common Stock from APIC as RSUs become issued as common shares.

     

  • Performance Shares - NU records compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Performance shares vest based upon the extent to which Company goals are achieved. As of December 31, 2013, vesting of outstanding performance shares is based upon both the Company's EPS growth over the requisite service period and the achievement of the Company's share price as compared to an index of similar equity securities during the requisite service period. The fair value of performance shares is determined at the date of grant using a lattice model.

     

  • Stock Options - Stock options issued under the NSTAR Incentive Plan that were outstanding immediately prior to the completion of the merger with NSTAR converted into fully vested options to acquire NU common shares, as adjusted by the exchange ratio. The fair value of these awards on the merger date was included in the purchase price as it represented consideration transferred in the merger. Accordingly, no compensation expense was recorded for these stock options. Additionally, no compensation expense was recorded for stock options issued under the NU Incentive Plan as these stock options were fully vested prior to January 1, 2006.

     

  • ESPP Shares - For shares sold under the ESPP, no compensation expense was recorded as the ESPP qualifies as a non-compensatory plan.

 

RSUs: NU granted RSUs under the annual Long-Term incentive programs that are subject to three-year graded vesting schedules for employees, and one-year graded vesting schedules, or immediate vesting for board members. RSUs are paid in shares, reduced by amounts sufficient to satisfy withholdings for income taxes, subsequent to vesting.

As of December 31, 2013 and 2012, the number and weighted average grant-date fair value of unvested RSUs was 1,162,216 and $36.58 per share, and 1,417,688 and $34.70 per share, respectively. The number and weighted average grant-date fair value of RSUs vested during 2013 was 583,101 and $34.34 per share, respectively. As of December 31, 2013, 474,224 RSUs were fully vested and an additional 1,104,106 are expected to vest.

 

Performance Shares: NU granted performance shares under the annual Long-Term Incentive programs that vested based upon the extent to which the Company achieved targets at the end of three-year performance measurement periods. Performance shares are paid in shares, after the performance measurement period. A summary of performance share transactions is as follows:

Upon closing of the merger with NSTAR, 451,358 performance shares under the NU 2011 and 2012 Long-Term Incentive Programs converted to RSUs according to the terms of these programs. The remaining performance shares were measured based upon a modified performance period through the date of the merger, in accordance with the terms of the NU 2010 Incentive Program, and were fully distributed in 2013. As of December 31, 2013, outstanding performance shares pertain to the NU 2013 Long-Term Incentive Program.

 

Stock Options: Stock options were granted under the NU and NSTAR Incentive Plans. Options currently outstanding expire ten years from the date of grant and are fully vested. The weighted average remaining contractual lives for the options outstanding as of December 31, 2013 is 4.3 years. A summary of stock option transactions is as follows:

Employee Share Purchase Plan: NU maintains an ESPP for eligible employees, which allows for NU common shares to be purchased by employees at the end of successive six-month offering periods at 95 percent of the closing market price on the last day of each six-month period. Employees are permitted to purchase shares having a value not exceeding 25 percent of their compensation as of the beginning of the offering period up to a limit of $25,000 per annum. The ESPP qualifies as a non-compensatory plan under accounting guidance for share-based payments, and no compensation expense is recorded for ESPP purchases.

 

E.       Other Retirement Benefits

NU provides benefits for retirement and other benefits for certain current and past company officers of NU, including CL&P, PSNH and WMECO. These benefits are accounted for on an accrual basis and expensed over the service lives of the employees. The actuarially-determined liability for these benefits, which is included in Other Long-Term Liabilities on the balance sheets, as well as the related expense, are as follows:

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP), Policy [Policy Text Block]

NU maintains an ESOP for purposes of allocating shares to employees participating in the NUSCO 401(k) Plan. Allocations of NU common shares were made from NU treasury shares to satisfy the NUSCO 401(k) Plan obligation to provide a portion of the matching contribution in NU common shares.

 

For treasury shares used to satisfy the 401(k) Plan matching contributions, compensation expense is recognized equal to the fair value of shares that have been allocated to participants. Any difference between the fair value and the average cost of the allocated treasury shares is charged or credited to Capital Surplus, Paid In.