Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of the Company's securities are shown in the following table (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. Treasuries and U.S.
government agencies	$	1	$	—	$	—	$	1	$	2	$	—	$	—	$	2
Obligations of states and
political subdivisions	94,474		709		1,010		94,173		94,552		2,051		407		96,196
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agencies	442,044		462		15,112		427,394		425,559		1,093		7,305		419,347
Private label	599		3		—		602		649		3		—		652
Trust preferred securities	4,767		26		—		4,793		4,764		26		54		4,736
Corporate securities⁽¹⁾	17,102		98		—		17,200		21,916		475		123		22,268
Total Debt Securities	558,987		1,298		16,122		544,163		547,442		3,648		7,889		543,201
Marketable equity securities	—		—		—		—		2,136		3,563		—		5,699
Investment funds	1,525		—		60		1,465		1,525		—		36		1,489
Total Securities
Available-for-Sale	$	560,512	$	1,298	$	16,182	$	545,628	$	551,103	$	7,211	$	7,925	$	550,389



Securities held-to-maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. government agencies	$	58,277	$	88	$	219	$	58,146	$	60,449	$	1,222	$	25	$	61,646
Trust preferred securities	4,000		—		—		4,000		4,000		—		—		4,000
Total Securities
Held-to-Maturity	$	62,277	$	88	$	219	$	62,146	$	64,449	$	1,222	$	25	$	65,646



Other investment securities:
Non-marketable equity securities	$	11,581	$	—	$	—	$	11,581	$	14,147	$	—	$	—	$	14,147
Marketable equity securities⁽¹⁾	6,947		—		—		10,584		—		—		—		—
Total Other Investment
Securities	$	18,528	$	—	$	—	$	22,165	$	14,147	$	—	$	—	$	14,147

⁽¹⁾ Effective January 1, 2018, the Company's equity and perpetual preferred securities are measured at fair value through net income.

Marketable equity securities consist of investments made by the Company in equity positions of various regional community banks. Included within this portfolio are ownership positions in the following community bank holding companies: First National Corporation (FXNC) (4%) and Eagle Financial Services, Inc. (EFSI) (1.5%). Securities with limited marketability, such as stock in the Federal Reserve Bank ("Federal Reserve") and the Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB"), are carried at cost and are reported as non-marketable equity securities in the table above.

Certain investment securities owned by the Company were in an unrealized loss position (i.e., amortized cost basis exceeded the estimated fair value of the securities). The following table shows the gross unrealized losses and fair value of the Company’s investments aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position (in thousands):



	March 31, 2018
	Less Than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Greater				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	24,204	$	211	$	18,955	$	799	$	43,159	$	1,010
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies	266,824		7,208		134,047		7,904		400,871		15,112
Corporate securities	—		—		—		—		—		—
Investment funds	1,500		60		—		—		1,500		60
Total available-for-sale	$	292,528	$	7,479	$	153,002	$	8,703	$	445,530	$	16,182

Securities held-to-maturity:
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. Government Agencies	$	39,433	$	219	$	—	$	—	$	39,433	$	219
Total held-to-maturity	$	39,433	$	219	$	—	$	—	$	39,433	$	219



	December 31, 2017
	Less Than Twelve Months				Twelve Months or Greater				Total
	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Loss
Securities available-for-sale:
Obligations of states and political subdivisions	$	4,913	$	28	$	19,440	$	379	$	24,353	$	407
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. Government agencies	172,807		1,887		140,226		5,418		313,033		7,305
Trust preferred securities	4,475		54		—		—		4,475		54
Corporate securities	3,357		49		2,350		74		5,707		123
Investment funds	1,500		36		—		—		1,500		36
Total available-for-sale	$	187,052	$	2,054	$	162,016	$	5,871	$	349,068	$	7,925

Securities held-to-maturity
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. Government agencies	$	7,182	$	25	$	—	$	—	$	7,182	$	25
Total held-to-maturity	$	7,182	$	25	$	—	$	—	$	7,182	$	25

During the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company had no investment impairment losses. At March 31, 2018, the cumulative amount of credit-related investment impairment losses that have been recognized by the Company on investments that remain in the Company's investment portfolio as of that date was $1.8 million ($0.2 million related to the Company's debt securities and $1.6 million related to the Company's equity securities).

Declines in the fair value of held-to-maturity and available-for-sale securities below their cost that are deemed to be other-than-temporary would be reflected in earnings as realized losses. In estimating other-than-temporary impairment losses, management considers, among other things (i) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than cost; (ii) the financial condition, capital strength, and near-term (within 12 months) prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; (iii) the historical volatility in the market value of the investment and/or the liquidity or illiquidity of the investment; (iv) adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or a geographic area; and (v) the intent to sell the investment security and if it’s more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis. In addition, management also employs a continuous monitoring process in regards to its marketable equity securities, specifically its portfolio of regional community bank holdings. Although the regional community bank stocks that are owned by the Company are publicly traded, the trading activity for these stocks is minimal, with trading volumes of less than 0.4% of each respective company being traded on a daily basis. As part of management’s review process for these securities, management reviews the financial condition of each respective regional community bank for any indications of financial weakness.

Management has the ability and intent to hold the securities classified as held-to-maturity until they mature, at which time the Company expects to receive full value for the securities. Furthermore, as of March 31, 2018, management does not intend to sell an impaired security and it is not more than likely that it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. The unrealized losses on debt securities are primarily the result of interest rate changes, credit spread fluctuations on agency-issued mortgage related securities, general financial market uncertainty and unprecedented market volatility. These conditions should not prohibit the Company from receiving its contractual principal and interest payments on its debt securities. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date. As of March 31, 2018, management believes the unrealized losses detailed in the table above are temporary and no additional impairment loss has been recognized in the Company’s consolidated income statement. Should the impairment of any of these securities become other-than-temporary, the cost basis of the investment will be reduced and the resulting loss will be recognized in net income in the period the other-than-temporary impairment is identified, while any noncredit loss will be recognized in other comprehensive income.

The amortized cost and estimated fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2018, by contractual maturity, are shown in the following table (in thousands). Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties. Mortgage-backed securities have been allocated to their respective maturity groupings based on their contractual maturity.



	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Securities Available-for-Sale
Due in one year or less	$	2,715	$	2,715
Due after one year through five years	13,888		13,850
Due after five years through ten years	76,197		73,698
Due after ten years	470,998		458,604
Total	$	563,798	$	548,867

Securities Held-to-Maturity
Due in one year or less	$	—	$	—
Due after one year through five years	—		—
Due after five years through ten years	—		—
Due after ten years	62,277		62,146
Total	$	62,277	$	62,146

Gross gains and gross losses realized by the Company from investment security transactions are summarized in the table below (in thousands).



	Three months ended March 31,
	2018		2017

Equity and perpetual preferred security unrealized gains recognized	$	180	$	—

Gross realized gains on securities sold	—		4,276
Gross realized losses on securities sold	—		—
Net investment security gains	$	—	$	4,276

During the three months ended March 31, 2018 a $0.2 million unrealized gain was recognized in other income in the consolidated statements of income as a result of the change in the fair value of equity and perpetual preferred securities due to the adoption of ASU 2016-01. Additionally, $2.7 million, net of deferred taxes, was reclassified from other comprehensive income to retained earnings on the consolidated balance sheets to recognize the prior period fair value impact of these securities.

During the three months ended March 31, 2017 the Company realized $4.3 million of investment gains. These gains represented partial recoveries of impairment charges previously recognized on pooled trust preferred securities. As a result of these sales, the Company no longer holds any pooled trust preferred securities in its investment portfolio.

The carrying value of securities pledged to secure public deposits and for other purposes as required or permitted by law approximated $448 million and $429 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.