EX-3 3 bylaws.txt EXHIBIT 3.1 EXHIBIT 3.1 B Y - L A W S OF CYTOGEN CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) (amended as of June 19, 2001) ARTICLE I OFFICES SECTION 1. OFFICES. The corporation shall maintain its registered office in the State of Delaware at 100 West Tenth Street, City of Wilmington, County of New Castle and its resident agent at such address is The Corporation Trust Company. The Corporation may also have offices in such other places in the United States or elsewhere as the Board of Directors may, from time to time, appoint or as the business of the Corporation may require. ARTICLE II MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS SECTION 1. ANNUAL MEETINGS. Annual meetings of stockholders for the election of directors and for such other business as may properly be conducted at such meeting shall be held at such place, either within or without the State of Delaware, and at such time and date as the Board of Directors shall determine by resolution and set forth in the notice of the meeting. In the event that the Board of Directors fails to so determine the time, date and place for the annual meeting, it shall be held, beginning in 1981, at the principal office of the Corporation at 10 o'clock A.M. on the last Friday in February of each year. SECTION 2. SPECIAL MEETINGS. Special meetings of stockholders, unless otherwise prescribed by statute, may be called by the Chairman of the Board, the President or by resolution of the Board of Directors and shall be called by the President or Secretary upon the written request of not less than 50% in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote thereat. Notice of each special meeting shall be given in accordance with Section 3 of this Article II. Unless otherwise permitted by law, business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to the purpose stated in the notice. SECTION 3. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Whenever stockholders are required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a written notice of the meeting, which shall state the place, date and time of the meeting, and, in the case of a special meeting, the purposes for which the meeting is called, shall be mailed to or delivered to each stockholder of record entitled to vote thereat. Such notice shall be given not less than ten (10) days nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of any such meeting. SECTION 4. QUORUM. Unless otherwise required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation, the holders of a majority of the issued and outstanding stock entitled to vote thereat, present in person or represented by proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at all meetings of stockholders. SECTION 5. VOTING. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of Incorporation, each stockholder shall be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such stockholder. Upon the request of not less than 10% in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote at a meeting, voting shall be by written ballot. All elections of directors shall be decided by plurality vote. Unless otherwise required by law, these By-Laws or the Certificate of Incorporation, all other corporate action shall be decided by majority vote of the shares cast on the proposed action. SECTION 6. INSPECTORS. The Board of Directors may, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more inspectors to act at such meeting or any adjournment thereof. If any of the inspectors so appointed shall fail to appear or act, the chairman of the meeting shall, or if inspectors shall not have been appointed, the chairman of the meeting may, appoint one or more inspectors. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his duties, shall take and sign an oath faithfully to execute the duties of inspector at such meeting with strict impartiality and according to the best of his ability. The inspectors shall determine the number of shares of capital stock of the Corporation outstanding and the voting power of each, the number of shares represented at the meeting, the existence of a quorum, the validity and effect of proxies, and shall receive votes, ballots or consents, hear and determine all challenges and questions arising in connection with the right to vote, count and tabulate all votes, ballots or consents, determine the results, and do such acts as are proper to conduct the election or vote with fairness to all stockholders. On request of the chairman of the meeting, the inspectors shall make a report in writing of any challenge, request or matter determined by them and shall execute a certificate of any fact found by them. No director or candidate for the office of director shall act as an inspector of an election of directors. SECTION 7. CHAIRMAN OF MEETINGS. The Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, if one is elected, or, in his absence or disability, the President of the Corporation, shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders. SECTION 8. SECRETARY OF MEETING. The Secretary of the Corporation shall act as Secretary at all meetings of the stockholders. In the absence or disability of the Secretary, the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the President shall appoint a person to act as Secretary at such meetings. SECTION 9. LISTS OF STOCKHOLDERS. The officer who has charge of the stock ledger of the Corporation shall prepare and make, at least ten days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, showing the address of each stockholder and the number and class of shares held by each. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of at least ten days prior 2 to the meeting, at a place within the city where the meeting is to be held, which shall be specified in the notice of the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held. The list shall also be produced and kept at the meeting and may be inspected by any stockholder who is present. SECTION 10. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Unless otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, any action required by law to be taken at any annual or special meeting of stockholders, or any action which may be taken at such meetings, may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote were present and voted. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing. SECTION 11. ADJOURNMENT. At any meeting of stockholders of the Corporation, if less than a quorum be present, a majority of the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or by proxy, shall have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time without notice other than announcement at the meeting until a quorum shall be present. Any business may be transacted at the adjourned meeting which might have been transacted at the meeting originally noticed. If the adjournment is for more than thirty days, or if after the adjournment a new record date, as provided for in Section 5 of Article V of these By-Laws, is fixed for the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. ARTICLE III BOARD OF DIRECTORS SECTION 1. POWERS. The property, business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed and controlled by its Board of Directors. The Board shall exercise all of the powers and duties conferred by law except as provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws. SECTION 2. NUMBER AND TERM. The number of directors shall be fixed at no less than two nor more than seven. Within the limits specified above, the number of directors shall be fixed from time to time by the Board. The Board of Directors shall be elected by the stockholders at their annual meeting, and each director shall be elected to serve for the term of one year and until his successor shall be elected and qualify or until his earlier resignation or removal. Directors need not be stockholders. SECTION 3. RESIGNATIONS. Any director may resign at any time. Such resignation shall be made in writing, and shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time is specified, at the time of its receipt by the President or Secretary. The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. 3 SECTION 4. REMOVAL. Any director or the entire Board of Directors may be removed either for or without cause at any time by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote for the election of directors at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders called for that purpose. Vacancies thus created may be filled at such meeting by the affirmative vote of a majority of the stockholders entitled to vote, or, if the vacancies not so filled, by the directors as provided in Section 5 of this Article III. SECTION 5. VACANCIES AND NEWLY CREATED DIRECTORSHIPS. Except as provided in Section 4 of this Article III, vacancies occurring in any directorship and newly created directorship may be filled by a majority vote of the remaining directors then in office. Any director so chosen shall hold office for the unexpired term of his predecessor and until his successor shall be elected and qualify or until his earlier death, resignation or removal. The Board may not fill the vacancy created by removal of a director by electing the director so removed. SECTION 6. MEETINGS. The newly elected directors shall hold their first meeting to organize the Corporation, elect officers and transact any other business which may properly come before the meeting. An annual organizational meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held immediately after each annual meeting of the stockholders, or at such time and place as may be noticed for the meeting. Regular meetings of the Board may be held without notice at such places and times as shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the directors. Special meetings of the Board shall be called by the President or by the Secretary on the written request of any director with at least two days' notice to each director and shall be held at such place as may be determined by the directors or as shall be stated in the notice of the meeting. SECTION 7. QUORUM, VOTING AND ADJOURNMENT. A majority of the total number of directors or any committee thereof shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. The vote of a majority of the directors present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board. In the absence of a quorum, a majority of the directors present thereat may adjourn such meeting to another time and place. Notice of such adjourned meeting need not be given if the time and place of such adjourned meeting are announced at the meeting so adjourned. SECTION 8. COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, by resolution passed by a majority of the Board, designate one or more committees, including but not limited to an Executive Committee and an Audit Committee, each such committee to consist of one or more of the directors of the Corporation. The Board may designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee to replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. Any such committee, to the extent provided in the resolution of the Board, shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and, affairs of the Corporation and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or authority to amend the Certificate of 4 Incorporation, adopt an agreement of merger or consolidation, recommend to the stockholders the sale, lease, or exchange of all or substantially all of the Corporation's properties and assets, recommend to the stockholders a dissolution of the Corporation or a revocation of a dissolution or to amend these By-Laws. Unless a resolution of the Board expressly provides, no such committee shall have the power or authority to declare a dividend or to authorize the issuance of stock of the Corporation. All committees of the Board shall report their Proceedings to the Board when recruited. SECTION 9. ACTION WITHOUT A MEETING. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, any action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof may be taken without a meeting if all members of the Board or any committee thereof consent thereto in writing. SECTION 10. COMPENSATION. The Board of Directors shall have the authority to fix the compensation of directors for their services. A director may also serve the Corporation in other capacities and receive compensation therefor. SECTION 11. TELEPHONIC MEETING. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate of Incorporation, members of the Board, or any committee designated by the Board, may participate in a meeting by means of conference telephone or similar communications equipment in which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in such telephonic meeting shall constitute the presence in person at such meeting. ARTICLE IV OFFICERS SECTION 1. The officers of the Corporation shall include a President, a Secretary and one or more subordinate officers, all of whom shall be elected by the Board of Directors and who shall hold office for a term of one year and until their successors are elected and qualify or until their earlier resignation or removal. In addition, the Board of Directors may elect a Chairman of the Board, one or more Vice Presidents, including an Executive Vice President, a Treasurer and one or more Assistant Treasurers and one or more Assistant Secretaries, who shall hold their office for such terms and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. The initial officers shall be elected at the first meeting of the Board of Directors and, thereafter, at the annual organizational meeting of the Board held after each annual meeting of the stockholders. Any number of offices may be held by the same person. SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICERS AND AGENTS. The Board of Directors may appoint such other officers and agents as it deems advisable, who shall hold their office for such terms and shall exercise and perform such powers and duties as shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. SECTION 3. CHAIRMAN. The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall be a member of the Board and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and of the stockholders. In addition, the Chairman of the Board shall have such powers and perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors. SECTION 4. PRESIDENT. The President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the Corporation. He shall exercise such duties as customarily pertain to the office of President and Chief Executive Officer, and shall have general and active management of the property, business and affairs of the Corporation, subject to the supervision and control of the Board. He shall perform such other duties as prescribed from time to time by the Board or these By-Laws. 5 In the absence, disability or refusal of the Chairman of the Board to act, or the vacancy of such office, the President shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders and of the Board of Directors. Except as the Board of Directors shall otherwise authorize, the President shall execute bonds, mortgages and other contracts on behalf of the Corporation, and shall cause the seal to be affixed to any instrument requiring it and, when so affixed, the seal shall be attested by the signature of the Secretary or the Treasurer or an Assistant Secretary or an Assistant Treasurer. SECTION 5. VICE PRESIDENTS. Each Vice President, if any are elected, of whom one or more may be designated an Executive Vice President, shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to him by the President or the Board of Directors. SECTION 6. TREASURER. The Treasurer shall have custody of the corporate funds, securities, evidences of indebtedness and other valuables of the Corporation and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the Corporation. He shall deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the Corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the Corporation, taking proper vouchers therefor. He shall render to the President and Board of Directors, upon their request, a report of the financial condition of the Corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, he shall give the Corporation a bond for the faithful discharge of his duties in such amount and with such surety as the Board shall prescribe. The Treasurer shall have such further powers and perform such other duties incident to the office of Treasurer as from time to time assigned to him by the Board. SECTION 7. SECRETARY. The Secretary shall be the Chief Administrative Officer of the Corporation and shall: (a) cause minutes of all meetings of the stockholders and directors to be recorded and kept; (b) cause all notices required by these By-Laws or otherwise to be given properly; (c) see that the minute books, stock books, and other nonfinancial books, records and papers of the Corporation are kept properly; and (d) cause all reports, statements, returns, certificates and other documents to be prepared and filed when and as required. The Secretary shall have such further powers and perform such other duties as prescribed from time to time by the Board. SECTION 8. ASSISTANT TREASURERS AND ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Each Assistant Treasurer and each Assistant Secretary, if any are elected, shall be vested with all the Powers and shall perform all the duties of the Treasurer and Secretary, respectively, in the absence or disability of such officer, unless or until the Board of' Directors shall otherwise determine. In addition, Assistant Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries shall have such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them by the Board. SECTION 9. CORPORATE FUNDS AND CHECKS. The funds of the Corporation shall be kept in such depositories as shall from time to time be prescribed by the Board of Directors. All checks or other orders for the payment of money shall be signed by the President or the Treasurer or such other person or agent as may from time to time be authorized and with such countersignature, if any, as may be required by the Board of Directors. 6 SECTION 10. CONTRACTS AND OTHER DOCUMENTS. The President or Treasurer, or such other officer or officers as may from time to time be authorized by the Board of Directors, shall have power to sign and execute on behalf of the Corporation deeds, conveyances and contracts, and any and all other documents requiring execution by the Corporation. SECTION 11. OWNERSHIP OF STOCK OF ANOTHER CORPORATION. The President or the Treasurer, or such other officer or agent as shall be authorized by the Board of Directors, shall have the power and authority, on behalf of the Corporation, to attend and to vote at any meeting of stockholders of any corporation in which the Corporation holds stock and may exercise, on behalf of the corporation, any and all of the rights and powers incident the ownership of such stock at any such meeting, including authority to execute and deliver proxies and consents on behalf of the corporation. SECTION 12. DELEGATION OF DUTIES. In the absence, disability or refusal of any officer to exercise and perform his duties, the Board of Directors may delegate to another officer such powers or duties. SECTION 13. RESIGNATION AND REMOVAL. Any officer of the Corporation may be removed from office for or without cause at any time by the Board of Directors. Any officer may resign at any time in the same manner prescribed under Section 3 of Article III of these By-laws. SECTION 14. VACANCIES. The Board of Directors shall have power to fill vacancies occurring in any office. ARTICLE V STOCK SECTION 1. CERTIFICATES OF STOCK. Every holder of stock in the Corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by, or in the name of the Corporation by, the Chairman of the Board or the President or a Vice President and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, certifying the number and class of shares of stock in the Corporation owned by him. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. The Board of Directors shall have the power to appoint one or more transfer agents and/or registrars for the transfer or registration of certificates of stock of any class, and may require stock certificates to be countersigned or registered by one or more of such transfer agents and/or registrars. SECTION 2. TRANSFER OF SHARES. Shares of stock of the Corporation shall be transferable upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, upon surrender to the Corporation by delivery thereof to the person in charge of the stock and transfer books and ledgers. Such certificates shall be cancelled and new certificates shall 7 thereupon be issued. A record shall be made of each transfer. Whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of the transfer if, when the certificates are presented, both the transferor and transferee request the Corporation to do so. The Board shall have power and authority to make such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or proper concerning the issue, transfer and registration of certificates for shares of stock of the corporation. SECTION 3. LOST CERTIFICATES. A new certificate of stock may be issued in the place of any certificate previously issued by the Corporation, alleged to have been lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated, and the Board of Directors may, in their discretion, require the owner of such lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated certificate, or his legal representative, to give the Corporation a bond, in such sum as the Board may direct, not exceeding double the value of the stock, in order to indemnify the Corporation against any claims that may be made against it in connection therewith. SECTION 4. STOCKHOLDERS OF RECORD. The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any share or shares of stock as the holder thereof, in fact, and shall not be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise expressly provided by law. SECTION 5. STOCKHOLDERS RECORD DATE. In order that the Corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which shall not be more than sixty days nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting, provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting. SECTION 6. DIVIDENDS. Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation, the Board of Directors may at any regular or special meeting, out of funds legally available therefor, declare dividends upon the stock of the Corporation. Before the declaration of any dividend, the Board of Directors may set apart, out of any funds of the Corporation available for dividends, such sum or sums as from time to time in their discretion may be deemed proper for working capital or as a reserve fund to meet contingencies or for such other purposes as shall be deemed conducive to the interests of the Corporation. ARTICLE VI NOTICE AND WAIVER OF NOTICE SECTION 1. NOTICE. Whenever any written notice is required to be given by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-Laws, such notice, if mailed, shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail, postage 8 prepaid, addressed to the person entitled to such notice at his address as it appears on the books and records of the Corporation. Such notice may also be sent by telegram. SECTION 2. WAIVER OF NOTICE. Whenever notice is required to be given by law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these By-laws, a written waiver thereof signed by the person entitled to notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any meeting of the stockholders, directors, or members of a committee of the Board need be specified in any written waiver of notice. ARTICLE VII AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS SECTION 1. AMENDMENTS. These By-Laws may be amended or repealed or new By-Laws may be adopted by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors at any regular or special meeting of the Board. If any By-Law regulating an impending election of directors is adopted, amended or repealed by the Board, there shall be set forth in the notice of the next meeting of shareholders for the election of directors the By-Law(s) so adopted, amended, or repealed, together with a precise statement of the changes made. By-Laws adopted by Board of Directors may be amended or repealed by stockholders. Notwithstanding the foregoing to the contrary, the provisions of Article X hereof may not be further amended or repealed without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock of the Corporation present and entitled to vote at a duly convened meeting of the stockholders of the Corporation. ARTICLE VIII SECTION 1. The seal of the Corporation shall be circular in form and shall have the name of the corporation on the circumference and the jurisdiction and year of incorporation in the center. SECTION 2. FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the Corporation shall end on September 30 of each year, or such other twelve consecutive months as the Board of Directors may designate. ARTICLE IX INDEMNIFICATION SECTION 1. A director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or 9 omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. SECTION 2. Each person who has or is made a party or is threatened to be made a party to or is involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or she, or a person of whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, whether the basis of such proceeding is alleged action or inaction in an official capacity as a director, officer, employee or agent or in any other capacity while serving as a director, officer, employee or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by the Corporation to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, as the same exists or may hereafter be amended (but, in the case of any such amendment, only to the extent that such amendment permits the Corporation to provide broader indemnification rights than said law permitted the Corporation to provide prior to such amendment), against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid or to be paid in settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such person in connection therewith and such indemnification shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee or agent and shall inure to the benefit of his or her heirs, executors and administrators; provided, however, that, except as provided in this Section 2, the Corporation shall indemnify any such person seeking indemnification in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such person only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board of Directors of the Corporation. The right to indemnification conferred in this Section 2 shall be a contract right and shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation the expenses incurred in defending any such proceeding in advance of its final disposition as authorized by the Board of Directors; provided, however, that if the Delaware General Corporation Law so requires, the payment of such expenses incurred by a director, officer, employee or agent of the Company in his or her capacity as such in advance of the final disposition of a proceeding shall be made only upon delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such director, officer, employee or agent of the Company, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined that such director, officer, employee or agent of the Company is not entitled to be indemnified under this Section 2 or otherwise. SECTION 3. If a claim under Section 2 of this Article IX is not paid in full by the Corporation within 30 days after a written claim has been received by the Corporation, the claimant may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim and, if successful in whole or in part, the claimant shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting such claim. It shall be a defense to any such action (other than an action brought to enforce a claim for expenses incurred in defending any proceeding in advance of its final disposition where the required undertaking, if any is required, has been tendered to the Corporation) that the claimant has not met the standard of conduct which makes it permissible under the Delaware General Corporation Law for the Corporation to indemnify the claimant for the amount claimed, but the burden of proving such defense shall be on the 10 Corporation. Neither the failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders to have made a determination prior to the commencement of such action that indemnification of the claimant is proper in the circumstances because he or she has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation (including its Board of Directors, independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) that the claimant has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create a presumption that the claimant has not met the applicable standard of conduct. SECTION 4. The right to indemnification and the payment of expenses incurred in defending a proceeding in advance of its final disposition conferred in this Article IX shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate of Incorporation, these By-Laws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. SECTION 5. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to protect itself and any director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation or another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise against any such expense, liability or loss, whether or not the corporation would have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss under the Delaware General Corporation Law. ARTICLE X MISCELLANEOUS SECTION 1. STOCK OPTIONS. The Corporation may not grant any stock options having an exercise price that is less than 100% of the fair market value of the underlying stock on the date of grant. Furthermore, the Corporation may not reduce the exercise price of any stock option granted under any existing stock option plan or under any stock option plan adopted after the date of these amended By-Laws. SECTION 2. CONVERTIBLE SECURITIES. The Corporation may not sell or issue any security of the Corporation convertible, exercisable or exchangeable into shares of common stock of the Corporation, having a conversion, exercise or exchange price per share which is subject to downward adjustment based on the market price of the common stock at the time of conversion, exercise or exchange of such security into common stock (except for appropriate adjustments made to give effect to any stock splits or stock dividends). SECTION 3. SALE OF STOCK. The Corporation may not enter into: (a) any equity line or similar agreement or arrangement; or (b) any agreement to sell common stock of the Corporation (or any security convertible, exercisable or exchangeable into shares of common stock ("Common Stock Equivalent")) at a per share price (or, with respect to a Common Stock Equivalent, at a conversion, exercise or exchange price, as the case may be ("Equivalent Price")) that is fixed after the execution date of the agreement, whether or not based on any predetermined price-setting formula or calculation method. Notwithstanding the 11 foregoing, however, a price protection clause shall be permitted in an agreement for sale of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalent, if such clause provides for an adjustment to the price per share of Common Stock or, with respect to a Common Stock Equivalent, to the Equivalent Price (provided that such price or Equivalent Price is fixed on or before the execution date of the agreement)(the "Fixed Price") in the event that the Corporation, during the period beginning on the date of the agreement and ending no later than 90 days after the closing date of the transaction, sells shares of Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalent to another investor at a price or Equivalent Price, as the case may be, below the Fixed Price. 12