Restructuring and Other Related Charges

Restructuring

During first quarter 2018, the Company initiated a strategic restructuring plan to improve processes and reduce headcount in response to its new workforce planning technology that allows more effective management of staff levels (“Workforce planning”). During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as part of this process, the Company formally communicated the termination of employment to 119 employees, and as of September 30, 2018, the Company had terminated the employment of 115 of these employees. The costs associated with this initiative primarily represent severance, outplacement services and other costs associated with employee terminations, the majority of which have been or are expected to be settled in cash. The Company expects further restructuring expense of approximately $5 million related to this initiative to be incurred in 2018.

During fourth quarter 2017, the Company initiated a strategic restructuring initiative to better position its truck rental operations in the U.S., in which it closed certain rental locations and reduced the size of the older rental fleet, with the intent to increase fleet utilization and reduce vehicle and overhead costs (“Truck initiative”). The Company expects no further restructuring expense related to this initiative.

During first quarter 2017, the Company initiated a strategic restructuring initiative to drive operational efficiency throughout the organization by reducing headcount, improving processes and consolidating functions, closing certain rental locations and decreasing the size of its fleet (“T17”). As of September 30, 2018, the Company had terminated the employment of 673 employees related to this initiative. The costs associated with this initiative primarily represent severance, outplacement services and other costs associated with employee terminations, the majority of which have been or are expected to be settled in cash. This initiative is substantially complete.

The following tables summarize the changes to our restructuring-related liabilities and identify the amounts recorded within the Company’s reporting segments for restructuring charges and corresponding payments and utilizations:



		Americas			International			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2018		$	1		$	3		$	4
	Restructuring charge:
	Workforce planning	2			7			9
	Truck initiative	2			—			2
	T17	2			—			2
	Restructuring payment/utilization:
	Workforce planning	(2		)	(6		)	(8		)
	Truck initiative	(2		)	—			(2		)
	T17	(2		)	(2		)	(4		)
Balance as of September 30, 2018		$	1		$	2		$	3

		Personnel Related			Other ^(a)			Total
Balance as of January 1, 2018		$	4		$	—		$	4
	Restructuring charge:
	Workforce planning	8			1			9
	Truck initiative	—			2			2
	T17	—			2			2
	Restructuring payment/utilization:
	Workforce planning	(8		)	—			(8		)
	Truck initiative	—			(2		)	(2		)
	T17	(2		)	(2		)	(4		)
Balance as of September 30, 2018		$	2		$	1		$	3

__________


^(a)	Includes expenses primarily related to the disposition of vehicles.

Other Related Charges

Officer Separation Costs

On May 12, 2017, the Company announced the resignation of David B. Wyshner as the Company’s President and Chief Financial Officer. In connection with Mr. Wyshner’s departure, the Company recorded other related charges of $7 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017, inclusive of accelerated stock-based compensation expense of $2 million.

Limited Voluntary Opportunity Plans (“LVOP”)

During 2017, the Company offered voluntary termination programs to certain employees in the Americas’ field operations, shared services, and general and administrative functions for a limited time. These employees, if qualified, elected resignation from employment in return for enhanced severance benefits to be settled in cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded other related charges of $14 million. As of September 30, 2018, 358 qualified employees elected to participate in the plan and the employment of all participants had been terminated.