10-Q

Table of Contents‌

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2023

OR

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF

THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-640

NL INDUSTRIES, INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

New Jersey	13-5267260
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(IRS Employer Identification No.)

5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700

Dallas, Texas 75240-2620

(Address of principal executive offices)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (972) 233-1700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stock	NL	NYSE

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).   Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☒
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).   Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Number of shares of the registrant’s common stock, $.125 par value per share, outstanding on April 28, 2023  48,815,734.

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

INDEX

		Page number
Part I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets - December 31, 2022; March 31, 2023 (unaudited)	3
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited) - Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023	5
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) (unaudited) - Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023	6
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Equity (unaudited) - Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023	7
	Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited) - Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023	8
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	9
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	19
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure About Market Risk	31
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	32
Part II.	OTHER INFORMATION	32
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	32
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	32
Item 6.	Exhibits	33

Items 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Part II are omitted because there is no information to report.

2

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands)

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
			(unaudited)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	68,868	$	48,146
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		2,864		2,865
Marketable securities		70,164		95,688
Accounts and other receivables, net		17,870		18,713
Receivables from affiliates		636		889
Inventories, net		31,290		30,235
Prepaid expenses and other		2,276		2,103
Total current assets		193,968		198,639
Other assets:
Restricted cash and cash equivalents		25,770		25,870
Note receivable from affiliate		13,200		12,200
Marketable securities		26,350		20,852
Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.		292,206		278,449
Goodwill		27,156		27,156
Other assets, net		2,523		2,891
Total other assets		387,205		367,418
Property and equipment:
Land		5,390		5,389
Buildings		23,181		23,181
Equipment		74,113		74,377
Construction in progress		722		399
		103,406		103,346
Less accumulated depreciation		74,712		75,432
Net property and equipment		28,694		27,914
Total assets	$	609,867	$	593,971

3

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)

(In thousands)

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
			(unaudited)
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	3,537	$	3,925
Accrued litigation settlement		11,830		11,887
Accrued and other current liabilities		13,388		8,349
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs		2,627		1,889
Payables to affiliates		665		665
Income taxes		5		5
Total current liabilities		32,052		26,720
Noncurrent liabilities:
Long-term debt from affiliate		500		500
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs		89,731		89,633
Long-term litigation settlement		27,427		27,557
Deferred income taxes		50,119		51,017
Accrued pension costs		3,012		3,063
Other		4,279		4,205
Total noncurrent liabilities		175,068		175,975
Equity:
NL stockholders' equity:
Common stock		6,101		6,101
Additional paid-in capital		298,598		298,252
Retained earnings		300,442		290,309
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(222,991)		(224,368)
Total NL stockholders' equity		382,150		370,294
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary		20,597		20,982
Total equity		402,747		391,276
Total liabilities and equity	$	609,867	$	593,971

Commitments and contingencies (Notes 12 and 14)

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except per share data)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(unaudited)
Net sales	$	42,050	$	41,151
Cost of sales		29,970		28,447
Gross margin		12,080		12,704
Selling, general and administrative expense		5,774		5,664
Corporate expense		2,436		2,843
Income from operations		3,870		4,197
Equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.		17,533		(4,637)
Other income (expense):
Interest and dividend income		309		1,965
Marketable equity securities		671		(5,498)
Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost		(223)		(346)
Interest expense		(246)		(199)
Income (loss) before income taxes		21,914		(4,518)
Income tax expense		2,705		1,421
Net income (loss)		19,209		(5,939)
Noncontrolling interest in net income of subsidiary		652		777
Net income (loss) attributable to NL stockholders	$	18,557	$	(6,716)
Amounts attributable to NL stockholders:
Basic and diluted net income (loss) per share	$	.38	$	(.14)
Weighted average shares used in the calculation of   net income per share		48,803		48,816

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(unaudited)
Net income (loss)	$	19,209	$	(5,939)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Currency translation		1,580		(1,666)
Defined benefit pension plans		873		393
Marketable debt securities		—		(48)
Other postretirement benefit plans		(68)		(60)
Total other comprehensive income (loss), net		2,385		(1,381)
Comprehensive income (loss)		21,594		(7,320)
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest		652		773
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to NL stockholders	$	20,942	$	(8,093)

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

6

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(In thousands)

	Three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2023 (unaudited)
							Accumulated
			Additional				other		Noncontrolling
	Common		paid-in		Retained		comprehensive		interest in		Total
	stock		capital		earnings		loss		subsidiary		equity
Balance at December 31, 2021	$	6,100	$	299,775	$	297,351	$	(240,756)	$	22,501	$	384,971
Net income		—		—		18,557		—		652		19,209
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		—		—		—		2,385		—		2,385
Dividends paid - $.07 per share		—		—		(3,416)		—		—		(3,416)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest		—		—		—		—		(406)		(406)
Other, net		—		435		—		—		—		435
Balance at March 31, 2022	$	6,100	$	300,210	$	312,492	$	(238,371)	$	22,747	$	403,178
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	6,101	$	298,598	$	300,442	$	(222,991)	$	20,597	$	402,747
Net income (loss)		—		—		(6,716)		—		777		(5,939)
Other comprehensive loss, net of tax		—		—		—		(1,377)		(4)		(1,381)
Dividends paid - $.07 per share		—		—		(3,417)		—		—		(3,417)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest		—		—		—		—		(388)		(388)
Other, net		—		(346)		—		—		—		(346)
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	6,101	$	298,252	$	290,309	$	(224,368)	$	20,982	$	391,276

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(unaudited)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	19,209	$	(5,939)
Depreciation and amortization		961		1,010
Deferred income taxes		2,688		1,362
Equity in (earnings) losses of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.		(17,533)		4,637
Dividends received from Kronos Worldwide, Inc.		6,692		6,692
Marketable equity securities		(671)		5,498
Noncash interest expense		239		187
Benefit plan expense less than cash funding		306		330
Other, net		(73)		(808)
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts and other receivables, net		(2,172)		(845)
Inventories, net		(2,490)		1,012
Prepaid expenses and other		(1,037)		172
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		(2,966)		(4,498)
Accounts with affiliates		7		(253)
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs		(35)		(836)
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities, net		(130)		(443)
Net cash provided by operating activities		2,995		7,278
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures		(1,717)		(270)
Marketable securities:
Purchases		—		(32,824)
Proceeds from maturities		—		8,000
Note receivable from affiliate:
Collections		7,700		7,800
Loans		(7,100)		(6,800)
Net cash used in investing activities		(1,117)		(24,094)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid		(3,416)		(3,417)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests in subsidiary		(406)		(388)
Net cash used in financing activities		(3,822)		(3,805)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash   equivalents - net change from:
Operating, investing and financing activities		(1,944)		(20,621)
Balance at beginning of year		175,242		97,502
Balance at end of period	$	173,298	$	76,881
Supplemental disclosures - cash paid for:
Interest	$	6	$	12
Income taxes, net		9		171

See accompanying notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

NL INDUSTRIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

March 31, 2023

(unaudited)

Note 1 – Organization and basis of presentation:

Organization – At March 31, 2023, Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI) held approximately 83% of our outstanding common stock and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran Corporation held approximately 92% of Valhi’s outstanding common stock. A majority of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held directly by Lisa K. Simmons and various family trusts established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons, Thomas C. Connelly (the husband of Ms. Simmons’ late sister) and their children and for which Ms. Simmons or Mr. Connelly, as applicable, serve as trustee (collectively, the “Other Trusts”). With respect to the Other Trusts for which Mr. Connelly serves as trustee, he is required to vote the shares of Contran voting stock held by such trusts in the same manner as Ms. Simmons. Such voting rights of Ms. Simmons last through April 22, 2030 and are personal to Ms. Simmons. The remainder of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held by another trust (the “Family Trust”), which was established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons and her late sister and their children and for which a third-party financial institution serves as trustee. Consequently, at March 31, 2023 Ms. Simmons and the Family Trust may be deemed to control Contran, and therefore may be deemed to indirectly control the wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran, Valhi and us.

Basis of presentation – Consolidated in this Quarterly Report are the results of our majority-owned subsidiary, CompX International Inc. We also own approximately 31% of Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (Kronos). CompX (NYSE American: CIX) and Kronos (NYSE: KRO) each file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report have been prepared on the same basis as the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 that we filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”). In our opinion, we have made all necessary adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) in order to state fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented. We have condensed the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 contained in this Quarterly Report as compared to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, and we have omitted certain information and footnote disclosures (including those related to the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022) normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Our results of operations for the interim period ended March 31, 2023 may not be indicative of our operating results for the full year. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with our 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our 2022 Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to “NL,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to NL Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliate, Kronos, taken as a whole.

Note 2 – Accounts and other receivables, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Trade receivables - CompX	$	17,910	$	18,751
Other receivables		30		32
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(70)		(70)
Total	$	17,870	$	18,713

9

Note 3 – Inventories, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Raw materials	$	6,245	$	6,014
Work in process		19,983		19,337
Finished products		5,062		4,884
Total	$	31,290	$	30,235

Note 4 – Marketable securities:

Our current marketable securities are invested in U.S. government treasuries with original maturities ranging in length from 4 months to 12 months.  The fair value of our current marketable securities are determined using Level 2 inputs (because although these securities are traded, in many cases the market is not active and the period-end valuation is generally based on the last trade of the period, which may be several days prior to the end of the period).

Our noncurrent marketable securities consist of our investment in the publicly-traded shares of our immediate parent company Valhi, Inc. Our shares of Valhi common stock are accounted for as available-for-sale securities, which are carried at fair value using quoted market prices in active markets and represent a Level 1 input within the fair value hierarchy.

	Fair value			Cost or
	measurement	Market		amortized		Unrealized
	level	value		cost		gain (loss)
		(In thousands)
December 31, 2022
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	70,164	$	70,226		(62)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	26,350	$	24,347	$	2,003
March 31, 2023
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	95,688	$	95,830	$	(142)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	20,852	$	24,347	$	(3,495)

At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we held approximately 1.2 million shares of common stock of our immediate parent company, Valhi, Inc. At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, the quoted per share market price of Valhi common stock was $22.00 and $17.41, respectively.

The Valhi common stock we own is subject to restrictions on resale pursuant to certain provisions of the SEC Rule 144. In addition, as a majority-owned subsidiary of Valhi, we cannot vote our shares of Valhi common stock under Delaware General Corporation Law, but we receive dividends from Valhi on these shares, when declared and paid.

Note 5 – Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.:

At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we owned approximately 35.2 million shares of Kronos common stock. At March 31, 2023, the quoted market price of Kronos’ common stock was $9.21 per share, or an aggregate market value of $324.4 million. At December 31, 2022, the quoted market price was $9.40 per share, or an aggregate market value of $331.1 million.

10

The change in the carrying value of our investment in Kronos during the first three months of 2023 is summarized below.

	Amount
	(In millions)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	292.2
Equity in loss of Kronos		(4.6)
Dividends received from Kronos		(6.7)
Equity in Kronos' other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		(2.1)
Defined benefit pension plans		.1
Other		(.4)
Balance at the end of the period	$	278.5

Selected financial information of Kronos is summarized below:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Current assets	$	1,242.2	$	1,135.1
Property and equipment, net		484.5		489.9
Investment in TiO2 joint venture		112.9		113.6
Other noncurrent assets		94.8		92.9
Total assets	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5
Current liabilities	$	326.7	$	259.7
Long-term debt		424.1		433.5
Accrued pension costs		128.6		129.3
Other noncurrent liabilities		97.8		96.9
Stockholders’ equity		957.2		912.1
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	562.9	$	426.3
Cost of sales		413.6		395.5
Income (loss) from operations		83.3		(18.3)
Income tax expense (benefit)		18.3		(6.9)
Net income (loss)		57.5		(15.2)

11

Note 6 – Other assets, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Pension asset	$	1,105	$	1,183
Other		1,418		1,708
Total	$	2,523	$	2,891

Note 7 – Accrued and other current liabilities:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Employee benefits	$	11,023	$	5,723
Other		2,365		2,626
Total	$	13,388	$	8,349

Note 8 – Long-term debt:

During the first three months of 2023, our wholly-owned subsidiary, NLKW Holding, LLC had no borrowings or repayments under its $50 million secured revolving credit facility with Valhi. At March 31, 2023, $.5 million was outstanding and $49.5 million was available for future borrowing under this facility. Outstanding borrowings bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.875% per annum, and the average interest rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 9.56%. The interest rate under this facility as of March 31, 2023 was 9.88%. We are in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2023.

Note 9 – Other noncurrent liabilities:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions	$	2,714	$	2,714
OPEB		637		607
Insurance claims and expenses		625		535
Other		303		349
Total	$	4,279	$	4,205

Note 10 – Revenue recognition:

The following table disaggregates our net sales by reporting unit, which are the categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Net sales:
Security Products	$	29,581	$	27,342
Marine Components		12,469		13,809
Total	$	42,050	$	41,151

12

Note 11 – Employee benefit plans:

The components of net periodic defined benefit pension cost are presented in the table below.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Interest cost	$	297	$	450
Expected return on plan assets		(392)		(414)
Recognized actuarial losses		373		358
Total	$	278	$	394

We currently expect our 2023 contributions to our defined benefit pension plans to be approximately $1.2 million.

Note 12 – Income taxes:

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Expected tax expense (benefit), at U.S. federal statutory   income tax rate of 21%	$	4,602	$	(949)
Rate differences on equity in earnings of Kronos, net of dividends		(1,914)		2,305
U.S. state income taxes and other, net		17		65
Income tax expense	$	2,705	$	1,421
Comprehensive provision for income taxes allocable to:
Net income	$	2,705	$	1,421
Additional paid-in capital		116		(92)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		420		(443)
Pension plans		232		104
Other		(18)		(34)
Total	$	3,455	$	956

In accordance with GAAP, we recognize deferred income taxes on our undistributed equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos. Because we and Kronos are part of the same U.S. federal income tax group, any dividends we receive from Kronos are nontaxable to us. Accordingly, we do not recognize and we are not required to pay income taxes on dividends from Kronos. We received aggregate dividends from Kronos of $6.7 million in each of the first three months of 2022 and 2023. The amounts shown in the above table of our income tax rate reconciliation for rate differences on equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos represent the income tax expense (benefit) associated with the nontaxable dividends we received from Kronos compared to the amount of deferred income taxes we recognized on our equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos.

13

Note 13 – Stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss - Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to NL stockholders, including amounts resulting from our investment in Kronos Worldwide (see Note 5), are presented in the table below.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, (net of tax and noncontrolling interest):
Currency translation:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(171,235)	$	(178,191)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		1,580		(1,666)
Balance at end of period	$	(169,655)	$	(179,857)
Defined benefit pension plans:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(68,468)	$	(43,857)
Other comprehensive income -
Amortization of prior service cost and net losses included in   net periodic pension cost		873		393
Balance at end of period	$	(67,595)	$	(43,464)
OPEB plans and other:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1,053)	$	(893)
Other comprehensive loss -
Amortization of net gain included in net periodic   OPEB cost		(68)		(60)
Balance at end of period	$	(1,121)	$	(953)
Marketable debt securities:
Balance at beginning of period	$	—	$	(50)
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss arising during the period		—		(44)
Balance at end of period	$	—	$	(94)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(240,756)	$	(222,991)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		2,385		(1,377)
Balance at end of period	$	(238,371)	$	(224,368)

See Note 11 for amounts related to our defined benefit pension plans.

Note 14 – Commitments and contingencies:

General

We are involved in various environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to our current and former businesses. At least quarterly our management discusses and evaluates the status of any pending litigation or claim to which we are a party or which has been asserted against us. The factors considered in such evaluation include, among other things, the nature of such pending cases and claims, the status of such pending cases and claims, the advice of legal counsel and our experience in similar cases and claims (if any). Based on such evaluation, we make a determination as to whether we believe (i) it is probable a loss has been incurred, and if so if the amount of such loss (or a range of loss) is reasonably estimable, or (ii) it is reasonably possible but not probable a loss has been incurred, and if so, if the amount of such loss (or a range of loss) is reasonably estimable, or (iii) the probability a loss has been incurred is remote.

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Lead pigment litigation

Our former operations included the manufacture of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint. We, other former manufacturers of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint (together, the “former pigment manufacturers”), and the Lead Industries Association (LIA), which discontinued business operations in 2002, have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. Certain of these actions have been filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, and certain others have been asserted as class actions. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims.

The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. To the extent the plaintiffs seek compensatory or punitive damages in these actions, such damages are generally unspecified. In some cases, the damages are unspecified pursuant to the requirements of applicable state law. A number of cases are inactive or have been dismissed or withdrawn. Most of the remaining cases are in various pre-trial stages. Some are on appeal following dismissal or summary judgment rulings or a trial verdict in favor of either the defendants or the plaintiffs.

We believe these actions are without merit, and we intend to continue to deny all allegations of wrongdoing and liability and to defend against all actions vigorously. We do not believe it is probable we have incurred any liability with respect to pending lead pigment litigation cases to which we are a party, and with respect to all such lead pigment litigation cases to which we are a party, we believe liability to us that may result, if any, in this regard cannot be reasonably estimated, because:

● we have never settled any of the market share, intentional tort, fraud, nuisance, supplier negligence, breach of warranty, conspiracy, misrepresentation, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, or statutory cases (other than the Santa Clara case discussed below),

● no final, non-appealable adverse judgments have ever been entered against us, and

● we have never ultimately been found liable with respect to any such litigation matters, including over 100 cases over a thirty-year period for which we were previously a party and for which we have been dismissed without any finding of liability.

Accordingly, we have not accrued any amounts for any of the pending lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation cases filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, or those asserted as class actions. In addition, we have determined that liability to us which may result, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated at this time because there is no prior history of a loss of this nature on which an estimate could be made and there is no substantive information available upon which an estimate could be based.

In the terms of the County of Santa Clara v. Atlantic Richfield Company, et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, Case No. 1-00-CV-788657) global settlement agreement, we have three annual installment payments remaining ($12.0 million for the next two installments and $16.7 million for the final installment). Our final installment will be made with funds already on deposit at the court, which are included in noncurrent restricted cash on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, that are committed to the settlement, including all accrued interest at the date of payment, with any remaining balance to be paid by us (and any amounts on deposit in excess of the final payment would be returned to us).  See Note 16 to our 2022 Annual Report.

New cases may continue to be filed against us. We do not know if we will incur liability in the future in respect to any of the pending or possible litigation in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in court and jury rulings. In the future, if new information regarding such matters becomes available to us (such as a final, non-appealable adverse verdict against us or otherwise ultimately being found liable with respect to such matters), at that time we would consider such information in evaluating any remaining cases then-pending against us as to whether it might then have become probable we have incurred liability with respect to these matters, and whether such liability, if any, could have become reasonably estimable. The resolution of any of these cases could result in the recognition of a loss contingency accrual that could have a material adverse impact on our net income for the interim or annual period during which such liability is recognized and a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition and liquidity.

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Environmental matters and litigation

Our operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of our businesses are and have been engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain of our past and current operations and products have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. We have implemented and continue to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. Our policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of our plants and to strive to improve environmental performance. From time to time, we may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. statutes, the resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies, could adversely affect our production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances. We believe all of our facilities are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws.

Certain properties and facilities used in our former operations, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws and common law. Additionally, in connection with past operating practices, we are currently involved as a defendant, potentially responsible party (PRP) or both, pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (CERCLA), and similar state laws in various governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations, and facilities that we or our predecessors, our subsidiaries or their predecessors currently or previously owned, operated or used, certain of which are on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although we may be jointly and severally liable for these costs, in most cases we are only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable, and among whom costs may be shared or allocated. In addition, we are occasionally named as a party in a number of personal injury lawsuits filed in various jurisdictions alleging claims related to environmental conditions alleged to have resulted from our operations.

Obligations associated with environmental remediation and related matters are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons including the:

● complexity and differing interpretations of governmental regulations,

● number of PRPs and their ability or willingness to fund such allocation of costs,

● financial capabilities of the PRPs and the allocation of costs among them,

● solvency of other PRPs,

● multiplicity of possible solutions,

● number of years of investigatory, remedial and monitoring activity required,

● uncertainty over the extent, if any, to which our former operations might have contributed to the conditions allegedly giving rise to such personal injury, property damage, natural resource and related claims, and

● number of years between former operations and notice of claims and lack of information and documents about the former operations.

In addition, the imposition of more stringent standards or requirements under environmental laws or regulations, new developments or changes regarding site cleanup costs or the allocation of costs among PRPs, solvency of other PRPs, the results of future testing and analysis undertaken with respect to certain sites or a determination that we are potentially responsible for the release of hazardous substances at other sites, could cause our expenditures to exceed our current estimates. Actual costs could exceed accrued amounts or the upper end of the range for sites for which estimates have been made, and costs may be incurred for sites where no estimates presently can be made. Further, additional environmental and related matters may arise in the future. If we were to incur any future liability, this could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

We record liabilities related to environmental remediation and related matters (including costs associated with damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources) when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. We adjust such accruals as further information becomes available to us or as circumstances change. Unless the amounts and timing of such estimated future expenditures are fixed and reasonably determinable, we generally do not discount estimated

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future expenditures to their present value due to the uncertainty of the timing of the payout. We recognize recoveries of costs from other parties, if any, as assets when their receipt is deemed probable.

We do not know and cannot estimate the exact time frame over which we will make payments for our accrued environmental and related costs. The timing of payments depends upon a number of factors, including but not limited to the timing of the actual remediation process; which in turn depends on factors outside of our control. At each balance sheet date, we estimate the amount of our accrued environmental and related costs which we expect to pay within the next twelve months, and we classify this estimate as a current liability. We classify the remaining accrued environmental costs as a noncurrent liability.

Changes in the accrued environmental remediation and related costs during the first three months of 2023 are as follows:

	Amount
	(In thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	92,358
Additions charged to expense, net		—
Payments, net		(836)
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522
Amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance Sheet at the end of the period:
Current liability	$	1,889
Noncurrent liability		89,633
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the potential range of our liability for environmental remediation and related costs at sites where we have been named as a PRP or defendant, including sites for which our wholly-owned environmental management subsidiary, NL Environmental Management Services, Inc. (EMS), has contractually assumed our obligations. At March 31, 2023, we had accrued approximately $92 million related to approximately 33 sites associated with remediation and related matters we believe are at the present time and/or in their current phase reasonably estimable. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs to us for remediation and related matters for which we believe it is possible to estimate costs is approximately $118 million, including the amount currently accrued. These accruals have not been discounted to present value.

We believe it is not reasonably possible to estimate the range of costs for certain sites. At March 31, 2023, there were approximately five sites for which we are not currently able to reasonably estimate a range of costs. For these sites, generally the investigation is in the early stages, and we are unable to determine whether or not we actually had any association with the site, the nature of our responsibility, if any, for the contamination at the site, if any, and the extent of contamination at and cost to remediate the site. The timing and availability of information on these sites is dependent on events outside of our control, such as when the party alleging liability provides information to us. At certain of these previously inactive sites, we have received general and special notices of liability from the EPA and/or state agencies alleging that we, sometimes with other PRPs, are liable for past and future costs of remediating environmental contamination allegedly caused by former operations. These notifications may assert that we, along with any other alleged PRPs, are liable for past and/or future clean-up costs. As further information becomes available to us for any of these sites, which would allow us to estimate a range of costs, we would at that time adjust our accruals. Any such adjustment could result in the recognition of an accrual that would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

Insurance coverage claims

We are involved in certain legal proceedings with a number of our former insurance carriers regarding the nature and extent of the carriers’ obligations to us under insurance policies with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. The issue of whether insurance coverage for defense costs or indemnity or both will be found to exist for our lead pigment and asbestos litigation depends upon a variety of factors and we cannot assure you that such insurance coverage will be available.

We have agreements with certain of our former insurance carriers pursuant to which the carriers reimburse us for a portion of our future lead pigment litigation defense costs. We are not able to determine how much we will ultimately recover from these carriers for defense costs incurred by us because of certain issues that arise regarding which defense costs qualify for reimbursement. While we continue to seek additional insurance recoveries, we do not know if we will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. Accordingly, we recognize insurance recoveries in income only when receipt of the recovery is probable and we are able to reasonably estimate the amount of the recovery.

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For a complete discussion of certain litigation involving us and certain of our former insurance carriers, refer to our 2022 Annual Report.

Other litigation

In addition to the litigation described above, we and our affiliates are also involved in various other environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to present and former businesses. In certain cases, we have insurance coverage for these items, although we do not expect additional material insurance coverage for environmental matters. We currently believe the disposition of all of these various other claims and disputes (including asbestos-related claims), individually and in the aggregate, should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity beyond the accruals already provided.

Note 15 – Financial instruments:

See Note 4 for information on how we determine fair value of our marketable securities.

The following table presents the financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but which require fair value disclosure:

	December 31, 2022				March 31, 2023
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	amount		value		amount		value
	(In thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	97,502	$	97,502	$	76,881	$	76,881

Due to their near-term maturities, the carrying amounts of accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered equivalent to fair value.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

Business overview

We are primarily a holding company. We operate in the component products industry through our majority-owned subsidiary, CompX International Inc. We also own a non-controlling interest in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. Both CompX (NYSE American: CIX ) and Kronos (NYSE: KRO) file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

CompX is a leading manufacturer of engineered components utilized in a variety of applications and industries. Through its Security Products operations, CompX manufactures mechanical and electronic cabinet locks and other locking mechanisms used in postal, recreational transportation, office and institutional furniture, cabinetry, tool storage and healthcare applications. CompX also manufactures wake enhancement systems, stainless steel exhaust systems, gauges, throttle controls, trim tabs and related hardware and accessories for the recreational marine and other industries through its Marine Components operations.

We account for our approximate 31% non-controlling interest in Kronos by the equity method. Kronos is a leading global producer and marketer of value-added titanium dioxide pigments (TiO₂). TiO₂ is used for a variety of manufacturing applications including paints, plastics, paper and other industrial and specialty products.

Forward-looking information

This report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts are forward-looking in nature and represent management’s beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information. Statements in this report including, but not limited to, statements found in Item 2 - “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” are forward-looking statements that represent our management’s beliefs and assumptions based on currently available information. In some cases you can identify forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “believes,” “intends,” “may,” “should,” “could,” “anticipates,” “expects” or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategies or trends. Although we believe the expectations reflected in forward-looking statements are reasonable, we do not know if these expectations will be correct. Such statements by their nature involve substantial risks and uncertainties that could significantly impact expected results. Actual future results could differ materially from those predicted. The factors that could cause our actual future results to differ materially from those described herein are the risks and uncertainties discussed in this Quarterly Report and those described from time to time in our other filings with the SEC including, but are not limited to, the following:

● Future supply and demand for our products

● The extent of the dependence of certain of our businesses on certain market sectors

● The cyclicality of our businesses (such as Kronos’ TiO₂ operations)

● Customer and producer inventory levels

● Unexpected or earlier-than-expected industry capacity expansion (such as the TiO₂ industry)

● Changes in raw material and other operating costs (such as energy, ore, zinc, aluminum, steel and brass costs) and our ability to pass those costs on to our customers or offset them with reductions in other operating costs

● Changes in the availability of raw materials (such as ore)

● General global economic and political conditions that harm the worldwide economy, disrupt our supply chain, increase material and energy costs or reduce demand or perceived demand for Kronos’ TiO₂ and our products or impair our ability to operate our facilities (including changes in the level of gross domestic product in various regions of the world, natural disasters, terrorist acts, global conflicts and public health crises such as COVID-19)

● Operating interruptions (including, but not limited to, labor disputes, leaks, natural disasters, fires, explosions, unscheduled or unplanned downtime, transportation interruptions, cyber-attacks, certain regional and world events or economic conditions and public health crises such as COVID-19)

● Competitive products and substitute products

● Price and product competition from low-cost manufacturing sources (such as China)

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● Customer and competitor strategies

● Potential consolidation of Kronos’ competitors

● Potential consolidation of Kronos’ customers

● The impact of pricing and production decisions

● Competitive technology positions

● Our ability to protect or defend intellectual property rights

● Potential difficulties in integrating future acquisitions

● Potential difficulties in upgrading or implementing accounting and manufacturing software systems

● The introduction of trade barriers or trade disputes

● Fluctuations in currency exchange rates (such as changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and each of the euro, the Norwegian krone and the Canadian dollar and between the euro and the Norwegian krone), or possible disruptions to our business resulting from uncertainties associated with the euro or other currencies

● Decisions to sell operating assets other than in the ordinary course of business

● Kronos’ ability to renew or refinance credit facilities

● Increases in interest rates

● Our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity

● The timing and amounts of insurance recoveries

● The ability of our subsidiaries or affiliates to pay us dividends

● Uncertainties associated with CompX’s development of new products and product features

● The ultimate outcome of income tax audits, tax settlement initiatives or other tax matters, including future tax reform

● Our ability to utilize income tax attributes or changes in income tax rates related to such attributes, the benefits of which may or may not have been recognized under the more-likely-than-not recognition criteria

● Environmental matters (such as those requiring compliance with emission and discharge standards for existing and new facilities or new developments regarding environmental remediation or decommissioning obligations at sites related to our former operations)

● Government laws and regulations and possible changes therein (such as changes in government regulations which might impose various obligations on former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint, including us, with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products), including new environmental health and safety or other regulations (such as those seeking to limit or classify TiO₂ or its use)

● The ultimate resolution of pending litigation (such as our lead pigment and environmental matters)

● Possible future litigation.

Should one or more of these risks materialize (or if the consequences of such a development worsen), or should the underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results could differ materially from those currently forecasted or expected. We disclaim any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement whether as a result of changes in information, future events or otherwise.

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Results of operations

Net income (loss) overview

Quarter ended March 31, 2023 compared to the quarter ended March 31, 2022

Our net loss attributable to NL stockholders was $6.7 million, or $.14 per share, in the first quarter of 2023 compared to net income attributable to NL stockholders of $18.6 million, or $.38 per share, in the first quarter of 2022.  As more fully described below, the decrease in our earnings per share attributable to NL stockholders from 2022 to 2023 is primarily due to the net effects of:

● equity in losses of Kronos in 2023 of $4.6 million compared to equity in earnings of $17.5 million in 2022;

● an unrealized loss in the relative value of marketable equity securities of $5.5 million in 2023 compared to an unrealized gain of $.7 million in 2022;

● higher income from operations attributable to CompX of $7.0 million in 2023 compared to $6.3 million in 2022; and

● higher interest and dividend income of $2.0 million in 2023 compared to $.3 million in 2022.

Our net loss attributable to NL stockholders for the first three months of 2023 includes income of $.01 per share due to Kronos’ recognition of a pre-tax insurance settlement gain related to a business interruption insurance claim arising from Hurricane Laura in 2020.

Income from operations

The following table shows the components of our income from operations.

	Three months ended March 31,				%
	2022		2023		Change
	(In millions)
CompX	$	6.3	$	7.0	12	%
Corporate expense		(2.4)		(2.8)	17
Income from operations	$	3.9	$	4.2	8

CompX is our component products business and corporate expense relates to NL. Each of these items is further discussed below.

The following table shows the components of our income (loss) before income taxes exclusive of our income from operations.

	Three months ended March 31,				%
	2022		2023		Change
	(In millions)
Equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos	$	17.5	$	(4.6)	(126)	%
Marketable equity securities unrealized gain (loss)		.7		(5.5)	(919)
Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost		(.2)		(.4)	55
Interest and dividend income		.3		2.0	536
Interest expense		(.3)		(.2)	(19)

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CompX International Inc.

In the first quarter of 2023 CompX’s operating income increased to $7.0 million compared to $6.3 million in the first quarter of 2022. The increase in operating income in the first quarter of 2023 compared to 2022 is due to higher Marine Compents sales and gross margins which more than offset lower Security Products sales.

	Three months ended March 31,						%
	2022			2023			Change
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	42.1		$	41.2		(2)	%
Cost of sales		30.0			28.5		(5)
Gross margin		12.1			12.7		5
Operating costs and expenses		5.8			5.7		(2)
Income from operations	$	6.3		$	7.0		12
Percentage of net sales:
Cost of sales		71	%		69	%
Gross margin		29			31
Operating costs and expenses		14			14
Income from operations		15			17

Net sales – Net sales decreased $.9 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to lower Security Products sales to the government security and healthcare industry markets, partially offset by higher Marine Components sales predominantly to the industrial market.

Cost of sales and gross margin – Cost of sales as a percentage of sales decreased 2% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. As a result, gross margin as a percentage of sales increased over the same period. Gross margin percentage increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period in 2022 primarily due to higher gross margin at Marine Components. See discussion of reporting units below.

Operating costs and expenses – Operating costs and expenses consist primarily of sales and administrative-related personnel costs, sales commissions and advertising expenses directly related to product sales and administrative costs relating to business unit and corporate management activities, as well as any gains and losses on property and equipment. Operating costs and expenses for the first quarter of 2023 were comparable to the same period in 2022.

Income from operations – As a percentage of net sales, income from operations for the first quarter of 2023 increased compared to the same period of 2022 and was primarily impacted by the factors impacting sales, cost of sales, gross margin and operating costs.  See discussion of reporting units below.

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Results by reporting unit

The key performance indicator for CompX’s reporting units is the level of their income from operations (see discussion below). Reporting unit results exclude CompX corporate expenses.

	Three months ended March 31,						%
	2022			2023			Change
	(In millions)
Security Products:
Net sales	$	29.6		$	27.4		(8)	%
Cost of sales		20.5			18.9		(8)
Gross margin		9.1			8.5		(7)
Operating costs and expenses		3.1			3.1		1
Operating income	$	6.0		$	5.4		(10)
Gross margin		31	%		31	%
Operating income margin		20			20

Security Products – Security Products net sales decreased 8% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period last year. Relative to the first quarter of 2022, sales were $1.8 million lower to the government security market and $.5 million lower to the healthcare industry market. Gross margin and operating income as a percentage of net sales for the first quarter of 2023 were comparable with the first quarter of 2022.

	Three months ended March 31,						%
	2022			2023			Change
	(In millions)
Marine Components:
Net sales	$	12.5		$	13.8		11	%
Cost of sales		9.5			9.6		1
Gross margin		3.0			4.2		41
Operating costs and expenses		1.0			.9		(7)
Operating income	$	2.0		$	3.3		65
Gross margin		24	%		31	%
Operating income margin		16			24

Marine Components – Marine Components net sales increased 11% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period last year. Relative to the first quarter of 2022, sales were $1.2 million higher to the industrial market, $.3 million higher to distributors and $.3 million higher to dealers, partially offset by $.9 million lower sales to the towboat market. Gross margin as a percentage of sales increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period last year primarily due to more favorable product mix and, to a lesser extent, increased selling prices and surcharges and increased production efficiencies. Operating income as a percentage of net sales increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the first quarter of 2022 due to the factors impacting gross margin and increased coverage of operating costs and expenses from higher sales.

Outlook – The softening demand CompX began seeing in the fourth quarter of 2022 at both its reporting units continued during the first quarter of 2023. As a result, CompX’s Marine Components reporting unit largely worked through its backlog in the first quarter, primarily related to the towboat market, and CompX’s Security Products reporting unit continued to experience declining order rates. Entering into 2023, labor markets have become more favorable in each of the regions CompX operates and raw material prices have generally stabilized.  CompX’s supply chains are stable and transportation and logistical delays are minimal, although it continues to face shortages related to certain electronic components. CompX has adjusted production rates at its facilities to reflect the stability of its raw material supplies and near-term demand levels.

Over the remainder of the year, CompX expects gross margins at its Security Products reporting unit will be challenged as higher cost inventory works its way through cost of sales and reduced demand may limit its ability to implement further price increases. CompX is in close contact with its key customers and believes reduced order rates will continue through the second quarter. As expected, CompX’s Marine Components reporting unit net sales were strong during the first quarter but it expects net sales overall will decline as

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compared to 2022 as marine market demand is challenged by higher interest rates and several original equipment boat manufacturers, including certain of its customers, have publicly announced reduced production schedules in 2023 compared to 2022. Overall, CompX expects Marine Components gross margins as a percentage of net sales for the full year of 2023 to be comparable to 2022 as the favorable impact of product mix in the first quarter of 2023 is not expected for the remainder of the year. Based on the softening demand and general economic conditions in North America, CompX currently expects to report lower net sales and operating income at both its reporting units during 2023 compared to 2022. CompX is focused on managing inventory levels to support anticipated lower demand in 2023. With raw materials and other components more readily available, CompX believes it will be able to achieve additional operating efficiencies during the year although the extent and impact of such efficiencies is not yet known.

CompX’s expectations for its operations and the markets it serves are based on a number of factors outside its control. As noted above, there continue to be global and domestic supply chain challenges and any future impacts on CompX’s operations will depend on, among other things, any future disruption in its operations or its suppliers’ operations, the impact of economic conditions and geopolitical events on demand for its products or our customers’ or suppliers’ operations, all of which remain uncertain and cannot be predicted.

General corporate and other items

Corporate expense – Corporate expenses were $2.8 million in the first quarter of 2023, $.4 million higher than in the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to $.8 million higher litigation and related costs in 2023 somewhat offset by $.3 million lower administrative expenses.  Included in corporate expense are:

● litigation fees and related costs of $1.4 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to $.6 million in the first quarter of 2022, and

● environmental remediation and related costs of nil in the first quarter of 2023 compared to costs of $.1 million in the first quarter of 2022.

The level of our litigation fees and related costs varies from period to period depending upon, among other things, the number of cases in which we are currently involved, the nature of such cases and the current stage of such cases (e.g. discovery, pre-trial motions, trial or appeal, if applicable).  See Note 14 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.  If our current expectations regarding the number of cases in which we expect to be involved during 2023 or the nature of such cases were to change, our corporate expenses could be higher than we currently estimate.

Obligations for environmental remediation costs are difficult to assess and estimate and it is possible that actual costs for environmental remediation will exceed accrued amounts or that costs will be incurred in the future for sites in which we cannot currently estimate our liability.  If these events were to occur in 2023, our corporate expenses would be higher than we currently estimate.  In addition, we adjust our environmental accruals as further information becomes available to us or as circumstances change.  Such further information or changed circumstances could result in an increase in our accrued environmental costs.  See Note 14 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Overall, we currently expect that our net general corporate expenses in 2023 will be higher than 2022 primarily due to higher expected litigation fees and related costs.

Interest and dividend income – Interest and dividend income increased in the first quarter of 2023 compared to the same period of 2022 primarily due to higher average interest rates and increased investment balances, somewhat offset by lower average balances on CompX’s revolving promissory notes receivable from Valhi. See Note 4 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Marketable equity securities – We recognized an unrealized loss of $5.5 million on the change in value of our marketable equity securities in the first quarter of 2023 compared to an unrealized gain of $.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. See Note 4 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income tax expense – We recognized income tax expense of $1.4 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to $2.7 million in the first quarter of 2022. In accordance with GAAP, we recognize deferred income taxes on our undistributed equity in earnings of Kronos. Because we and Kronos are part of the same U.S. federal income tax group, any dividends we receive from Kronos are nontaxable to us. Accordingly, we do not recognize and we are not required to pay income taxes on dividends from Kronos. Therefore, our full-year effective income tax rate will generally be lower than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate in years during which we receive dividends from Kronos and recognize equity in earnings of Kronos. Conversely, our effective income tax rate will generally be higher than the U.S. federal statutory income tax rate in years during which we receive dividends from Kronos and recognize equity in losses of Kronos. During interim periods, our effective income tax rate may not necessarily correspond to the foregoing due to the

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application of accounting for income taxes in interim periods which requires us to base our effective rate on full year projections. We received dividends from Kronos of $6.7 million in each of the first three months of 2022 and 2023.

Our effective tax rate attributable to our equity in earnings of Kronos, including the effect of the nontaxable dividends we received from Kronos, was 10.1% in the first three months of 2022 and a negative effective tax rate of 28.7% in the first three months 2023. The decrease in our effective rate from 2022 to 2023 is primarily attributable to Kronos’ aniticipted lower full year earnings in 2023 as compared to 2022. See Note 12 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for more information about our 2022 income tax items, including a tabular reconciliation of our statutory tax expense to our actual expense.

Noncontrolling interest – Noncontrolling interest in net income of CompX for the first quarter of 2023 was comparable to the first quarter of 2022.  The noncontrolling interest we recognize in each period is directly related to the level of earnings at CompX for the period.

Equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.

	Three months ended March 31,						%
	2022			2023			Change
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	562.9		$	426.3		(24)	%
Cost of sales		413.6			395.5		(4)
Gross margin	$	149.3		$	30.8
Income (loss) from operations	$	83.3		$	(18.3)		(122)	%
Other income (loss), net		(3.0)			.4
Interest expense		(4.5)			(4.2)
Income (loss) before income taxes		75.8			(22.1)
Income tax expense (benefit)		18.3			(6.9)
Net income (loss)	$	57.5		$	(15.2)
Percentage of net sales:
Cost of sales		73	%		93	%
Income (loss) from operations		15			(4)
Equity in earnings (losses) of   Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	$	17.5		$	(4.6)
TiO2 operating statistics:
Sales volumes*		144			102		(29)	%
Production volumes*		138			105		(24)
Change in TiO2 net sales:
TiO2 product pricing							4	%
TiO2 sales volumes							(29)
TiO2 product mix/other							3
Changes in currency exchange rates							(2)
Total							(24)	%

* Thousands of metric tons

Kronos’ key performance indicators are its TiO₂ average selling prices, its level of TiO₂ sales and production volumes and the cost of its third-party feedstock. TiO₂ selling prices generally follow industry trends and prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures.

Current industry conditions

Kronos started 2023 with average TiO₂ selling prices 16% higher than at the beginning of 2022 and Kronos’ average TiO₂ selling prices declined 4% during the first quarter of 2023. Despite this decline, Kronos’ average TiO₂ selling prices in the first quarter

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of 2023 were 4% higher than the average prices during the first quarter of 2022. Overall sales volumes declined in the first three months of 2023 compared to the first three months of 2022 due to reduced demand in all major markets.

Kronos curtailed production in the third and fourth quarters of 2022 at certain of its European facilities due to decreased demand and increased production costs. During the first quarter of 2023 Kronos continued operating its production facilities at reduced rates to align production with customer demand. As a result, Kronos operated its production facilities at 76% of practical capacity utilization in the first three months of 2023 compared to full practical capacity utilization in the first three months of 2022.

Due to significant increases in production costs (primarily energy and feedstock), Kronos’ cost of sales per metric ton of TiO₂ sold in the first quarter of 2023 was significantly higher as compared to the comparable period in 2022 (excluding the effect of changes in currency exchange rates).

Net sales – Kronos’ net sales in the first quarter of 2023 decreased 24%, or $136.6 million, compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to a 29% decrease in sales volumes (which decreased net sales by approximately $163 million) somewhat offset by a 4% increase in average TiO₂ selling prices (which increased net sales by approximately $23 million). Kronos estimates that changes in currency exchange rates (primarily the euro) decreased its net sales by approximately $11 million in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the first quarter of 2022. TiO₂ selling prices will increase or decrease generally as a result of competitive market pressures, changes in the relative level of supply and demand as well as changes in raw material and other manufacturing costs.

Kronos’ sales volumes decreased 29% in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the first quarter of 2022 due to lower demand which impacted all major markets. The lower overall demand Kronos began experiencing in the second half of 2022 has continued throughout the first quarter of 2023.  

Cost of sales and gross margin – Kronos’ cost of sales as a percentage of net sales increased to 93% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to 73% in the same period of 2022 primarily due to higher production costs of approximately $81 million (primarily raw material and energy costs) and $22 million of unabsorbed fixed production costs Kronos recognized as a result of reducing production volumes at certain of its manufacturing facilities to align inventory levels to anticipated customer demand. Overall production volumes declined 24% over the first quarter of 2023.

Gross margin as a percentage of net sales decreased to 7% in the first quarter of 2023 compared to 27% in the first quarter of 2022. As discussed and quantified above, Kronos’ gross margin as a percentage of net sales decreased primarily due to higher production costs, lower production and sales volumes and changes in currency exchange rates, somewhat offset by higher average TiO₂ selling prices.

Selling, general and administrative expense – Kronos’ selling, general and administrative expenses decreased $8.2 million, or 13%, in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily due to lower variable costs (primarily distribution costs) related to lower overall sales volumes. Selling, general and administrative expense as a percentage of net sales increased to 12% of net sales in 2023 compared to 11% in 2022 primarily due to the significant decrease in sales volumes in 2023.

Income (loss) from operations - Kronos had a net loss from operations of $18.3 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to income from operations of $83.3 million in the first quarter of 2022 as a result of the factors impacting gross margin discussed above. Kronos recognized a gain of $1.7 million in the first quarter of 2023 related to cash received from the settlement of a business interruption insurance claim. Kronos estimates changes in currency exchange rates decreased its loss from operations by approximately $19 million in the first quarter of 2023 as compared to the same period in 2022, as discussed in the Effects of currency exchange rates section below.

Other non-operating income (expense) - Kronos recognized a loss of $.7 million on the change in market price of its marketable equity securities in the first quarter of 2023 compared to a gain of $.1 million in the first quarter of 2022. Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost in the first quarter of 2023 decreased $2.3 million compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the net effects of higher discount rates impacting interest cost and previously unrecognized actuarial losses. Interest expense in the first quarter of 2023 decreased $.3 million compared to the first quarter of 2022 primarily due to the effects of the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro (see discussion in the Effects of currency exchange rates section below).

Income tax expense (benefit) - Kronos recognized an income tax benefit of $6.9 million in the first quarter of 2023 compared to income tax expense of $18.3 million in the first quarter of 2022. The difference is primarily due to lower earnings in the first quarter of 2023 and the jurisdictional mix of such earnings. Kronos’ earnings are subject to income tax in various U.S. and non-U.S. jurisdictions, and the income tax rates applicable to the pre-tax earnings (losses) of its non-U.S. operations are generally higher than the income tax rates applicable to its U.S. operations. Kronos would generally expect its overall effective tax rate, excluding the effect of any increase

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or decrease in its deferred income tax asset valuation allowance or changes in its reserve for uncertain tax positions, to be higher than the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21% primarily because of Kronos’ sizeable non-U.S. operations.

Effects of currency exchange rates

Kronos has substantial operations and assets located outside the United States (primarily in Germany, Belgium, Norway and Canada). The majority of Kronos’ sales from non-U.S. operations are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar, principally the euro, other major European currencies and the Canadian dollar. A portion of Kronos’ sales generated from its non-U.S. operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar (and consequently Kronos’ non-U.S. operations will generally hold U.S. dollars from time to time). Certain raw materials used in all Kronos’ production facilities, primarily titanium-containing feedstocks, are purchased primarily in U.S. dollars, while labor and other production and administrative costs are incurred primarily in local currencies. Consequently, the translated U.S. dollar value of Kronos’ non-U.S. sales and operating results are subject to currency exchange rate fluctuations which may favorably or unfavorably impact reported earnings and may affect the comparability of period-to-period operating results. In addition to the impact of the translation of sales and expenses over time, Kronos’ non-U.S. operations also generate currency transaction gains and losses which primarily relate to (i) the difference between the currency exchange rates in effect when non-local currency sales or operating costs (primarily U.S. dollar denominated) are initially accrued and when such amounts are settled with the non-local currency, and (ii) changes in currency exchange rates during time periods when Kronos’ non-U.S. operations are holding non-local currency (primarily U.S. dollars).

Overall, Kronos estimates that fluctuations in currency exchange rates had the following effects on its sales and income (loss) from operations for the periods indicated.

Impact of changes in currency exchange rates
Three months ended March 31, 2023 vs March 31, 2022
							Translation
							gains (losses)-		Total currency
	Transaction gains (losses) recognized						impact of		impact
	2022		2023		Change		rate changes		2023 vs 2022
	(In millions)
Impact on:
Net sales	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	(11)	$	(11)
Income (loss) from operations		(2)		5		7		12		19

The $11 million decrease in net sales (translation losses) was caused primarily by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro, as Kronos’ euro-denominated sales were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2023 as compared to 2022. The strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone in 2023 did not have a significant effect on Kronos’ net sales, as a substantial portion of the sales generated by its Canadian and Norwegian operations is denominated in the U.S. dollar.

The $19 million increase in income from operations was comprised of the following:

● Higher net currency transaction gains of approximately $7 million primarily caused by relative changes in currency exchange rates at each applicable balance sheet date between the U.S. dollar and the euro, Canadian dollar and the Norwegian krone, and between the euro and the Norwegian krone, which causes increases or decreases, as applicable, in U.S. dollar-denominated receivables and payables and U.S. dollar currency held by Kronos’ non-U.S. operations, and in Norwegian krone denominated receivables and payables held by Kronos’ non-U.S. operations, and

● Approximately $12 million from net currency translation gains primarily caused by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar and Norwegian krone, as local currency-denominated operating costs were translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2023 as compared to 2022, and by net currency translation gains primarily caused by a strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to the euro as the negative effects of the stronger U.S. dollar on euro-denominated sales were more than offset by the favorable effects of euro-denominated operating costs being translated into fewer U.S. dollars in 2023 as compared to 2022.

Outlook

As previously reported, in the second half of 2022 Kronos’ experienced weakening demand, particularly in Europe and export markets, along with rapidly rising costs for energy and certain key raw materials and, in response, Kronos implemented production curtailments at certain of its European facilities throughout the fourth quarter of 2022 to manage inventory levels.

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Although Kronos began to see pockets of improving demand in the first quarter of 2023, overall, Kronos continued to experience general economic weakness as customers operated at reduced production rates due to softer than expected sales and inventory right sizing. Kronos expects customer demand will gradually return throughout the year; however, based on current and expected near-term demand, Kronos will continue to operate certain of its facilities at reduced production rates during the second quarter to manage inventory levels. Kronos’ selling prices have remained relatively stable during the first quarter of 2023, and it expects selling prices will rise throughout the remainder of 2023, improving margins as demand increases. Because of the sluggish demand recovery and higher production costs resulting from unfavorable fixed cost absorption at lowered production rates, Kronos expects to report lower operating results for the full year of 2023 as compared to 2022.  

Kronos will continue to monitor current and anticipated near-term customer demand levels and align its production and inventories accordingly. Kronos believes the long-term outlook for its industry remains positive, and is taking steps in the near term which are intended to preserve its competitive position and future growth.

Kronos’ expectations for the TiO₂ industry and its operations are based on a number of factors outside its control. As noted above, Kronos has experienced global market disruptions including high energy costs and availability concerns and future impacts on its operations will depend on, among other things, future energy costs and availability and the impact economic conditions and geopolitical events have on Kronos’ operations or its customers’ and suppliers’ operations, all of which remain uncertain and cannot be predicted.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Consolidated cash flows

Operating activities

Trends in cash flows from operating activities, excluding the impact of deferred taxes and relative changes in assets and liabilities, are generally similar to trends in our income from operations.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $7.3 million in the first three months of 2023 compared to $3.0 million in the first three months of 2022. The increase in cash provided by operating activities in the first three months of 2023 includes:

● higher income from operations from CompX in 2023 of $.7 million; and

● lower net cash used for relative changes in receivables, inventories, prepaids, payables and accrued liabilities in 2023 of $4.5 million.

We do not have complete access to CompX’s cash flows in part because we do not own 100% of CompX. A detail of our consolidated cash flows from operating activities is presented in the table below. Intercompany dividends have been eliminated. The reference to NL Parent in the table below is a reference to NL Industries, Inc., as the parent company of CompX and our wholly-owned subsidiaries.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
CompX	$	(2.2)	$	3.1
NL Parent and wholly-owned subsidiaries		7.9		6.9
Eliminations		(2.7)		(2.7)
Total	$	3.0	$	7.3

Relative changes in working capital can have a significant effect on cash flows from operating activities. As shown below, average days sales outstanding is consistent from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023. Total average number of days in inventory decreased from December 31, 2022 to March 31, 2023 due to sales growth at CompX’s Marine Components reporting unit in the first

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quarter of 2023 somewhat offset by sales decline at CompX’s Security Products reporting unit as well as lower inventory balances at both reporting units. For comparative purposes, we have provided December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2022 numbers below.

	December 31,	March 31,	December 31,	March 31,
	2021	2022	2022	2023
Days sales outstanding	42 days	38 days	41 days	41 days
Days in inventory	96 days	85 days	99 days	97 days

Investing activities

Our capital expenditures, all of which relate to CompX, were $.3 million in the first three months of 2023 compared to $1.7 million in the first three months of 2022. During the first three months of 2023, Valhi repaid a net $1.0 million under the promissory note ($6.8 million of gross borrowings and $7.8 million of gross repayments). During the first three months of 2022, Valhi repaid a net $.6 million under the promissory note ($7.1 million of gross borrowings and $7.7 million of gross repayments).

During the first quarter of 2023, we purchased marketable securities totaling $32.8 million (of which $13.5 million relates to CompX) and received gross proceeds totaling $8.0 million related to U.S. treasury bill maturities (of which $4.0 million relates to CompX).

Financing activities

Our board of directors declared a quarterly dividend of $.07 per share in each of the first quarters of 2022 and 2023. The declaration and payment of future dividends, and the amount thereof, is discretionary and is dependent upon our financial condition, cash requirements, contractual obligations and restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. The amount and timing of past dividends is not necessarily indicative of the amount or timing of any future dividends which might be paid. There are currently no contractual restrictions on the amount of dividends which we may pay.

Cash flows from financing activities in the first three months of each of 2022 and 2023 also include CompX dividends paid to its stockholders other than us.

Outstanding debt obligations

At March 31, 2023, NLKW had outstanding debt obligations of $.5 million under its secured revolving credit facility with Valhi, and CompX did not have any outstanding debt obligations. We are in compliance with all of the covenants contained in our secured revolving credit facility with Valhi at March 31, 2023. See Note 8 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Kronos has no outstanding borrowings on its global revolving credit facility (Global Revolver) at March 31, 2023 and the full $225 million was available for borrowings thereunder. Kronos’ Senior Secured Notes and its Global Revolver contain a number of covenants and restrictions which, among other things, restrict Kronos’ ability to incur or guarantee additional debt, incur liens, pay dividends or make other restricted payments, or merge or consolidate with, or sell or transfer substantially all of its assets to, another entity, and contain other provisions and restrictive covenants customary in lending transactions of these types. Kronos’ credit agreements contain provisions which could result in the acceleration of indebtedness prior to their stated maturity for reasons other than defaults for failure to comply with typical financial or payment covenants. For example, the credit agreements allow the lender to accelerate the maturity of the indebtedness upon a change of control (as defined in the agreement) of the borrower. In addition, the credit agreements could result in the acceleration of all or a portion of the indebtedness following a sale of assets outside the ordinary course of business. Kronos was in compliance with all of its debt covenants at March 31, 2023. Kronos believes it will be able to maintain compliance with the financial covenants contained in its credit facilitiy through its maturity.

Future cash requirements

Liquidity

Our primary source of liquidity on an ongoing basis is our cash flow from operating activities and credit facilities with affiliates as further discussed below. We generally use these amounts to fund capital expenditures (substantially all of which relate to CompX), pay ongoing environmental remediation and litigation costs and provide for the payment of dividends (if declared).

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At March 31, 2023, we had aggregate restricted and unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and current marketable securities of $172.6 million, all of which was held in the U.S. A detail by entity is presented in the table below.

	Amount
	(In millions)
CompX	$	61.0
NL Parent and wholly-owned subsidiaries		111.6
Total	$	172.6

In addition, at March 31, 2023 we owned approximately 1.2 million shares of Valhi common stock with an aggregate market value of $20.9 million. See Note 4 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We also owned approximately 35.2 million shares of Kronos common stock at March 31, 2023 with an aggregate market value of $324.4 million. See Note 5 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

We routinely compare our liquidity requirements and alternative uses of capital against the estimated future cash flows we expect to receive from our subsidiaries and affiliates. As a result of this process, we have in the past and may in the future seek to raise additional capital, incur debt, repurchase indebtedness in the market or otherwise, modify our dividend policies, consider the sale of our interests in our subsidiaries, affiliates, business, marketable securities or other assets, or take a combination of these and other steps, to increase liquidity, reduce indebtedness and fund future activities. Such activities have in the past and may in the future involve related companies.

We periodically evaluate acquisitions of interests in or combinations with companies (including related companies) perceived by management to be undervalued in the marketplace. These companies may or may not be engaged in businesses related to our current businesses. We intend to consider such acquisition activities in the future and, in connection with this activity, may consider issuing additional equity securities and increasing indebtedness. From time to time, we also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests among our respective subsidiaries and related companies.

Based upon our expectations of our operating performance, and the anticipated demands on our cash resources we expect to have sufficient liquidity to meet our short-term obligations (defined as the twelve-month period ending March 31, 2024) including any amounts CompX might loan from time to time under the terms of its revolving loan to Valhi (which loans would be solely at CompX’s discretion). If actual developments differ materially from our expectations, our liquidity could be adversely affected. In this regard, Valhi has agreed to loan us up to $50 million on a revolving basis. At March 31, 2023, we had $.5 million in outstanding borrowings under this facility, and we had $49.5 million available for future borrowing. See Note 8 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Capital expenditures

Firm purchase commitments for capital projects in process at March 31, 2023 totaled $.1 million. CompX expects to spend $2.5 million during 2023 on capital investments primarily those expenditures required to meet CompX’s existing customer demand and to properly maintain its facilities and technology infrastructure.

Repurchases of common stock

At March 31, 2023, CompX has 523,647 shares available for repurchase under a stock repurchase program authorized by its board of directors.

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Dividends

Because our operations are conducted primarily through subsidiaries and affiliates, our long-term ability to meet parent company-level corporate obligations is largely dependent on the receipt of dividends or other distributions from our subsidiaries and affiliates. A detail of annual dividends we expect to receive from our subsidiaries and affiliates in 2023, based on the number of shares of common stock of these affiliates we own as of March 31, 2023 and their current regular quarterly dividend rate, is presented in the table below.

	Shares held		Quarterly		Annual expected
	March 31, 2023		dividend rate		dividend
	(In millions)					(In millions)
Kronos		35.2	$	.19	$	26.8
CompX		10.8		.25		10.8
Valhi		1.2		.08		.4
Total expected annual dividends					$	38.0

Investments in our subsidiaries and affiliates and other acquisitions

We have in the past and may in the future, purchase the securities of our subsidiaries and affiliates or third-parties in market or privately-negotiated transactions. We base our purchase decisions on a variety of factors, including an analysis of the optimal use of our capital, taking into account the market value of the securities and the relative value of expected returns on alternative investments. In connection with these activities, we may consider issuing additional equity securities or increasing our indebtedness. We may also evaluate the restructuring of ownership interests of our businesses among our subsidiaries and related companies.

Commitments and contingencies

There have been no material changes in our contractual obligations since we filed our 2022 Annual Report and we refer you to that report for a complete description of these commitments.

We are subject to certain commitments and contingencies, as more fully described in our 2022 Annual Report, or in Note 14 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements or in Part II, Item 1 of this report, including certain legal proceedings. In addition to such legal proceedings, various legislation and administrative regulations have, from time to time, been proposed that seek to (i) impose various obligations on present and former manufacturers of lead pigment and lead-based paint (including us) with respect to asserted health concerns associated with the use of such products and (ii) effectively overturn court decisions in which we and other pigment manufacturers have been successful. Examples of such proposed legislation include bills which would permit civil liability for damages on the basis of market share, rather than requiring plaintiffs to prove that the defendant’s product caused the alleged damage and bills which would revive actions barred by the statute of limitations. While no legislation or regulations have been enacted to date that are expected to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity, enactment of such legislation could have such an effect.

Recent accounting pronouncements

Not applicable

Critical accounting policies and estimates

For a discussion of our critical accounting policies, refer to Part I, — “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2022 Annual Report. There have been no changes in our critical accounting policies during the first three months of 2023.

ITEM 3.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to market risk, including currency exchange rates, interest rates and equity security prices. There have been no material changes in these market risks since we filed our 2022 Annual Report, and we refer you to Part I, Item 7A. – “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk” in our 2022 Annual Report. See also Note 15 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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ITEM 4.CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures – We maintain disclosure controls and procedures which, as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e), means controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that we file or submit to the SEC under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Act), is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit to the SEC under the Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions to be made regarding required disclosure. Each of Courtney J. Riley, our President and Chief Executive Officer and Amy Allbach Samford, our Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, have evaluated the design and effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2023. Based upon their evaluation, these executive officers have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective as of the date of this evaluation.

Internal control over financial reporting – Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting which, as defined by Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) means a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and includes those policies and procedures that:

● Pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect transactions and dispositions of our assets,

● Provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures are made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and

● Provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of an unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of assets that could have a material effect on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other – As permitted by the SEC, our assessment of internal control over financial reporting excludes (i) internal control over financial reporting of equity method investees and (ii) internal control over the preparation of any financial statement schedules which would be required by Article 12 of Regulation S-X. However, our assessment of internal control over financial reporting with respect to equity method investees did include controls over the recording of amounts related to our investment that are recorded in the consolidated financial statements, including controls over the selection of accounting methods for our investments, the recognition of equity method earnings and losses and the determination, valuation and recording of our investment account balances.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting – There have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended March 31, 2023 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

Refer to Note 14 to our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and our 2022 Annual Report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

For a discussion of the risk factors related to our businesses, please refer to Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” in our 2022 Annual Report.

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Item 6.Exhibits

31.1	Certification
31.2	Certification
32.1	Certification
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance – the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase
104	Cover page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

	NL INDUSTRIES, INC.
	(Registrant)
Date:  May 3, 2023	/s/ Amy Allbach Samford
	Amy Allbach Samford
	(Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Principal Financial Officer)
Date:  May 3, 2023	/s/ Amy E. Ruf
	Amy E. Ruf
	(Vice President and Controller,
	Principal Accounting Officer)

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EX-31.1

EXHIBIT 31.1

CERTIFICATION

I, Courtney J. Riley, certify that:

1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NL Industries, Inc.;

2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2023

/s/Courtney J. Riley

Courtney J. Riley

President and Chief Executive Officer

EX-31.2

EXHIBIT 31.2

CERTIFICATION

I, Amy Allbach Samford, certify that:

1) I have reviewed this quarterly report on Form 10-Q of NL Industries, Inc.;

2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;

3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;

4) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:

a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;

b) Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and

d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting; and

5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent functions):

a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and

b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2023

/s/ Amy Allbach Samford

Amy Allbach Samford

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

EX-32.1

EXHIBIT 32.1

CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO

18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350,

AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO

SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002

In connection with the Quarterly Report of NL Industries, Inc. (the Company) on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the Report), I, Courtney J. Riley, President and Chief Executive Officer of the Company, and I, Amy Allbach Samford, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company, certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 1350, as adopted pursuant to § 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:

(1) The Report fully complies with the requirements of section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and

(2) The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

/s/ Courtney J. Riley

Courtney J. Riley

President and Chief Executive Officer

/s/ Amy Allbach Samford

Amy Allbach Samford

Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer

May 3, 2023

Note: The certification the registrant furnished in this exhibit is not deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that Section. Registration Statements or other documents filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission shall not incorporate this exhibit by reference, except as otherwise expressly stated in such filing.

XML

Document and Entity Information - shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Apr. 28, 2023
Cover [Abstract]
Document Type	10-Q
Document Transition Report	false
Document Period End Date	Mar. 31, 2023
Entity Registrant Name	NL INDUSTRIES, INC.
Entity File Number	1-640
Entity Incorporation, State or Country Code	NJ
Entity Tax Identification Number	13-5267260
Entity Filer Category	Accelerated Filer
Entity Address, Address Line One	5430 LBJ Freeway, Suite 1700
Entity Address, City or Town	Dallas
Entity Address, State or Province	TX
Entity Address, Postal Zip Code	75240-2620
City Area Code	(972)
Local Phone Number	233-1700
Title of 12(b) Security	Common stock
Trading Symbol	NL
Entity Small Business	false
Entity Emerging Growth Company	false
Security Exchange Name	NYSE
Entity Current Reporting Status	Yes
Entity Interactive Data Current	Yes
Entity Shell Company	false
Entity Common Stock, Shares Outstanding		48,815,734
Entity Central Index Key	0000072162
Current Fiscal Year End Date	--12-31
Document Fiscal Year Focus	2023
Document Fiscal Period Focus	Q1
Amendment Flag	false
Document Quarterly Report	true

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022	Mar. 31, 2022
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$ 48,146	$ 68,868
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	2,865	2,864
Marketable securities	95,688	70,164
Accounts and other receivables, net	18,713	17,870
Receivables from affiliates	889	636
Inventories, net	30,235	31,290
Prepaid expenses and other	2,103	2,276
Total current assets	198,639	193,968
Other assets:
Restricted cash and cash equivalents	25,870	25,770
Note receivable from affiliate	12,200	13,200
Marketable securities	20,852	26,350
Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	278,449	292,206
Goodwill	27,156	27,156
Other assets, net	2,891	2,523
Total other assets	367,418	387,205
Property and equipment:
Land	5,389	5,390
Buildings	23,181	23,181
Equipment	74,377	74,113
Construction in progress	399	722
Property and equipment, gross	103,346	103,406
Less accumulated depreciation	75,432	74,712
Net property and equipment	27,914	28,694
Total assets	593,971	609,867
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	3,925	3,537
Accrued litigation settlement	11,887	11,830
Accrued and other current liabilities	8,349	13,388
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs	1,889	2,627
Payables to affiliates	665	665
Income taxes	5	5
Total current liabilities	26,720	32,052
Noncurrent liabilities:
Long-term debt from affiliate	500	500
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs	89,633	89,731
Long-term litigation settlement	27,557	27,427
Deferred income taxes	51,017	50,119
Accrued pension costs	3,063	3,012
Other	4,205	4,279
Total noncurrent liabilities	175,975	175,068
NL stockholders' equity:
Common stock; $.125 par value; 150,000 shares authorized; 48,803 and 48,816 shares issued and outstanding	6,101	6,101
Additional paid-in capital	298,252	298,598
Retained earnings	290,309	300,442
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(224,368)	(222,991)
Total NL stockholders' equity	370,294	382,150
Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary	20,982	20,597
Total equity	391,276	402,747	$ 403,178
Total liabilities and equity	593,971	$ 609,867
Commitments and contingencies (Notes 13 and 16)

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS - USD ($) shares in Thousands, $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
Net sales	$ 41,151	$ 42,050
Cost of sales	28,447	29,970
Gross margin	12,704	12,080
Selling, general and administrative expense	5,664	5,774
Other operating income (expense):
Corporate expense	2,843	2,436
Income from operations	4,197	3,870
Equity in earnings of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	(4,637)	17,533
Other income (expense):
Interest and dividend income	1,965	309
Marketable equity securities	(5,498)	671
Other components of net periodic pension and OPEB cost	(346)	(223)
Interest expense	(199)	(246)
Income before income taxes	(4,518)	21,914
Income tax expense (benefit)	1,421	2,705
Net income	(5,939)	19,209
Noncontrolling interest in net income of subsidiary	777	652
Net income attributable to NL stockholders	$ (6,716)	$ 18,557
Amounts attributable to NL stockholders:
Net income (loss) per basic share	$ (0.14)	$ 0.38
Net income (loss) per diluted share	$ 0.82	$ 0.74
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic	48,816	48,803
Weighted average shares outstanding - diluted	48,809	48,795

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
Net income	$ (5,939)	$ 19,209
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Currency translation	(1,666)	1,580
Defined benefit pension plans	393	873
Marketable debt securities	(48)
Other postretirement benefit plans	(60)	(68)
Total other comprehensive income, net	(1,381)	2,385
Comprehensive income	(7,320)	21,594
Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest	773	652
Comprehensive income attributable to NL stockholders	$ (8,093)	$ 20,942

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Common stock	Additional paid-in capital	Retained earnings	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	Noncontrolling interest in subsidiary	Total
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2021	$ 6,100	$ 299,775	$ 297,351	$ (240,756)	$ 22,501	$ 384,971
Net income			18,557		652	19,209
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax				2,385		2,385
Dividends paid			(3,416)			(3,416)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest					(406)	(406)
Other, net		435				435
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2022	6,100	300,210	312,492	(238,371)	22,747	403,178
Beginning Balance at Dec. 31, 2022	6,101	298,598	300,442	(222,991)	20,597	402,747
Net income			(6,716)		777	(5,939)
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax				(1,377)	(4)	(1,381)
Dividends paid			(3,417)			(3,417)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interest					(388)	(388)
Other, net		(346)				(346)
Ending Balance at Mar. 31, 2023	$ 6,101	$ 298,252	$ 290,309	$ (224,368)	$ 20,982	$ 391,276

XML

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Parenthetical) - $ / shares	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
Dividends paid per share	$ 0.07	$ 0.07

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CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$ (5,939)	$ 19,209
Depreciation and amortization	1,010	961
Deferred income taxes	1,362	2,688
Equity in earnings of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	4,637	(17,533)
Dividends received from Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	6,692	6,692
Marketable equity securities	5,498	(671)
Benefit plan expense greater (less) than cash funding	330	306
Noncash interest expense	187	239
Other, net	(808)	(73)
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accounts and other receivables, net	(845)	(2,172)
Inventories, net	1,012	(2,490)
Prepaid expenses and other	172	(1,037)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities	(4,498)	(2,966)
Accounts with affiliates	(253)	7
Accrued environmental remediation and related costs	(836)	(35)
Other noncurrent assets and liabilities, net	(443)	(130)
Net cash provided by operating activities	7,278	2,995
Cash flows from investing activities:
Capital expenditures	(270)	(1,717)
Proceeds from maturities	8,000
Note receivable from affiliate:
Collections	7,800	7,700
Loans	(6,800)	(7,100)
Purchases of marketable securities	(32,824)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(24,094)	(1,117)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Dividends paid	(3,417)	(3,416)
Dividends paid to noncontrolling interests in subsidiary	(388)	(406)
Net cash used in financing activities	(3,805)	(3,822)
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash and cash equivalents - net change from:
Operating, investing and financing activities	(20,621)	(1,944)
Balance at beginning of year	97,502	175,242
Balance at end of year	76,881	173,298
Supplemental disclosures - cash paid for:
Interest	12	6
Income taxes, net	$ 171	$ 9

XML

Organization and basis of presentation

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization and basis of presentation

Note 1 – Organization and basis of presentation:

Organization – At March 31, 2023, Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI) held approximately 83% of our outstanding common stock and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran Corporation held approximately 92% of Valhi’s outstanding common stock. A majority of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held directly by Lisa K. Simmons and various family trusts established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons, Thomas C. Connelly (the husband of Ms. Simmons’ late sister) and their children and for which Ms. Simmons or Mr. Connelly, as applicable, serve as trustee (collectively, the “Other Trusts”). With respect to the Other Trusts for which Mr. Connelly serves as trustee, he is required to vote the shares of Contran voting stock held by such trusts in the same manner as Ms. Simmons. Such voting rights of Ms. Simmons last through April 22, 2030 and are personal to Ms. Simmons. The remainder of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held by another trust (the “Family Trust”), which was established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons and her late sister and their children and for which a third-party financial institution serves as trustee. Consequently, at March 31, 2023 Ms. Simmons and the Family Trust may be deemed to control Contran, and therefore may be deemed to indirectly control the wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran, Valhi and us.

Basis of presentation – Consolidated in this Quarterly Report are the results of our majority-owned subsidiary, CompX International Inc. We also own approximately 31% of Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (Kronos). CompX (NYSE American: CIX) and Kronos (NYSE: KRO) each file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report have been prepared on the same basis as the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 that we filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”). In our opinion, we have made all necessary adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) in order to state fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented. We have condensed the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 contained in this Quarterly Report as compared to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, and we have omitted certain information and footnote disclosures (including those related to the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022) normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Our results of operations for the interim period ended March 31, 2023 may not be indicative of our operating results for the full year. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with our 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our 2022 Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to “NL,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to NL Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliate, Kronos, taken as a whole.

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Accounts and other receivables, net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounts and other receivables, net

Accounts and other receivables, net

Note 2 – Accounts and other receivables, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Trade receivables - CompX	$	17,910	$	18,751
Other receivables		30		32
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(70)		(70)
Total	$	17,870	$	18,713

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Inventories, net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Inventories, net

Inventories, net

Note 3 – Inventories, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Raw materials	$	6,245	$	6,014
Work in process		19,983		19,337
Finished products		5,062		4,884
Total	$	31,290	$	30,235

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Marketable securities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Marketable securities

Marketable securities

Note 4 – Marketable securities:

Our current marketable securities are invested in U.S. government treasuries with original maturities ranging in length from 4 months to 12 months.  The fair value of our current marketable securities are determined using Level 2 inputs (because although these securities are traded, in many cases the market is not active and the period-end valuation is generally based on the last trade of the period, which may be several days prior to the end of the period).

Our noncurrent marketable securities consist of our investment in the publicly-traded shares of our immediate parent company Valhi, Inc. Our shares of Valhi common stock are accounted for as available-for-sale securities, which are carried at fair value using quoted market prices in active markets and represent a Level 1 input within the fair value hierarchy.

	Fair value			Cost or
	measurement	Market		amortized		Unrealized
	level	value		cost		gain (loss)
		(In thousands)
December 31, 2022
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	70,164	$	70,226		(62)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	26,350	$	24,347	$	2,003
March 31, 2023
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	95,688	$	95,830	$	(142)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	20,852	$	24,347	$	(3,495)

At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we held approximately 1.2 million shares of common stock of our immediate parent company, Valhi, Inc. At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, the quoted per share market price of Valhi common stock was $22.00 and $17.41, respectively.

The Valhi common stock we own is subject to restrictions on resale pursuant to certain provisions of the SEC Rule 144. In addition, as a majority-owned subsidiary of Valhi, we cannot vote our shares of Valhi common stock under Delaware General Corporation Law, but we receive dividends from Valhi on these shares, when declared and paid.

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.

Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.

Note 5 – Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.:

At December 31, 2022 and March 31, 2023, we owned approximately 35.2 million shares of Kronos common stock. At March 31, 2023, the quoted market price of Kronos’ common stock was $9.21 per share, or an aggregate market value of $324.4 million. At December 31, 2022, the quoted market price was $9.40 per share, or an aggregate market value of $331.1 million.

The change in the carrying value of our investment in Kronos during the first three months of 2023 is summarized below.

	Amount
	(In millions)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	292.2
Equity in loss of Kronos		(4.6)
Dividends received from Kronos		(6.7)
Equity in Kronos' other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		(2.1)
Defined benefit pension plans		.1
Other		(.4)
Balance at the end of the period	$	278.5

Selected financial information of Kronos is summarized below:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Current assets	$	1,242.2	$	1,135.1
Property and equipment, net		484.5		489.9
Investment in TiO2 joint venture		112.9		113.6
Other noncurrent assets		94.8		92.9
Total assets	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5
Current liabilities	$	326.7	$	259.7
Long-term debt		424.1		433.5
Accrued pension costs		128.6		129.3
Other noncurrent liabilities		97.8		96.9
Stockholders’ equity		957.2		912.1
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Net sales	$	562.9	$	426.3
Cost of sales		413.6		395.5
Income (loss) from operations		83.3		(18.3)
Income tax expense (benefit)		18.3		(6.9)
Net income (loss)		57.5		(15.2)

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Other assets, net

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Other assets, net

Other assets, net

Note 6 – Other assets, net:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Pension asset	$	1,105	$	1,183
Other		1,418		1,708
Total	$	2,523	$	2,891

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Accrued and other current liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accrued and other current liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities

Note 7 – Accrued and other current liabilities:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Employee benefits	$	11,023	$	5,723
Other		2,365		2,626
Total	$	13,388	$	8,349

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Long-term debt

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Long-term debt

Long-term debt

Note 8 – Long-term debt:

During the first three months of 2023, our wholly-owned subsidiary, NLKW Holding, LLC had no borrowings or repayments under its $50 million secured revolving credit facility with Valhi. At March 31, 2023, $.5 million was outstanding and $49.5 million was available for future borrowing under this facility. Outstanding borrowings bear interest at the prime rate plus 1.875% per annum, and the average interest rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 was 9.56%. The interest rate under this facility as of March 31, 2023 was 9.88%. We are in compliance with all covenants at March 31, 2023.

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Revenue recognition

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue recognition

Revenue recognition

Note 10 – Revenue recognition:

The following table disaggregates our net sales by reporting unit, which are the categories that depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Net sales:
Security Products	$	29,581	$	27,342
Marine Components		12,469		13,809
Total	$	42,050	$	41,151

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Employee benefit plans

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Employee benefit plans

Employee benefit plans

Note 11 – Employee benefit plans:

The components of net periodic defined benefit pension cost are presented in the table below.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Interest cost	$	297	$	450
Expected return on plan assets		(392)		(414)
Recognized actuarial losses		373		358
Total	$	278	$	394

We currently expect our 2023 contributions to our defined benefit pension plans to be approximately $1.2 million.

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Other noncurrent liabilities

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Other noncurrent liabilities

Other noncurrent liabilities

Note 9 – Other noncurrent liabilities:

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions	$	2,714	$	2,714
OPEB		637		607
Insurance claims and expenses		625		535
Other		303		349
Total	$	4,279	$	4,205

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Income taxes

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income taxes

Income taxes

Note 12 – Income taxes:

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Expected tax expense (benefit), at U.S. federal statutory   income tax rate of 21%	$	4,602	$	(949)
Rate differences on equity in earnings of Kronos, net of dividends		(1,914)		2,305
U.S. state income taxes and other, net		17		65
Income tax expense	$	2,705	$	1,421
Comprehensive provision for income taxes allocable to:
Net income	$	2,705	$	1,421
Additional paid-in capital		116		(92)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		420		(443)
Pension plans		232		104
Other		(18)		(34)
Total	$	3,455	$	956

In accordance with GAAP, we recognize deferred income taxes on our undistributed equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos. Because we and Kronos are part of the same U.S. federal income tax group, any dividends we receive from Kronos are nontaxable to us. Accordingly, we do not recognize and we are not required to pay income taxes on dividends from Kronos. We received aggregate dividends from Kronos of $6.7 million in each of the first three months of 2022 and 2023. The amounts shown in the above table of our income tax rate reconciliation for rate differences on equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos represent the income tax expense (benefit) associated with the nontaxable dividends we received from Kronos compared to the amount of deferred income taxes we recognized on our equity in earnings (losses) of Kronos.

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Stockholders' equity

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stockholders' equity

Stockholders' equity

Note 13 – Stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss - Changes in accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to NL stockholders, including amounts resulting from our investment in Kronos Worldwide (see Note 5), are presented in the table below.

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, (net of tax and noncontrolling interest):
Currency translation:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(171,235)	$	(178,191)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		1,580		(1,666)
Balance at end of period	$	(169,655)	$	(179,857)
Defined benefit pension plans:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(68,468)	$	(43,857)
Other comprehensive income -
Amortization of prior service cost and net losses included in   net periodic pension cost		873		393
Balance at end of period	$	(67,595)	$	(43,464)
OPEB plans and other:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1,053)	$	(893)
Other comprehensive loss -
Amortization of net gain included in net periodic   OPEB cost		(68)		(60)
Balance at end of period	$	(1,121)	$	(953)
Marketable debt securities:
Balance at beginning of period	$	—	$	(50)
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss arising during the period		—		(44)
Balance at end of period	$	—	$	(94)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(240,756)	$	(222,991)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		2,385		(1,377)
Balance at end of period	$	(238,371)	$	(224,368)

See Note 11 for amounts related to our defined benefit pension plans.

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Commitments and contingencies

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and contingencies

Commitments and contingencies

Note 14 – Commitments and contingencies:

General

We are involved in various environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to our current and former businesses. At least quarterly our management discusses and evaluates the status of any pending litigation or claim to which we are a party or which has been asserted against us. The factors considered in such evaluation include, among other things, the nature of such pending cases and claims, the status of such pending cases and claims, the advice of legal counsel and our experience in similar cases and claims (if any). Based on such evaluation, we make a determination as to whether we believe (i) it is probable a loss has been incurred, and if so if the amount of such loss (or a range of loss) is reasonably estimable, or (ii) it is reasonably possible but not probable a loss has been incurred, and if so, if the amount of such loss (or a range of loss) is reasonably estimable, or (iii) the probability a loss has been incurred is remote.

Lead pigment litigation

Our former operations included the manufacture of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint. We, other former manufacturers of lead pigments for use in paint and lead-based paint (together, the “former pigment manufacturers”), and the Lead Industries Association (LIA), which discontinued business operations in 2002, have been named as defendants in various legal proceedings seeking damages for personal injury, property damage and governmental expenditures allegedly caused by the use of lead-based paints. Certain of these actions have been filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, and certain others have been asserted as class actions. These lawsuits seek recovery under a variety of theories, including public and private nuisance, negligent product design, negligent failure to warn, strict liability, breach of warranty, conspiracy/concert of action, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, market share or risk contribution liability, intentional tort, fraud and misrepresentation, violations of state consumer protection statutes, supplier negligence and similar claims.

The plaintiffs in these actions generally seek to impose on the defendants responsibility for lead paint abatement and health concerns associated with the use of lead-based paints, including damages for personal injury, contribution and/or indemnification for medical expenses, medical monitoring expenses and costs for educational programs. To the extent the plaintiffs seek compensatory or punitive damages in these actions, such damages are generally unspecified. In some cases, the damages are unspecified pursuant to the requirements of applicable state law. A number of cases are inactive or have been dismissed or withdrawn. Most of the remaining cases are in various pre-trial stages. Some are on appeal following dismissal or summary judgment rulings or a trial verdict in favor of either the defendants or the plaintiffs.

We believe these actions are without merit, and we intend to continue to deny all allegations of wrongdoing and liability and to defend against all actions vigorously. We do not believe it is probable we have incurred any liability with respect to pending lead pigment litigation cases to which we are a party, and with respect to all such lead pigment litigation cases to which we are a party, we believe liability to us that may result, if any, in this regard cannot be reasonably estimated, because:

● we have never settled any of the market share, intentional tort, fraud, nuisance, supplier negligence, breach of warranty, conspiracy, misrepresentation, aiding and abetting, enterprise liability, or statutory cases (other than the Santa Clara case discussed below),

● no final, non-appealable adverse judgments have ever been entered against us, and

● we have never ultimately been found liable with respect to any such litigation matters, including over 100 cases over a thirty-year period for which we were previously a party and for which we have been dismissed without any finding of liability.

Accordingly, we have not accrued any amounts for any of the pending lead pigment and lead-based paint litigation cases filed by or on behalf of states, counties, cities or their public housing authorities and school districts, or those asserted as class actions. In addition, we have determined that liability to us which may result, if any, cannot be reasonably estimated at this time because there is no prior history of a loss of this nature on which an estimate could be made and there is no substantive information available upon which an estimate could be based.

In the terms of the County of Santa Clara v. Atlantic Richfield Company, et al. (Superior Court of the State of California, County of Santa Clara, Case No. 1-00-CV-788657) global settlement agreement, we have three annual installment payments remaining ($12.0 million for the next two installments and $16.7 million for the final installment). Our final installment will be made with funds already on deposit at the court, which are included in noncurrent restricted cash on our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets, that are committed to the settlement, including all accrued interest at the date of payment, with any remaining balance to be paid by us (and any amounts on deposit in excess of the final payment would be returned to us).  See Note 16 to our 2022 Annual Report.

New cases may continue to be filed against us. We do not know if we will incur liability in the future in respect to any of the pending or possible litigation in view of the inherent uncertainties involved in court and jury rulings. In the future, if new information regarding such matters becomes available to us (such as a final, non-appealable adverse verdict against us or otherwise ultimately being found liable with respect to such matters), at that time we would consider such information in evaluating any remaining cases then-pending against us as to whether it might then have become probable we have incurred liability with respect to these matters, and whether such liability, if any, could have become reasonably estimable. The resolution of any of these cases could result in the recognition of a loss contingency accrual that could have a material adverse impact on our net income for the interim or annual period during which such liability is recognized and a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial condition and liquidity.

Environmental matters and litigation

Our operations are governed by various environmental laws and regulations. Certain of our businesses are and have been engaged in the handling, manufacture or use of substances or compounds that may be considered toxic or hazardous within the meaning of applicable environmental laws and regulations. As with other companies engaged in similar businesses, certain of our past and current operations and products have the potential to cause environmental or other damage. We have implemented and continue to implement various policies and programs in an effort to minimize these risks. Our policy is to maintain compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations at all of our plants and to strive to improve environmental performance. From time to time, we may be subject to environmental regulatory enforcement under U.S. statutes, the resolution of which typically involves the establishment of compliance programs. It is possible that future developments, such as stricter requirements of environmental laws and enforcement policies, could adversely affect our production, handling, use, storage, transportation, sale or disposal of such substances. We believe all of our facilities are in substantial compliance with applicable environmental laws.

Certain properties and facilities used in our former operations, including divested primary and secondary lead smelters and former mining locations, are the subject of civil litigation, administrative proceedings or investigations arising under federal and state environmental laws and common law. Additionally, in connection with past operating practices, we are currently involved as a defendant, potentially responsible party (PRP) or both, pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act, as amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (CERCLA), and similar state laws in various governmental and private actions associated with waste disposal sites, mining locations, and facilities that we or our predecessors, our subsidiaries or their predecessors currently or previously owned, operated or used, certain of which are on the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Superfund National Priorities List or similar state lists. These proceedings seek cleanup costs, damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources. Certain of these proceedings involve claims for substantial amounts. Although we may be jointly and severally liable for these costs, in most cases we are only one of a number of PRPs who may also be jointly and severally liable, and among whom costs may be shared or allocated. In addition, we are occasionally named as a party in a number of personal injury lawsuits filed in various jurisdictions alleging claims related to environmental conditions alleged to have resulted from our operations.

Obligations associated with environmental remediation and related matters are difficult to assess and estimate for numerous reasons including the:

● complexity and differing interpretations of governmental regulations,

● number of PRPs and their ability or willingness to fund such allocation of costs,

● financial capabilities of the PRPs and the allocation of costs among them,

● solvency of other PRPs,

● multiplicity of possible solutions,

● number of years of investigatory, remedial and monitoring activity required,

● uncertainty over the extent, if any, to which our former operations might have contributed to the conditions allegedly giving rise to such personal injury, property damage, natural resource and related claims, and

● number of years between former operations and notice of claims and lack of information and documents about the former operations.

In addition, the imposition of more stringent standards or requirements under environmental laws or regulations, new developments or changes regarding site cleanup costs or the allocation of costs among PRPs, solvency of other PRPs, the results of future testing and analysis undertaken with respect to certain sites or a determination that we are potentially responsible for the release of hazardous substances at other sites, could cause our expenditures to exceed our current estimates. Actual costs could exceed accrued amounts or the upper end of the range for sites for which estimates have been made, and costs may be incurred for sites where no estimates presently can be made. Further, additional environmental and related matters may arise in the future. If we were to incur any future liability, this could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

We record liabilities related to environmental remediation and related matters (including costs associated with damages for personal injury or property damage and/or damages for injury to natural resources) when estimated future expenditures are probable and reasonably estimable. We adjust such accruals as further information becomes available to us or as circumstances change. Unless the amounts and timing of such estimated future expenditures are fixed and reasonably determinable, we generally do not discount estimated

future expenditures to their present value due to the uncertainty of the timing of the payout. We recognize recoveries of costs from other parties, if any, as assets when their receipt is deemed probable.

We do not know and cannot estimate the exact time frame over which we will make payments for our accrued environmental and related costs. The timing of payments depends upon a number of factors, including but not limited to the timing of the actual remediation process; which in turn depends on factors outside of our control. At each balance sheet date, we estimate the amount of our accrued environmental and related costs which we expect to pay within the next twelve months, and we classify this estimate as a current liability. We classify the remaining accrued environmental costs as a noncurrent liability.

Changes in the accrued environmental remediation and related costs during the first three months of 2023 are as follows:

	Amount
	(In thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	92,358
Additions charged to expense, net		—
Payments, net		(836)
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522
Amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance Sheet at the end of the period:
Current liability	$	1,889
Noncurrent liability		89,633
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the potential range of our liability for environmental remediation and related costs at sites where we have been named as a PRP or defendant, including sites for which our wholly-owned environmental management subsidiary, NL Environmental Management Services, Inc. (EMS), has contractually assumed our obligations. At March 31, 2023, we had accrued approximately $92 million related to approximately 33 sites associated with remediation and related matters we believe are at the present time and/or in their current phase reasonably estimable. The upper end of the range of reasonably possible costs to us for remediation and related matters for which we believe it is possible to estimate costs is approximately $118 million, including the amount currently accrued. These accruals have not been discounted to present value.

We believe it is not reasonably possible to estimate the range of costs for certain sites. At March 31, 2023, there were approximately five sites for which we are not currently able to reasonably estimate a range of costs. For these sites, generally the investigation is in the early stages, and we are unable to determine whether or not we actually had any association with the site, the nature of our responsibility, if any, for the contamination at the site, if any, and the extent of contamination at and cost to remediate the site. The timing and availability of information on these sites is dependent on events outside of our control, such as when the party alleging liability provides information to us. At certain of these previously inactive sites, we have received general and special notices of liability from the EPA and/or state agencies alleging that we, sometimes with other PRPs, are liable for past and future costs of remediating environmental contamination allegedly caused by former operations. These notifications may assert that we, along with any other alleged PRPs, are liable for past and/or future clean-up costs. As further information becomes available to us for any of these sites, which would allow us to estimate a range of costs, we would at that time adjust our accruals. Any such adjustment could result in the recognition of an accrual that would have a material effect on our consolidated financial statements, results of operations and liquidity.

Insurance coverage claims

We are involved in certain legal proceedings with a number of our former insurance carriers regarding the nature and extent of the carriers’ obligations to us under insurance policies with respect to certain lead pigment lawsuits. The issue of whether insurance coverage for defense costs or indemnity or both will be found to exist for our lead pigment and asbestos litigation depends upon a variety of factors and we cannot assure you that such insurance coverage will be available.

We have agreements with certain of our former insurance carriers pursuant to which the carriers reimburse us for a portion of our future lead pigment litigation defense costs. We are not able to determine how much we will ultimately recover from these carriers for defense costs incurred by us because of certain issues that arise regarding which defense costs qualify for reimbursement. While we continue to seek additional insurance recoveries, we do not know if we will be successful in obtaining reimbursement for either defense costs or indemnity. Accordingly, we recognize insurance recoveries in income only when receipt of the recovery is probable and we are able to reasonably estimate the amount of the recovery.

For a complete discussion of certain litigation involving us and certain of our former insurance carriers, refer to our 2022 Annual Report.

Other litigation

In addition to the litigation described above, we and our affiliates are also involved in various other environmental, contractual, product liability, patent (or intellectual property), employment and other claims and disputes incidental to present and former businesses. In certain cases, we have insurance coverage for these items, although we do not expect additional material insurance coverage for environmental matters. We currently believe the disposition of all of these various other claims and disputes (including asbestos-related claims), individually and in the aggregate, should not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or liquidity beyond the accruals already provided.

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Financial instruments and fair value measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Financial instruments and fair value measurements

Financial instruments and fair value measurements

Note 15 – Financial instruments:

See Note 4 for information on how we determine fair value of our marketable securities.

The following table presents the financial instruments that are not carried at fair value but which require fair value disclosure:

	December 31, 2022				March 31, 2023
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	amount		value		amount		value
	(In thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	97,502	$	97,502	$	76,881	$	76,881

Due to their near-term maturities, the carrying amounts of accounts receivable and accounts payable are considered equivalent to fair value.

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Organization and basis of presentation (Policies)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Organization and Basis of Presentation

Organization

Organization – At March 31, 2023, Valhi, Inc. (NYSE: VHI) held approximately 83% of our outstanding common stock and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran Corporation held approximately 92% of Valhi’s outstanding common stock. A majority of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held directly by Lisa K. Simmons and various family trusts established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons, Thomas C. Connelly (the husband of Ms. Simmons’ late sister) and their children and for which Ms. Simmons or Mr. Connelly, as applicable, serve as trustee (collectively, the “Other Trusts”). With respect to the Other Trusts for which Mr. Connelly serves as trustee, he is required to vote the shares of Contran voting stock held by such trusts in the same manner as Ms. Simmons. Such voting rights of Ms. Simmons last through April 22, 2030 and are personal to Ms. Simmons. The remainder of Contran’s outstanding voting stock is held by another trust (the “Family Trust”), which was established for the benefit of Ms. Simmons and her late sister and their children and for which a third-party financial institution serves as trustee. Consequently, at March 31, 2023 Ms. Simmons and the Family Trust may be deemed to control Contran, and therefore may be deemed to indirectly control the wholly-owned subsidiary of Contran, Valhi and us.

Basis of presentation

Basis of presentation – Consolidated in this Quarterly Report are the results of our majority-owned subsidiary, CompX International Inc. We also own approximately 31% of Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (Kronos). CompX (NYSE American: CIX) and Kronos (NYSE: KRO) each file periodic reports with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

The unaudited Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report have been prepared on the same basis as the audited Consolidated Financial Statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 that we filed with the SEC on March 8, 2023 (the “2022 Annual Report”). In our opinion, we have made all necessary adjustments (which include only normal recurring adjustments) in order to state fairly, in all material respects, our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows as of the dates and for the periods presented. We have condensed the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022 contained in this Quarterly Report as compared to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements at that date, and we have omitted certain information and footnote disclosures (including those related to the Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2022) normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP). Our results of operations for the interim period ended March 31, 2023 may not be indicative of our operating results for the full year. The Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Quarterly Report should be read in conjunction with our 2022 Consolidated Financial Statements contained in our 2022 Annual Report.

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this report to “NL,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to NL Industries, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliate, Kronos, taken as a whole.

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Accounts and other receivables, net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accounts and other receivables, net

Schedule of Accounts Notes Loans and Financing Receivable

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Trade receivables - CompX	$	17,910	$	18,751
Other receivables		30		32
Allowance for doubtful accounts		(70)		(70)
Total	$	17,870	$	18,713

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Inventories, net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Inventories, net

Schedule of Inventories, Net

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Raw materials	$	6,245	$	6,014
Work in process		19,983		19,337
Finished products		5,062		4,884
Total	$	31,290	$	30,235

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Marketable securities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Marketable securities

Schedule of Marketable Securities

	Fair value			Cost or
	measurement	Market		amortized		Unrealized
	level	value		cost		gain (loss)
		(In thousands)
December 31, 2022
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	70,164	$	70,226		(62)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	26,350	$	24,347	$	2,003
March 31, 2023
Current assets
Fixed income securities	2	$	95,688	$	95,830	$	(142)
Noncurrent assets
Valhi common stock	1	$	20,852	$	24,347	$	(3,495)

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc.

Changes in Carrying Value of Investment

	Amount
	(In millions)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	292.2
Equity in loss of Kronos		(4.6)
Dividends received from Kronos		(6.7)
Equity in Kronos' other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		(2.1)
Defined benefit pension plans		.1
Other		(.4)
Balance at the end of the period	$	278.5

Selected Financial Information of Kronos Balance Sheet

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In millions)
Current assets	$	1,242.2	$	1,135.1
Property and equipment, net		484.5		489.9
Investment in TiO2 joint venture		112.9		113.6
Other noncurrent assets		94.8		92.9
Total assets	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5
Current liabilities	$	326.7	$	259.7
Long-term debt		424.1		433.5
Accrued pension costs		128.6		129.3
Other noncurrent liabilities		97.8		96.9
Stockholders’ equity		957.2		912.1
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,934.4	$	1,831.5

Selected Financial Information of Kronos Income Statement

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Other assets, net (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Other assets, net

Schedule of Other Assets, Net

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Pension asset	$	1,105	$	1,183
Other		1,418		1,708
Total	$	2,523	$	2,891

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Accrued and other current liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Accrued and other current liabilities

Schedule of Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Employee benefits	$	11,023	$	5,723
Other		2,365		2,626
Total	$	13,388	$	8,349

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Revenue recognition (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Revenue recognition

Schedule of Disaggregates Net Sales By Reporting Unit

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Net sales:
Security Products	$	29,581	$	27,342
Marine Components		12,469		13,809
Total	$	42,050	$	41,151

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Employee benefit plans (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Employee benefit plans

Components of Net Periodic Defined Benefit Cost (Income)

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Interest cost	$	297	$	450
Expected return on plan assets		(392)		(414)
Recognized actuarial losses		373		358
Total	$	278	$	394

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Other noncurrent liabilities (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Other noncurrent liabilities

Summary of Other Noncurrent Liabilities

	December 31,		March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Reserve for uncertain tax positions	$	2,714	$	2,714
OPEB		637		607
Insurance claims and expenses		625		535
Other		303		349
Total	$	4,279	$	4,205

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Income taxes (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Income taxes

Component of Income Taxes

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Expected tax expense (benefit), at U.S. federal statutory   income tax rate of 21%	$	4,602	$	(949)
Rate differences on equity in earnings of Kronos, net of dividends		(1,914)		2,305
U.S. state income taxes and other, net		17		65
Income tax expense	$	2,705	$	1,421
Comprehensive provision for income taxes allocable to:
Net income	$	2,705	$	1,421
Additional paid-in capital		116		(92)
Other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation		420		(443)
Pension plans		232		104
Other		(18)		(34)
Total	$	3,455	$	956

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Stockholders' equity (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Stockholders' equity

Schedule of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

	Three months ended
	March 31,
	2022		2023
	(In thousands)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, (net of tax and noncontrolling interest):
Currency translation:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(171,235)	$	(178,191)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		1,580		(1,666)
Balance at end of period	$	(169,655)	$	(179,857)
Defined benefit pension plans:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(68,468)	$	(43,857)
Other comprehensive income -
Amortization of prior service cost and net losses included in   net periodic pension cost		873		393
Balance at end of period	$	(67,595)	$	(43,464)
OPEB plans and other:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(1,053)	$	(893)
Other comprehensive loss -
Amortization of net gain included in net periodic   OPEB cost		(68)		(60)
Balance at end of period	$	(1,121)	$	(953)
Marketable debt securities:
Balance at beginning of period	$	—	$	(50)
Other comprehensive loss - unrealized loss arising during the period		—		(44)
Balance at end of period	$	—	$	(94)
Total accumulated other comprehensive loss:
Balance at beginning of period	$	(240,756)	$	(222,991)
Other comprehensive income (loss)		2,385		(1,377)
Balance at end of period	$	(238,371)	$	(224,368)

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Commitments and contingencies (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Commitments and contingencies

Changes in Accrued Environmental Remediation and Related Costs

	Amount
	(In thousands)
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	92,358
Additions charged to expense, net		—
Payments, net		(836)
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522
Amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated
Balance Sheet at the end of the period:
Current liability	$	1,889
Noncurrent liability		89,633
Balance at the end of the period	$	91,522

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Financial instruments and fair value measurements (Tables)

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2023

Financial instruments and fair value measurements

Summary of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value

	December 31, 2022				March 31, 2023
	Carrying		Fair		Carrying		Fair
	amount		value		amount		value
	(In thousands)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	97,502	$	97,502	$	76,881	$	76,881

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Organization and basis of presentation - Additional Information (Detail)	Mar. 31, 2023
Kronos
Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Parent company ownership interest	31.00%
Parent Company | Valhi Inc
Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Parent company ownership interest	83.00%
Parent Company | Valhi Inc | Contran Corporation
Significant Accounting Policies [Line Items]
Parent company ownership interest	92.00%

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Accounts and other receivables, net - Schedule of Accounts Notes Loans and Financing Receivable (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Receivables [Abstract]
Other receivables	$ 32	$ 30
Total	18,713	17,870
CompX
Receivables [Abstract]
Trade receivables	18,751	17,910
Allowance for doubtful accounts	$ (70)	$ (70)

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Inventories, net - Schedule of Inventories, Net (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Inventories, net
Raw materials	$ 6,014	$ 6,245
Work in process	19,337	19,983
Finished products	4,884	5,062
Total	$ 30,235	$ 31,290

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Marketable securities - Schedule of Marketable Securities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended	12 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Market value, Current assets	$ 95,688	$ 70,164
Market value, Noncurrent assets	20,852	26,350
Level 1 | Valhi Inc | Common stock
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Market value, Noncurrent assets	20,852	26,350
Cost or amortized cost, Noncurrent assets	24,347	24,347
Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Noncurrent Marketable Securities	(3,495)	2,003
Level 2 | Fixed income securities
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Market value, Current assets	95,688	70,164
Cost or amortized cost, Current assets	95,830	70,226
Unrealized gain (loss), Current assets	$ (142)	$ (62)

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Marketable securities - Additional Information (Detail) - Valhi Inc - Common stock - $ / shares shares in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule Of Available For Sale Securities [Line Items]
Number of shares owned	1.2
Quoted marked price per share	$ 17.41	$ 22.00

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. - Additional Information (Detail) - Kronos - USD ($) $ / shares in Units, shares in Millions, $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule Of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Number of shares owned	35.2
Aggregate market value	$ 324.4	$ 331.1
Quoted market price per share	$ 9.21	$ 9.40

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. - Changes in Carrying Value of Investment (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ 292,206
Equity in earnings of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	(4,637)	$ 17,533
Dividends received from Kronos	(6,692)	$ (6,692)
Equity in Kronos' other comprehensive income (loss):
Balance at the end of the period	278,449
Kronos
Balance at the beginning of the period	292,200
Equity in earnings of Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	(4,600)
Dividends received from Kronos	(6,700)
Equity in Kronos' other comprehensive income (loss):
Currency translation	(2,100)
Defined benefit pension plans	100
Other	(400)
Balance at the end of the period	$ 278,500

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. - Selected Financial Information of Kronos Balance Sheet (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Schedule Of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Current assets	$ 198,639	$ 193,968
Property and equipment, net	27,914	28,694
Other noncurrent assets	2,891	2,523
Total assets	593,971	609,867
Current liabilities	26,720	32,052
Accrued pension costs	3,063	3,012
Other	4,205	4,279
Stockholders' equity	370,294	382,150
Total liabilities and equity	593,971	609,867
Kronos
Schedule Of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Current assets	1,135,100	1,242,200
Property and equipment, net	489,900	484,500
Investment in TiO2 joint venture	113,600	112,900
Other noncurrent assets	92,900	94,800
Total assets	1,831,500	1,934,400
Current liabilities	259,700	326,700
Long-term debt	433,500	424,100
Accrued pension costs	129,300	128,600
Other	96,900	97,800
Stockholders' equity	912,100	957,200
Total liabilities and equity	$ 1,831,500	$ 1,934,400

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Investment in Kronos Worldwide, Inc. - Selected Financial Information of Kronos Income Statement (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Schedule Of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 41,151	$ 42,050
Cost of sales	28,447	29,970
Income from operations	4,197	3,870
Income tax expense (benefit)	1,421	2,705
Net income	(6,716)	18,557
Kronos
Schedule Of Equity Method Investments [Line Items]
Net sales	426,300	562,900
Cost of sales	395,500	413,600
Income from operations	(18,300)	83,300
Income tax expense (benefit)	(6,900)	18,300
Net income	$ (15,200)	$ 57,500

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Other assets, net - Schedule of Other Assets, Net (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other assets, net
Pension asset	$ 1,183	$ 1,105
Other	1,708	1,418
Total	$ 2,891	$ 2,523

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Accrued and other current liabilities - Schedule of Accrued and Other Current Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Accrued and other current liabilities
Employee benefits	$ 5,723	$ 11,023
Other	2,626	2,365
Total	$ 8,349	$ 13,388

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Long-term debt - Additional Information (Detail) - NLKW Holding, LLC - Valhi - Valhi Credit Facility	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Debt Instrument [Line Items]
Maximum borrowing under credit facility	$ 50,000,000
Borrowings or repayments under revolving credit facility	0
Outstanding borrowing	500,000
Amount available for future borrowing under revolving credit facility	$ 49,500,000
Debt instrument, description of variable rate basis	prime rate
Variable rate basis spread above reference rate	1.875%
Debt instrument average interest rate	9.56%
Debt instrument interest rate	9.88%

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Revenue recognition - Schedule of Disaggregates Net Sales By Reporting Unit (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 41,151	$ 42,050
Security Products
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	27,342	29,581
Marine Components
Disaggregation Of Revenue [Line Items]
Net sales	$ 13,809	$ 12,469

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Employee benefit plans - Components of Net Periodic Defined Benefit Cost (Income) (Detail) - Defined Benefit Pension Plans - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Interest cost	$ 450	$ 297
Expected return on plan assets	(414)	(392)
Recognized actuarial losses	358	373
Total	$ 394	$ 278

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Employee benefit plans - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Millions	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($)
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Defined Benefit Plan Disclosure [Line Items]
Expected contribution during 2022	$ 1.2

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Other noncurrent liabilities - Summary of Other Noncurrent Liabilities (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Other noncurrent liabilities
Reserve for uncertain tax positions	$ 2,714	$ 2,714
OPEB	607	637
Insurance claims and expenses	535	625
Other	349	303
Total	$ 4,205	$ 4,279

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Income taxes - Component of Income Taxes (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Income taxes
Expected tax expense, at U.S. federal statutory income tax rate of 21%	$ (949)	$ 4,602
Rate differences on equity in earnings of Kronos, net of dividends	2,305	(1,914)
U.S. state income taxes and other, net	65	17
Income tax expense	$ 1,421	$ 2,705

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Income taxes - Components of Comprehensive Provision for Income Taxes Allocation (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Comprehensive provision for income taxes allocable to:
Net income	$ 1,421	$ 2,705
Additional paid-in capital	(92)	116
Other comprehensive income:
Currency translation	(443)	420
Other	(34)	(18)
Total	956	3,455
Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Other comprehensive income:
Defined benefit plans	$ 104	$ 232

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Income taxes - Additional Information (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022	Dec. 31, 2022
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Dividends received from Kronos Worldwide, Inc.	$ 6,692	$ 6,692
Uncertain tax position	2,714		$ 2,714
Income tax expense (benefit)	(1,421)	(2,705)
Current payable to affiliate	$ 665		$ 665
Kronos
Income Tax Disclosure [Line Items]
Dividends received from Kronos Worldwide, Inc.		$ 6,700

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Stockholders' equity - Schedule of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Mar. 31, 2022
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	$ 382,150
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(44)
Balance at end of period	370,294
Currency Translation
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	(178,191)	$ (171,235)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,666)	1,580
Balance at end of period	(179,857)	(169,655)
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment | Defined Benefit Pension Plans
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	(43,857)	(68,468)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	393	873
Balance at end of period	(43,464)	(67,595)
Accumulated Defined Benefit Plans Adjustment | OPEB
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	(893)	(1,053)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(60)	(68)
Balance at end of period	(953)	(1,121)
Marketable Securities
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	(50)
Balance at end of period	(94)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income Loss [Line Items]
Balance at beginning of period	(222,991)	(240,756)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(1,377)	2,385
Balance at end of period	$ (224,368)	$ (238,371)

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Commitments and contingencies - Changes in Accrued Environmental Remediation and Related Costs (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Commitments and contingencies
Balance at the beginning of the period	$ 92,358
Payments, net	(836)
Balance at the end of the period	91,522
Amounts recognized in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheet at the end of the period:
Current liability	1,889	$ 2,627
Noncurrent liability	$ 89,633	$ 89,731

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Commitments and contingencies - Additional Information (Detail) $ in Thousands	3 Months Ended
	Mar. 31, 2023 USD ($) case site	Mar. 31, 2022 USD ($)	Dec. 31, 2022 USD ($)
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities [Line Items]
Recognized accretion expense	$ 187	$ 239
Long-term litigation settlement	27,557		$ 27,427
Accrual for reasonably estimable environmental remediation and related matters	91,522		$ 92,358
Environmental Remediation Sites NL Named As PRP Or Defendant
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities [Line Items]
Accrual for reasonably estimable environmental remediation and related matters	$ 92,000
Number of sites associated with remediation and related costs | site	33
Number of sites currently not able to reasonably estimate a range of costs | site	5
Maximum | Environmental Remediation Sites NL Named As PRP Or Defendant
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities [Line Items]
Upper end range, estimate costs for remediation and related matters	$ 118,000
Lead Pigment Litigation
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities [Line Items]
Period by which loss contingency claims settled and dismissed	30 years
Remaining litigation settlement payment due in first year	$ 12,000
Remaining litigation settlement payment due in second year	12,000
Remaining litigation settlement payment due in third year	12,000
Remaining litigation settlement payment due in forth year	$ 16,700
Lead Pigment Litigation | Minimum
Commitments and Contingent Liabilities [Line Items]
Number of cases settled and dismissed and found not liable | case	100

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Financial instruments and fair value measurements - Summary of Financial Instruments Not Carried at Fair Value (Detail) - USD ($) $ in Thousands	Mar. 31, 2023	Dec. 31, 2022
Carrying amount
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, Carrying amount	$ 76,881	$ 97,502
Fair value
Fair Value Balance Sheet Grouping Financial Statement Captions [Line Items]
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, Fair value	$ 76,881	$ 97,502