
As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value:
Government obligations	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	16,669		922		—		17,591
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	41,753		2,453		2		44,204
Corporate debt securities	17,089		955		48		17,996
Total	$	75,511	$	4,330	$	50	$	79,791


As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Fixed maturity securities, available-for-sale, at fair value:
Governmental obligations	$	24,026	$	57	$	—	$	24,083
General obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	17,391		1,262		—		18,653
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	44,939		3,270		3		48,206
Corporate debt securities	25,681		1,114		24		26,771
Total	$	112,037	$	5,703	$	27	$	117,713


	Available-for-Sale
(in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	17,573	$	17,736
Due after one year through five years	52,158		55,253
Due after five years through ten years	4,958		5,436
Due after ten years	822		1,366
Total	$	75,511	$	79,791

The following table presents the gross unrealized losses on fixed maturity securities and the estimated fair value of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively:


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	$	—	$	—	$	1,102	$	(2)	$	1,102	$	(2)
Corporate debt securities	8,493		(13)		6,203		(35)		14,696		(48)
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	8,493	$	(13)	$	7,305	$	(37)	$	15,798	$	(50)


	Less than 12 Months				12 Months or Longer				Total
As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands)	Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
Special revenue issuer obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	$	—	$	—	$	1,103	$	(3)	$	1,103	$	(3)
Corporate debt securities	20,630		(24)		—		—		20,630		(24)
Total temporarily impaired securities	$	20,630	$	(24)	$	1,103	$	(3)	$	21,733	$	(27)

The decline in estimated fair value of the fixed maturity securities can be attributed primarily to changes in market interest rates and changes in credit spreads over Treasury securities. Because the Company does not intend to sell these securities and will likely not be compelled to sell them before it can recover its cost basis, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

Management evaluates available-for-sale fixed maturity securities in unrealized loss positions to determine whether the impairment is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Consideration is given to (1) the extent to which the fair value is less than cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, and (3) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Factors considered in determining whether a loss is temporary include the length of time and extent to which the estimated fair value has been below cost, the financial condition and prospects of the issuer (including credit ratings and analyst reports) and macro-economic changes. A total of 9 and 12 fixed maturity securities had unrealized losses at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The Company does not intend to sell any of these securities and believes that it is more likely than not that the Company will not have to sell any such securities before a recovery of cost. The fair value is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity date or repricing date or if market yields for such investments decline. The Company believes that the unrealized losses detailed in the previous table are due to noncredit-related factors, including changes in market interest rates and other market conditions, and therefore the unrealized loss is recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income.

Reviews of the values of fixed maturity securities are inherently uncertain and the value of the investment may not fully recover, or may decline in future periods resulting in a realized loss. The Company recorded $0 and $482 thousand of other-than-temporary impairment charges related to fixed maturity securities for the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Expenses related to other-than-temporary impairments are recorded in net realized investment gains in the Consolidated Statements of Operations when recognized.


(in thousands)	2021		2020
Fixed maturity securities	$	2,337	$	2,688
Equity securities	1,413		1,569
Invested cash and other short-term investments	21		133
Miscellaneous interest	2		3
Interest and dividends	$	3,773	$	4,393


(in thousands)	2021		2020
Gross realized gains from securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	52	$	30
Common stocks	1,900		3,428
Total	$	1,952	$	3,458
Gross realized losses from securities:
Corporate debt securities	$	(33)	$	—
Common stocks	(1,008)		(2,665)
Other-than-temporary impairment of securities	—		(482)
Total	$	(1,041)	$	(3,147)
Net realized gains from securities	$	911	$	311
Net realized other investment gains (losses):
Gains on other investments	$	958	$	31
Losses on other investments	—		(9)
Total	$	958	$	22
Net realized investment gains	$	1,869	$	333

The Company holds investments in variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that are not consolidated in the Company's financial statements as the Company is not the primary beneficiary. These entities are considered VIEs as the equity investors at risk, including the Company, do not have the power over the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the entities; this power resides with a third-party general partner or managing member that cannot be removed except for cause. The following table sets forth details about the Company's variable interest investments in VIEs, which are structured either as limited partnerships ("LPs") or LLCs, as of December 31, 2021:


Type of Investment (in thousands)	Balance Sheet Classification	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Maximum Potential Loss *
Tax credit LPs	Other investments	$	276	$	276	$	1,768
Real estate LLCs or LPs	Other investments	4,567		5,286		7,750
Small business investment LLCs or LPs	Other investments	8,336		8,254		13,295
Total		$	13,179	$	13,816	$	22,813


*						Maximum potential loss is calculated as the total investment in the LLC or LP including any capital commitments that may have not yet been called. The Company is not exposed to any loss beyond the total commitment of its investment.

The FASB has established a valuation hierarchy for disclosure of the inputs used to measure estimated fair value of financial assets and liabilities, such as securities. This hierarchy categorizes the inputs into three broad levels as follows. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 inputs are quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly through market corroboration, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs based on the Company’s own assumptions used to measure assets and liabilities at fair value.

A financial instrument’s classification within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement – consequently, if there are multiple significant valuation inputs that are categorized in different levels of the hierarchy, the instrument’s hierarchy level is the lowest level (with Level 3 being the lowest level) within which any significant input falls.

The Level 2 category includes fixed maturity securities such as corporate debt securities, U.S. government obligations, and obligations of U.S. states, territories, and political subdivisions. Estimated fair value is principally based on market values obtained from a third-party pricing service. Factors that are used in determining estimated fair market value include benchmark yields, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers and reference data. The Company receives one quote per security from a third-party pricing service, although as discussed below, the Company does consult other pricing resources when confirming that the prices it obtains reflect the fair values of the instruments in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures. Generally, quotes obtained from the pricing service for instruments classified as Level 2 are not adjusted and are not binding. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not adjust any Level 2 fair values.

A number of the Company’s investment grade corporate debt securities are frequently traded in active markets, and trading prices are consequently available for these securities. However, these securities are classified as Level 2 because the pricing service from which the Company has obtained estimated fair values for these instruments uses valuation models that use observable market inputs in addition to trading prices. Substantially all of the input assumptions used in the service’s model are observable in the marketplace or can be derived or supported by observable market data.

In the measurement of the estimated fair value of certain financial instruments, other valuation techniques were utilized if quoted market prices were not available. These derived fair value estimates are significantly affected by the assumptions used. Additionally, ASC 820 excludes from its scope certain financial instruments, including those related to insurance contracts, pension and other postretirement benefits, and equity method investments.

Real estate investments are reported at amortized cost. Depreciation and other related expenses are recorded as an offset to investment income. The Company monitors any events or changes in circumstances that may have had a significant adverse effect on the fair value of real estate investments and makes any necessary adjustments, with any reductions in the carrying amount of these investments recorded in net realized investment gains in the Consolidated Statement of Operations when recognized.

The measurement alternative method requires investments without readily determinable fair values to be recorded at cost, less impairments, and plus or minus any changes resulting from observable price changes. The Company monitors any events or changes in circumstances that may have had a significant adverse effect on the fair value of these investments and makes any necessary adjustments.


As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2 *		Level 3		Total
Fixed maturity securities:
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	$	—	$	61,795	$	—	$	61,795
Corporate debt securities	—		17,996		—		17,996
Total	$	—	$	79,791	$	—	$	79,791


As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2 *		Level 3		Total
Fixed maturity securities:
Obligations of U.S. states, territories and political subdivisions	$	24,083	$	66,859	$	—	$	90,942
Corporate debt securities	—		26,771		—		26,771
Total	$	24,083	$	93,630	$	—	$	117,713


As of December 31, 2021 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash	$	37,168	$	—	$	—	$	37,168
Accrued interest and dividends	817		—		—		817
Equity securities, at fair value:
Common stocks	76,853		—		—		76,853
Short-term investments:
Money market funds	45,930		—		—		45,930
Other investments:
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative	—		—		8,688		8,688
Total	$	160,768	$	—	$	8,688	$	169,456


As of December 31, 2020 (in thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash	$	13,723	$	—	$	—	$	13,723
Accrued interest and dividends	1,038		—		—		1,038
Equity securities, at fair value:
Common stocks	64,919		—		—		64,919
Short-term investments:
Money market funds, Treasury bills, commercial paper and certificates of deposit	15,170		—		—		15,170
Other investments:
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative	—		—		8,741		8,741
Total	$	94,850	$	—	$	8,741	$	103,591

To help ensure that estimated fair value determinations are consistent with ASC 820, prices from our pricing services go through multiple review processes to ensure appropriate pricing. Pricing procedures and inputs used to price each security include, but are not limited to, the following: unadjusted quoted market prices for identical securities such as stock market closing prices; non-binding quoted prices for identical securities in markets that are not active; interest rates; yield curves observable at commonly quoted intervals; volatility; prepayment speeds; loss severity; credit risks; and default rates. The Company reviews the procedures and inputs used by its pricing services, and verifies a sample of the services’ quotes by comparing them to values obtained from other pricing resources. In the event the Company disagrees with a price provided by its pricing services, the respective service reevaluates the price to corroborate the market information and then reviews inputs to the evaluation in light of potentially new market data.

Certain equity investments under the measurement alternative and real estate investments are measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis and are reviewed for impairment quarterly. If any such investment is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired, an impairment charge is recorded against such investment and reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. There were no impairments of such investments made during the twelve-month periods ended December 31, 2021 or 2020. The following table presents a rollforward of equity investments under the measurement alternative and real estate investments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:


(in thousands)	Balance, January 1, 2021		Amounts Impaired		Observable Changes		Purchases and Additional Commitments Paid		Sales, Returns of Capital and Other Reductions		Balance, December 31, 2021
Other investments:
Real estate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,000	$	(13)	$	4,987
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative	8,741		—		—		1,543		(1,596)		8,688
Total	$	8,741	$	—	$	—	$	6,543	$	(1,609)	$	13,675


(in thousands)	Balance, January 1, 2020		Amounts Impaired		Observable Changes		Purchases and Additional Commitments Paid		Sales, Returns of Capital and Other Reductions		Balance, December 31, 2020
Other investments:
Real estate	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Equity investments in unconsolidated affiliates, measurement alternative	7,899		—		—		1,227		(385)		8,741
Total	$	7,899	$	—	$	—	$	1,227	$	(385)	$	8,741