Fair Value Measurements

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

FASB literature regarding fair value measurements for certain assets and liabilities establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of “observable inputs” and minimize the use of “unobservable inputs.” The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:


•	Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;


•	Level 2—Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and


•	Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

Fair Value Measurements on a Recurring Basis

The table below segregates all of our financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis into the most appropriate level within the fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used to determine the fair value at the measurement date, generally including money market funds, treasury bills, available-for-sale and derivative financial instruments, and other investments (amounts in millions):



				Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017 Using
	As of December 31, 2017			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs			Significant Unobservable Inputs		Balance Sheet Classification
	As of December 31, 2017			(Level 1)		(Level 2)			(Level 3)		Balance Sheet Classification
Financial Assets:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Money market funds	$	4,405		$	4,405	$	—		$	—	Cash and cash equivalents
Foreign government treasury bills	39			39		—			—		Cash and cash equivalents
U.S. treasuries and government agency securities	55			55		—			—		Other current assets
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	4,499		$	4,499	$	—		$	—

Financial Liabilities:
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as hedges	$	(5	)	$	—	$	(5	)	$	—	Accrued expenses and other liabilities



			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016 Using
	As of December 31, 2016		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		Significant Other Observable Inputs		Significant Unobservable Inputs		Balance Sheet Classification
	As of December 31, 2016		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)		Balance Sheet Classification
Financial Assets:
Recurring fair value measurements:
Money market funds	$	2,921	$	2,921	$	—	$	—	Cash and cash equivalents
Foreign government treasury bills	38		38		—		—		Cash and cash equivalents
Foreign currency forward contracts designated as hedges	22		—		22		—		Other current assets
Auction rate securities	9		—		—		9		Other assets
Total recurring fair value measurements	$	2,990	$	2,959	$	22	$	9

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts

Foreign Currency Forward Contracts Designated as Hedges (“Cash Flow Hedges”)

At December 31, 2017, the gross notional amount of outstanding Cash Flow Hedges was approximately $521 million. The fair value of these contracts, all of which have remaining maturities of 12 months or less, was $5 million of net unrealized losses. Additionally, at December 31, 2017, we had approximately $10 million of net realized but unrecognized losses recorded within “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” associated with contracts that had settled but were deferred and will be amortized into earnings, along with the associated hedged revenues. Such amounts will be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.

At December 31, 2016, the gross notional amount of outstanding Cash Flow Hedges was approximately $346 million. The fair value of these contracts was $22 million of net unrealized gains.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, there was no ineffectiveness relating to our Cash Flow Hedges. During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the amount of pre-tax net realized gains associated with these contracts that were reclassified out of “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” and into earnings was not material.

Fair Value Measurements on a Non-Recurring Basis

We measure the fair value of certain assets on a non-recurring basis, generally annually or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, there were no impairment charges related to assets that are measured on a non-recurring basis.

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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