The Company has divided the loan portfolio into the following portfolio segments based on risk characteristics:

Construction, land development and other land loans – Commercial construction, land and land development loans include loans for the development of residential housing projects, loans for the development of commercial and industrial use property, loans for the purchase and improvement of raw land and loans primarily for agricultural production that are secured by farmland. These loans are secured in whole or in part by the underlying real estate collateral and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Secured by 1-4 family residential properties – These loans include conventional mortgage loans on one-to-four family residential properties. These properties may serve as the borrower’s primary residence, vacation home or investment property. Also included in this portfolio are home equity loans and lines of credit. This type of lending, which is secured by a first or second mortgage on the borrower’s residence, allows customers to borrow against the equity in their home.

Secured by multi-family residential properties – This portfolio segment includes mortgage loans secured by apartment buildings.

Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties – This portfolio segment includes real estate loans secured by commercial and industrial properties, office or mixed-use facilities, strip shopping centers or other commercial property. These loans are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Commercial and industrial loans and leases – This portfolio segment includes loans and leases to commercial customers for use in the normal course of business. These credits may be loans, lines of credit and leases to financially strong borrowers, secured by inventories, equipment or receivables, and are generally guaranteed by the principals of the borrowing entity.

Direct consumer – This portfolio segment includes a variety of secured and unsecured personal loans, including automobile loans, loans for household and personal purposes and all other direct consumer installment loans.

Branch retail – This portfolio segment includes loans secured by collateral purchased by consumers at retail stores with whom ALC had an established relationship through its branch network to provide financing for the retail products sold if applicable underwriting standards were met. The collateral securing these loans generally includes personal property items such as furniture, ATVs and home appliances.

Indirect sales – This portfolio segment includes loans secured by collateral purchased by consumers at retail stores with whom the Company has an established relationship to provide financing for the retail products sold if applicable underwriting standards are met. The collateral securing these loans generally includes recreational vehicles, campers, boats, horse trailers and cargo trailers.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the composition of the loan portfolio by reporting segment and portfolio segment was as follows:

	December 31, 2021
	Bank			ALC		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Real estate loans:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	67,048		$	—	$	67,048
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		70,439			2,288		72,727
Secured by multi-family residential properties		46,000			—		46,000
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		197,901			—		197,901
Commercial and industrial loans ⁽¹⁾		73,947			—		73,947
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		5,972			15,717		21,689
Branch retail		—			25,692		25,692
Indirect sales		205,940			—		205,940
Total loans		667,247			43,697		710,944
Less: Unearned interest, fees and deferred cost		(324	)		2,918		2,594
Allowance for loan losses		7,038			1,282		8,320
Net loans	$	660,533		$	39,497	$	700,030

	December 31, 2020
	Bank			ALC		Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Real estate loans:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	37,282		$	—	$	37,282
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		85,271			3,585		88,856
Secured by multi-family residential properties		54,326			—		54,326
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		184,528			—		184,528
Commercial and industrial loans ⁽¹⁾		81,735			—		81,735
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		6,344			23,444		29,788
Branch retail		—			32,094		32,094
Indirect sales		141,514			—		141,514
Total loans		591,000			59,123		650,123
Less: Unearned interest, fees and deferred cost		(213	)		4,492		4,279
Allowance for loan losses		5,917			1,553		7,470
Net loans	$	585,296		$	53,078	$	638,374

The Company makes commercial, real estate and installment loans to its customers. Although the Company has a diversified loan portfolio, 54.0% and 56.1% of the portfolio was concentrated in loans secured by real estate as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Loans with a carrying value of $66.6 million and $36.1 million were pledged as collateral to secure FHLB borrowings as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank makes loans to certain officers and directors of the Company, including companies with which they are associated. These loans are made on the same terms as those prevailing for comparable transactions with unrelated parties. Management believes that such loans do not represent more than a normal risk of collectability, nor do they present other unfavorable features. The aggregate balances of such related party loans and commitments as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 were $0.3 million and $0.4 million, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2021, there were no new loans to

these parties, and repayments by active related parties were $0.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2020, there were no new loans to these parties, and repayments by active related parties were $0.5 million.

The following tables present changes in the allowance for loan and lease losses during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 and the related loan balances by loan type as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

	As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Construction, Land Development, and Other			1-4 Family			Real Estate Multi- Family			Non- Farm Non- Residential		Commercial and Industrial			Direct Consumer			Branch Retail			Indirect Sales			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Beginning balance	$	393		$	639		$	577		$	1,566	$	1,008		$	1,202		$	373		$	1,712		$	7,470
Charge-offs		(23	)		(12	)		—			—		(6	)		(1,230	)		(377	)		(483	)		(2,131	)
Recoveries		22			14			—			5		21			626			215			68			971
Provision		236			49			(140	)		387		(163	)		406			93			1,142			2,010
Ending balance	$	628		$	690		$	437		$	1,958	$	860		$	1,004		$	304		$	2,439		$	8,320
Ending balance of allowance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	10		$	—		$	—	$	57		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	67
Collectively evaluated for impairment		628			680			437			1,958		803			1,004			304			2,439			8,253
Total allowance for loan and lease losses	$	628		$	690		$	437		$	1,958	$	860		$	1,004		$	304		$	2,439		$	8,320
Ending balance of loans receivable:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—		$	646		$	—		$	1,051	$	880		$	21		$	—		$	—		$	2,598
Collectively evaluated for impairment		67,048			72,081			46,000			196,850		73,067			21,668			25,692			205,940			708,346
Total loans receivable	$	67,048		$	72,727		$	46,000		$	197,901	$	73,947		$	21,689		$	25,692		$	205,940		$	710,944

	As of and for the Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Construction, Land Development, and Other		1-4 Family			Real Estate Multi- Family		Non- Farm Non- Residential		Commercial and Industrial			Direct Consumer			Branch Retail			Indirect Sales			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Allowance for loan and lease losses:
Beginning balance	$	197	$	466		$	422	$	964	$	1,377		$	1,625		$	395		$	316		$	5,762
Charge-offs		—		(61	)		—		—		—			(1,621	)		(374	)		(152	)		(2,208	)
Recoveries		—		22			—		14		10			725			186			14			971
Provision		196		212			155		588		(379	)		473			166			1,534			2,945
Ending balance	$	393	$	639		$	577	$	1,566	$	1,008		$	1,202		$	373		$	1,712		$	7,470
Ending balance of allowance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	12		$	—	$	—	$	61		$	1		$	—		$	—		$	74
Collectively evaluated for impairment		393		627			577		1,566		947			1,201			373			1,712			7,396
Total allowance for loan and lease losses	$	393	$	639		$	577	$	1,566	$	1,008		$	1,202		$	373		$	1,712		$	7,470
Ending balance of loans receivable:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	—	$	743		$	—	$	5,594	$	590		$	24		$	—		$	—		$	6,951
Collectively evaluated for impairment		37,282		87,953			54,326		178,934		81,145			29,764			32,094			141,514			643,012
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality		—		160			—		—		—			—			—			—			160
Total loans receivable	$	37,282	$	88,856		$	54,326	$	184,528	$	81,735		$	29,788		$	32,094		$	141,514		$	650,123

The Company utilizes a credit grading system that provides a uniform framework for establishing and monitoring credit risk in the loan portfolio. Under this system, construction, land, multi-family real estate, other commercial real estate, and commercial and industrial loans are graded based on pre-determined risk metrics and categorized into one of nine risk grades. These risk grades can be summarized into categories described as pass, special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss, as described in further detail below.

Because residential real estate and consumer loans are more uniform in nature, each loan is categorized into one of two risk grades, depending on whether the loan is considered to be performing or nonperforming. Performing loans are loans that are paying principal and interest in accordance with a contractual agreement. Nonperforming loans are loans that have demonstrated characteristics that indicate a probability of loss.

The tables below illustrate the carrying amount of loans by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2021:

	December 31, 2021
	Pass 1-5			Special Mention 6			Substandard 7			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	67,046		$	—		$	2		$	67,048
Secured by multi-family residential properties		43,472			2,528			—			46,000
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		189,425			7,442			1,034			197,901
Commercial and industrial loans		72,116			333			1,498			73,947
Total	$	372,059		$	10,303		$	2,534		$	384,896
As a percentage of total loans		96.66	%		2.68	%		0.66	%		100.00	%

	December 31, 2021
	Performing			Nonperforming			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties	$	71,526		$	1,201		$	72,727
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		20,939			750			21,689
Branch retail		25,486			206			25,692
Indirect sales		205,940			—			205,940
Total	$	323,891		$	2,157		$	326,048
As a percentage of total loans		99.34	%		0.66	%		100.00	%

The tables below illustrate the carrying amount of loans by credit quality indicator as of December 31, 2020:

	December 31, 2020
	Pass 1-5			Special Mention 6			Substandard 7			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	36,719		$	558		$	5		$	37,282
Secured by multi-family residential properties		54,326			—			—			54,326
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		170,338			8,572			5,618			184,528
Commercial and industrial loans		79,754			542			1,439			81,735
Total	$	341,137		$	9,672		$	7,062		$	357,871
As a percentage of total loans		95.33	%		2.70	%		1.97	%		100.00	%

	December 31, 2020
	Performing			Nonperforming			Total
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties	$	86,665		$	2,191		$	88,856
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		29,679			109			29,788
Branch retail		31,816			278			32,094
Indirect sales		141,514			—			141,514
Total	$	289,674		$	2,578		$	292,252
As a percentage of total loans		99.12	%		0.88	%		100.00	%

The following table provides an aging analysis of past due loans by class as of December 31, 2021:

	As of December 31, 2021
	30-59 Days Past Due			60-89 Days Past Due			90 Days Or Greater			Total Past Due			Current			Total Loans			Recorded Investment > 90 Days And Accruing
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	67,048		$	67,048		$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		349			23			20			392			72,335			72,727			—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—			—			—			—			46,000			46,000			—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		403			—			—			403			197,498			197,901			—
Commercial and industrial loans		54			—			234			288			73,659			73,947			—
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		652			589			730			1,971			19,718			21,689			—
Branch retail		377			182			206			765			24,927			25,692
Indirect sales		43			14			—			57			205,883			205,940			—
Total	$	1,878		$	808		$	1,190		$	3,876		$	707,068		$	710,944		$	—
As a percentage of total loans		0.27	%		0.11	%		0.17	%		0.55	%		99.45	%		100.00	%

The following table provides an aging analysis of past due loans by class as of December 31, 2020:

	As of December 31, 2020
	30-59 Days Past Due			60-89 Days Past Due			90 Days Or Greater			Total Past Due			Current			Total Loans			Recorded Investment > 90 Days And Accruing
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	37,282		$	37,282		$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		799			244			72			1,115			87,741			88,856			—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—			—			—			—			54,326			54,326			—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		287			—			1,337			1,624			182,904			184,528			—
Commercial and industrial loans		683			561			—			1,244			80,491			81,735			—
Consumer loans:
Direct consumer		257			191			214			662			29,126			29,788			—
Branch retail		176			61			144			381			31,713			32,094
Indirect sales		234			39			49			322			141,192			141,514			—
Total	$	2,436		$	1,096		$	1,816		$	5,348		$	644,775		$	650,123		$	—
As a percentage of total loans		0.37	%		0.17	%		0.28	%		0.82	%		99.18	%		100.00	%

The following table provides an analysis of non-accruing loans by class as of December 31, 2021 and 2020:

In accordance with section 4013 of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security (CARES) Act and interpretive guidance from banking regulators, in 2020 the Company implemented initiatives to provide short-term payment relief to borrowers who were negatively impacted by COVID-19. As of December 31, 2021, loans that continued to be in pandemic-related deferment totaled $0.4 million, compared to $8.1 million as of December 31, 2020.

In addition, at the onset of the pandemic, management identified certain categories of loans that it believed to be at “high-risk” of potential default or credit loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The “high-risk” category, which includes loans collateralized by hotels/motels and dine-in restaurants, decreased to $11.4 million, or 1.3% of the loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2021, compared to $13.5 million, or 2.1% of the loan portfolio, as of December 31, 2020.

The spread of COVID-19 has created a global public health crisis that has resulted in widespread volatility and deterioration in household, business, economic and market conditions. Although loans in deferment status and loans in the “high-risk” category have decreased significantly, the Company will continue to closely monitor the impact of changing economic circumstances on the Company’s loan portfolio.

Sections 1102 and 1106 of the CARES Act added a new program administered by the SBA entitled the Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”). The PPP was intended to provide economic relief to small businesses throughout the United States that were adversely impacted by COVID-19. An Interim Final Rule related to PPP was issued on April 2, 2020, and additional clarifications to the Interim Final Rule were provided subsequently by the SBA. Loans originated under the PPP are 100% guaranteed by the SBA and are forgivable in whole, or in part, if the loan proceeds were used by the borrower for payroll and other permitted purposes in accordance with the requirements of the PPP. If not forgiven in whole or in part, the loans carry a fixed interest rate of 1.00% per annum with payments deferred for a period of time under criteria prescribed in the PPP. As compensation for originating a PPP loan, the Company received lender processing fees from the SBA ranging from 1% to 5% of the original loan balance, depending on the size of the loan. Processing fees, net of origination costs, are deferred and amortized as interest income over the contractual life of the loan. Upon forgiveness of a PPP loan by the SBA, any unrecognized net deferred fees are recognized as interest income in the period of forgiveness. In March of 2021 a bill was signed by the President that extended the deadline to apply for a PPP loan to May 31, 2021.

During 2020 and 2021, the Company originated and funded 267 PPP loans with an aggregate balance of $20.4 million at origination. PPP loans were initially originated by the Company for a term of two years as prescribed by the CARES Act; however, a June 5, 2020 amendment to the CARES Act (i) provided for a five-year minimum loan term for loans originated beginning on that date and (ii) permitted lenders to amend loans previously issued under two-year terms to terms of five to ten years if mutually agreed upon by both lender and borrower. As of December 31, 2021, 37 of the PPP loans originated by the Company remained outstanding with a total outstanding balance remaining of $1.7 million. All remaining outstanding loans as of December 31, 2021 were under five-year terms. Processing fees that were amortized as interest income totaled $504 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to $161 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had $83 thousand in remaining net deferred PPP loan fees.

A loan is considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect the scheduled payments of principal or interest when due according to the contractual terms of the related loan agreement. If a loan is impaired, a specific valuation allowance is allocated, if necessary, so that the loan is reported at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the liquidation of the collateral at the Bank. All loans of $0.5 million or more that have a credit quality risk grade of seven or above are identified for impairment analysis. At management’s discretion, additional loans may be impaired based on homogeneous factors such as changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio, portfolio quality, adequacy of the underlying collateral value, loan concentrations, historical charge-off trends and economic conditions that may affect the borrower’s ability to pay. At ALC, all loans of $50 thousand or more that are 90 days or more past due are identified for impairment analysis. As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, there were $0.1 million of impaired loans with no related allowance recorded at ALC. Impaired loans, or portions thereof, are charged off when deemed uncollectable.

As of December 31, 2021, the carrying amount of the Company’s impaired loans consisted of the following:

	December 31, 2021
	Carrying Amount		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowances
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		630		630		—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		1,051		1,051		—
Commercial and industrial		823		823		—
Direct consumer		21		21		—
Total impaired loans with no related allowance recorded	$	2,525	$	2,525	$	—
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		16		16		10
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		57		57		57
Direct consumer		—		—		—
Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	73	$	73	$	67
Total impaired loans
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		646		646		10
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		1,051		1,051		—
Commercial and industrial		880		880		57
Direct consumer		21		21		—
Total impaired loans	$	2,598	$	2,598	$	67

As of December 31, 2020, the carrying amount of the Company’s impaired loans consisted of the following:

	December 31, 2020
	Carrying Amount		Unpaid Principal Balance		Related Allowances
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Impaired loans with no related allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		885		885		—
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		5,594		5,594		—
Commercial and industrial		530		530		—
Direct consumer		—		—		—
Total impaired loans with no related allowance recorded	$	7,009	$	7,009	$	—
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		18		18		12
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		—		—		—
Commercial and industrial		60		60		61
Direct consumer		24		24		1
Total impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	102	$	102	$	74
Total impaired loans
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		903		903		12
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		5,594		5,594		—
Commercial and industrial		590		590		61
Direct consumer		24		24		1
Total impaired loans	$	7,111	$	7,111	$	74

The average net investment in impaired loans and interest income recognized and received on impaired loans during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was as follows:

	Year Ended December 31, 2021
	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Interest Income Received
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		773		31		31
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2,377		140		108
Commercial and industrial		637		61		40
Direct consumer		22		9		2
Total	$	3,809	$	241	$	181

	Year Ended December 31, 2020
	Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized		Interest Income Received
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate
Construction, land development and other land loans	$	—	$	—	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		923		10		10
Secured by multi-family residential properties		—		—		—
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2,467		28		28
Commercial and industrial		118		7		7
Direct consumer		25		1		2
Total	$	3,533	$	46	$	47

Loans on which the accrual of interest has been discontinued amounted to $2.0 million and $3.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. If interest on those loans had been accrued, there would have been $52 thousand and $161 thousand of interest accrued for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Interest income related to these loans for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $30 thousand and $42 thousand, respectively.

Troubled debt restructurings include loans with respect to which concessions have been granted to borrowers that generally would not have otherwise been considered had the borrowers not been experiencing financial difficulty. The concessions granted may include payment schedule modifications, interest rate reductions, maturity date extensions, modifications of note structure, principal balance reductions or some combination of these concessions. There were two loans with balances totaling $0.6 million modified with concessions granted during the year ended December 31, 2021 and no loans modified with concessions granted during the year ended December 31, 2020. Restructured loans may involve loans remaining on non-accrual, moving to non-accrual or continuing on accrual status, depending on the individual facts and circumstances of the borrower. Non-accrual restructured loans are included with all other non-accrual loans. In addition, all accruing restructured loans are reported as troubled debt restructurings. Generally, restructured loans remain on non-accrual until the customer has attained a sustained period of repayment performance under the modified loan terms (generally a minimum of six months). However, performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are considered in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and whether the loan should be returned to or maintained on non-accrual status. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is not reasonably assured, then the loan remains on non-accrual. As of both December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company did not have any non-accruing loans that were previously restructured and that remained on non-accrual status. For both of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had no loans that were restored to accrual status based on a sustained period of repayment performance.

The following table provides, as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the number of loans remaining in each loan category that the Company had previously modified in a troubled debt restructuring, as well as the pre- and post-modification principal balance as of each date.

	December 31, 2021						December 31, 2020
	Number of Loans		Pre- Modification Outstanding Principal Balance		Post- Modification Principal Balance		Number of Loans		Pre- Modification Outstanding Principal Balance		Post- Modification Principal Balance
	(Dollars in Thousands)
Loans secured by real estate:
Construction, land development and other land loans		1	$	107	$	—		1	$	107	$	—
Secured by 1-4 family residential properties		2		59		12		2		59		12
Secured by non-farm, non-residential properties		2		621		617		—		—		—
Commercial loans		2		116		31		2		116		39
Total		7	$	903	$	660		5	$	282	$	51

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, no loans that previously had been modified in a troubled debt restructuring had defaulted subsequent to modification.

Restructured loan modifications primarily included maturity date extensions and payment schedule modifications. There were no modifications to principal balances of the loans that were restructured. Accordingly, there was no impact on the Company’s allowance for loan losses resulting from the modifications.

All loans with a principal balance of $0.5 million or more that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring are considered impaired and evaluated individually for impairment. The nature and extent of impairment of restructured loans, including those that have experienced a subsequent payment default, are considered in the determination of an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. This evaluation resulted in an allowance for loan losses attributable to such restructured loans of $7 thousand and $1 thousand as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.