We maintain qualified defined benefit retirement plans covering certain current and former European employees, as well as nonqualified defined benefit retirement plans and retirement savings plans covering certain eligible U.S. and European employees, and participate in a union sponsored multi-employer pension plan covering certain U.S. employees with union affiliations. In addition, we provide certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to eligible U.S. retirees.

Accounting standards require the use of certain assumptions, such as the expected long-term rate of return, discount rate, rate of compensation increase, healthcare cost trend rates, and retirement and mortality rates, to determine the net periodic costs of such plans. These assumptions are reviewed and set annually at the beginning of each year. In addition, these models use an “attribution approach” that generally spreads individual events, such as plan amendments and changes in actuarial assumptions, over the service lives of the employees in the plan. That is, employees render service over their service lives on a relatively smooth basis and therefore, the income statement effects of retirement and postretirement benefit plans are earned in, and should follow, the same pattern.

We use our actual return experience, future expectations of long-term investment returns, and our actual and targeted asset allocations to develop our expected rate of return assumption used in the net periodic cost calculations of our funded European defined benefit retirement plans. Due to the difficulty involved in predicting the market performance of certain assets, there will be a difference in any given year between our expected return on plan assets and the actual return. Following the attribution approach, each year’s difference is amortized over a number of future years. Over time, the expected long-term returns are designed to approximate the actual long-term returns and therefore result in a pattern of income and expense recognition that more closely matches the pattern of the services provided by the employees.

We annually set our discount rate assumption for retirement-related benefits accounting to reflect the rates available on high-quality, fixed-income debt instruments. The rate of compensation increase for nonqualified pension plans, which is another significant assumption used in the actuarial model for pension accounting, is determined by us based upon our long-term plans for such increases and assumed inflation. For the postretirement health care and life insurance benefits plan, we review external data and its historical trends for health care costs to determine the health care cost trend rates. Retirement and termination rates are based primarily on actual plan experience. The mortality table used for the U.S. plans is based on the RP-2014 White Collar Healthy Annuitant Mortality Table with Improvement Scale MP-2017 and for the U.K. Plan the S2PXA base table with future improvements in line with the CMI 2016 projection model with a long term trend rate of 1.25% p.a.

Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect the net periodic costs and recorded obligations in such future periods. While we believe that the assumptions used are appropriate, significant changes in economic or other conditions, employee demographics, retirement and mortality rates, and investment performance may materially impact such costs and obligations.

We have nonqualified defined benefit retirement plans covering certain current and former U.S. employees that are funded as benefits are incurred. Under the provisions of these plans, we expect to contribute approximately $0.9 million in 2019 to cover unfunded benefits.

The Company is party to a multi-employer pension plan covering certain U.S. employees with union affiliations. The plan is the Western Metal Industry Pension Fund, (“the Plan”). The Plan’s employer identification number is 91-6033499; the Plan number is 001. In 2018, 2017 and 2016 the Plan reported Hexcel Corporation as being an employer that contributed greater than 5% of the Plan’s total contributions. The expiration date of the collective bargaining agreement is September 30, 2020. The Plan has been listed in “critical status” and has been operating in accordance with a Rehabilitation Plan since 2010. The Plan, as amended under the Rehabilitation Plan, reduced the adjustable benefits of the participants and levied a surcharge on employer contributions. The Company contributed $2.1 million in 2018, $1.9 million in 2017 and approximately $2.1 million in 2016. We expect the Company’s contribution to be about $2.1 million in 2019 and remain at that level over the remaining term.

Under the retirement savings plan, eligible U.S. employees can contribute up to 75% of their annual compensation to an individual 401(k) retirement savings account. The Company makes matching contributions equal to 50% of employee contributions, not to exceed 3% of employee compensation each year. We also contribute an additional 2% to 4% of each eligible U.S. employee’s salary to an individual 401(k) retirement savings account. This increases the maximum contribution to individual U.S. employee savings accounts to between 5% and 7% per year, before any profit sharing contributions that are made when we meet or exceed certain performance targets that are set annually. These profit sharing contributions are made at the Company’s discretion and are targeted at 3% of an eligible U.S. employee’s pay, with a maximum of 4.5%.

In addition to defined benefit and retirement savings plan benefits, we also provide certain postretirement health care and life insurance benefits to eligible U.S. retirees. Depending upon the plan, benefits are available to eligible employees who retire after meeting certain age and service requirements and were employed by Hexcel as of February 1996. Our funding policy for the postretirement health care and life insurance benefit plans is generally to pay covered expenses as they are incurred. Under the provisions of these plans, we expect to contribute approximately $0.5 million in 2019 to cover unfunded benefits.

We have defined benefit retirement plans in the United Kingdom, Belgium, France and Austria covering certain employees of our subsidiaries in those countries. The defined benefit plan in the United Kingdom (the “U.K. Plan”), the largest of the European plans, was terminated in 2011 and replaced with a defined contribution plan. As of December 31, 2018, 25% of the total assets in the U.K. Plan were invested each in equities and in diversified growth funds and 18% were invested in liability driven investments. Equity investments and growth fund investments are made with the objective of achieving a return on plan assets consistent with the funding requirements of the plan, maximizing portfolio return and minimizing the impact of market fluctuations on the fair value of the plan assets. Liability driven investments are made to reduce balance sheet volatility. As a result of an annual review of historical returns and market trends, the expected long-term weighted average rate of return for the U.K. Plan for the 2019 plan year will be 4.75% and 3.0% for the other European plans as a group.

Under the Defined Contribution Plan, eligible U.K. employees can belong to the Deferred Contribution Plan on a non-participatory basis or can elect to contribute 3%, 5% or 7% of their pensionable salary. The Company will contribute 5%, 9% and 13% respectively. The plan also provides life insurance and disability insurance benefits for members.

The employees of our French subsidiaries are entitled to receive a lump-sum payment upon retirement subject to certain service conditions under the provisions of the national chemicals and textile workers collective bargaining agreements. The amounts attributable to the French plans have been included within the total expense and obligation amounts noted for the European plans.

Net periodic expense for our U.S. and European qualified and nonqualified defined benefit pension plans and our retirement savings plans for the three years ended December 31, 2018 is detailed in the table below.

Net periodic cost of our defined benefit retirement and postretirement plans for the three years ended December 31, 2018, were:

(In millions)	U.S. Plans						European Plans
Defined Benefit Retirement Plans	2018		2017		2016		2018			2017			2016
Service cost	$	1.2	$	1.3	$	1.2	$	1.1		$	1.0		$	0.8
Interest cost	0.6		0.6		0.6		4.4			4.6			5.4
Expected return on plan assets	—			—	—			(9.4	)		(8.4	)		(7.6	)
Net amortization	0.2		0.4			0.3	0.3			0.3			0.6
Termination benefits and settlement losses	—		0.7		0.2		—			0.1			0.1
Net periodic pension cost (income)	$	2.0	$	3.0	$	2.3	$	(3.6	)	$	(2.4	)	$	(0.7	)

(In millions)
U.S. Postretirement Plans	2018			2017		2016
Interest cost	$	0.1		$	0.1	$	0.2
Net amortization and deferral		(1.0	)		0.1		(0.7	)
Net periodic postretirement benefit (income) loss	$	(0.9	)	$	0.2	$	(0.5	)

	Defined Benefit Retirement Plans
	U.S. Plans						European Plans						Postretirement Plans
(In millions)	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018		2017
Other Changes in Plan Assets and Benefit Obligations Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income
Net (gain) loss	$	(0.7	)	$	0.1		$	(5.0	)	$	2.3		$	—	$	—
Amortization of actuarial (losses) gains		(0.3	)		(0.8	)		(0.4	)		(0.4	)		1.0		1.1
Prior service cost	—			—				1.3		—			—		—
Effect of foreign exchange		—			—			(1.2	)		2.5			—		—
Total recognized in other comprehensive income (pre-tax)	$	(1.0	)	$	(0.7	)	$	(5.3	)	$	4.4		$	1.0	$	1.1

The Company expects to recognize $0.4 million of net actuarial loss and no net prior service cost as a component of net periodic pension cost in 2019 for its defined benefit plans. The amount of net actuarial gain recognized as a component of net periodic postretirement benefit cost in 2019 is expected to be $1.1 million.

The benefit obligation, fair value of plan assets, funded status, and amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for our defined benefit retirement plans and postretirement plans, as of and for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, were:

	Defined Benefit Retirement Plans
	U.S. Plans						European Plans						Postretirement Plans
(In millions)	2018			2017			2018			2017			2018			2017
Change in benefit obligation:
Benefit obligation - beginning of year	$	21.4		$	19.7		$	189.5		$	164.1		$	4.1		$	4.4
Service cost	1.2			1.3				1.1			1.0		—			—
Interest cost	0.6			0.6			4.4			4.6			0.1			0.1
Plan participants’ contributions	—			—			1.3			—			—			0.2
Actuarial (gain) loss		(0.7	)	0.1				(20.4	)	6.8				(0.7	)	—
Plan amendments and Acquisitions	—			—			—				1.0		—			—
Termination benefits and settlements	—				0.2			(0.4	)		(0.6	)	—			—
Benefits and expenses paid		(4.3	)		(0.5	)		(5.2	)		(4.6	)		(0.2	)		(0.6	)
Currency translation adjustments	—			—				(9.4	)		17.2		—			—
Benefit obligation - end of year	$	18.2		$	21.4		$	160.9		$	189.5		$	3.3		$	4.1

Change in plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets - beginning of year	$	—		$	—		$	201.8		$	171.4		$	—		$	—
Actual return on plan assets	—			—				(6.0	)	12.9			—			—
Employer contributions	4.3			0.5				5.0		5.3			0.2			0.5
Plan participants’ contributions	—			—			—			—			—			0.2
Benefits and expenses paid		(4.3	)		(0.5	)		(5.2	)		(4.6	)		(0.2	)		(0.7	)
Termination benefits and settlements	—			—				(0.4	)		(0.6	)	—			—
Currency translation adjustments	—			—				(10.9	)		17.4		—			—
Fair value of plan assets - end of year	$	—		$	—		$	184.3		$	201.8		$	—		$	—
Amounts recognized in Consolidated Balance Sheets:
Non-current Assets	$	—		$	—		$	42.6		$	32.2		$	—		$	—
Current liabilities	$	0.9		$	4.5		$	0.4		$	0.3		$	0.5		$	0.5
Non-current liabilities	17.2			16.9			18.8			19.6			2.8			3.6
Total Liabilities	$	18.1		$	21.4		$	19.2		$	19.9		$	3.3		$	4.1
Amounts recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss:
Actuarial net (loss) gain	$	(3.1	)	$	(3.1	)	$	(20.0	)	$	(26.6	)	$	3.0		$	3.3
Prior service cost		1.0		—				(1.4	)		(0.1	)	—			—
Total amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive loss	$	(2.1	)	$	(3.1	)	$	(21.4	)	$	(26.7	)	$	3.0		$	3.3

The measurement date used to determine the benefit obligations and plan assets of the defined benefit retirement and postretirement plans was December 31, 2018. All costs related to our pensions are included as a component of operating income in our consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, amounts unrelated to service costs were a benefit of $4.8 million, $1.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively.

The total accumulated benefit obligation (“ABO”) for the U.S. defined benefit retirement plans was $17.8 million and $21.0 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Excluding the U.K. Plan, the European plans’ ABO exceeded plan assets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, by $14.1 million and $14.3 million, respectively. These plans’ ABO was $20.3 million and $20.9 million as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The U.K. Plan is overfunded; the ABO of this plan was $135.5 million and $163.1 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The fair value of the U.K. Plan assets was $178.1 million and $195.3 million at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the accrued benefit costs for the defined benefit retirement plans and postretirement benefit plans included within “accrued compensation and benefits” was $1.8 million and $5.3 million, respectively, and within “other non-current liabilities” was $38.8 million and $40.1 million, respectively, in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

The following table presents pension assets measured at fair value at December 31, 2018 and 2017 utilizing the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 22:

			Fair Value Measurements at
(In millions)	December 31,		December 31, 2018
Description	2018		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Equity funds	$	44.4	$	—	$	44.4	$	—
Diversified growth funds		44.5	—		44.5		—
Insurance contracts	4.2		—		—		4.2
Liability driven investments	31.7		—		31.7		—
Index linked gilts		57.0	—			57.0	—
Diversified investment funds		2.0	—		—			2.0
Cash and cash equivalents	0.5		0.5		—		—
Total assets	$	184.3	$	0.5	$	177.6	$	6.2

			Fair Value Measurements at
	December 31,		December 31, 2017
Description	2017		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Equity funds	$	56.3	—		$	56.3	—
Diversified growth funds		48.0	—			48.0	—
Insurance contracts	4.2		—			—	4.2
Liability driven investments	38.7		—		38.7		—
Index linked gilts	52.1		—		52.1		—
Diversified investment funds	2.3		—		—		2.3
Cash and cash equivalents	0.2		0.2		—		—
Total assets	$	201.8	$	0.2	$	195.1	$	6.5

The U.K. plan invests funds which are not exchange listed and are, therefore, classified as Level 2.

	Balance at		Actual		Purchases,			Changes due			Balance at
(In millions)	January 1,		return on		sales and			to exchange			December 31,
Reconciliation of Level 3 Assets	2018		plan assets		settlements			rates			2018
Diversified investment funds	$	2.3	$	—	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.1	)	$	2.0
Insurance contracts	4.2		0.2		—				(0.2	)	4.2
Total level 3 assets	$	6.5	$	0.2	$	(0.2	)	$	(0.3	)	$	6.2

	Balance at		Actual		Purchases,			Changes due			Balance at
	January 1,		return on		sales and			to exchange			December 31,
Reconciliation of Level 3 Assets	2017		plan assets		settlements			rates			2017
Diversified investment funds	$	2.1	$	0.1	$	(0.2	)	$	0.3		$	2.3
Insurance contracts	3.6		0.2			(0.1	)		0.5		4.2
Total level 3 assets	$	5.7	$	0.3	$	(0.3	)	$	0.8		$	6.5

Plan assets are invested in a number of unit linked pooled funds by an independent asset management group. Equity funds are split 40/60 between U.K. and overseas equity funds (North America, Japan, Asia Pacific and Emerging Markets). The asset management firm uses quoted prices in active markets to value the assets.

Diversified growth funds are invested in a broad spectrum of return seeking asset classes with reduced dependency on any particular asset class. This approach targets growth asset returns with lower risk resulting from the diversification across different asset classes.

The index-linked gilt allocation provides a partial interest rate and inflation rate hedge against the valuation of the liabilities.

The liability driven investments’ allocation aims to hedge against the exposure to interest rate risk through the use of interest rate swaps.

Insurance contracts contain a minimum guaranteed return. The fair value of the assets is equal to the total amount of all individual technical reserves plus the non-allocated employer’s financing fund reserves at the valuation date. The individual technical and financing fund reserves are equal to the accumulated paid contributions taking into account the insurance tarification and any allocated profit sharing return.

The diversified investment funds represent plan assets invested in a Pensionskasse (an Austrian multi-employer pension fund). The main holdings consist of equity, bonds, real estate and bank deposits.

The actual allocations for the pension assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and target allocations by asset class, are as follows:

	Percentage			Target			Percentage			Target
	of Plan Assets			Allocations			of Plan Assets			Allocations
Asset Class	2018			2018			2017			2017
Diversified growth funds		24.1	%		28.0	%		23.8	%		28.1	%
Index linked gilts		30.9		12.6			25.8				12.6
Liability driven investments	17.2			23.2			19.2				23.2
All Other Regions Equity Fund	14.4				19.7		16.6				19.6
U.K. Equity Fund		9.7		13.2			11.2				13.3
Diversified Investment Funds	1.1			1.1			1.2				1.2
Insurance Contracts	2.3				2.2		2.1				2.0
Cash and cash equivalents	0.3				—		0.1				—
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%

The assumed discount rate for pension plans reflects the market rates for high-quality fixed income debt instruments currently available. A third party provided standard Yield Curve was used for the U.S. non-qualified and postretirement plans. For the U.K. plan, cash flows were not available and therefore we considered the derived yield to market on a representative bond of suitable duration taken from the third party provider’s synthetic bond yield curve. We believe that the timing and amount of cash flows related to these instruments is expected to match the estimated defined benefit payment streams of our plans. The assumed discount rate for the U.S. non-qualified plans uses individual discount rates for each plan based on their associated cash flows.

Salary increase assumptions are based on historical experience and anticipated future management actions. For the postretirement health care and life insurance benefit plans, we review external data and our historical trends for health care costs to determine the health care cost trend rates. Retirement rates are based primarily on actual plan experience and on rates from previously mentioned mortality tables. Actual results that differ from our assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, generally affect the net periodic costs and recorded obligations in such future periods. While we believe that the assumptions used are appropriate, significant changes in economic or other conditions, employee demographics, retirement and mortality rates, and investment performance may materially impact such costs and obligations.

Assumptions used to estimate the actuarial present value of benefit obligations at December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are shown in the following table. These year-end values are the basis for determining net periodic costs for the following year.

The following table presents the impact that a one-percentage-point increase and a one-percentage-point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return and discount rate would have on the 2018 pension expense, and the impact on our retirement obligation as of December 31, 2018 for a one-percentage-point change in the discount rate:

	Non-Qualified			U S Retiree			U.K.
(In millions)	Pension Plans			Medical Plans			Retirement Plan
U.S. Periodic pension expense
One-percentage-point increase:
Expected long-term rate of return	$	N/A		$	N/A		$	(1.8	)
Discount rate	$	—		$	—		$	0.5
One-percentage-point decrease:
Expected long-term rate of return	$	N/A		$	N/A		$	1.8
Discount rate	$	—		$	—		$	0.1
Retirement obligation
One-percentage-point increase in discount rate	$	(0.8	)	$	(0.2	)	$	(20.8	)
One-percentage-point decrease in discount rate	$	(0.9	)	$	0.2		$	26.5

The annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits is assumed to be 7.0% for medical and 5.0% for dental and vision for 2018. The medical rates are assumed to gradually decline to 4.75% by 2028, whereas dental and vision rates are assumed to remain constant at 5.0%. A one-percentage-point increase and a one-percentage-point decrease in the assumed health care cost trend would have an insignificant impact on the total of service and interest cost components, and would have an immaterial impact on the postretirement benefit obligation for both 2018 and 2017.