UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

☒ QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2024

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)

OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission File Number: 0-12507

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

New York	22-2448962
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

250 Glen Street	Glens Falls	New York	12801
(Address of principal executive offices)			(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:			518	745-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class	Trading Symbol	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, Par Value $1.00 per share	AROW	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☑ Yes    ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☑ Yes     ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☑
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standard provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.			☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐  Yes   ☑ No

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding as of August 2, 2024
Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share	16,732,668

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

FORM 10-Q

TABLE OF CONTENTS

	Page
PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	48
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	74
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	74
PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	76
Item 1.A. Risk Factors	76
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	76
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	77
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	77
Item 5. Other Information	77
Item 6. Exhibits	77
SIGNATURES	79

2

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
ASSETS
Cash and Due From Banks	$	30,372	$	36,755	$	33,803
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	169,826		105,781		139,798
Investment Securities:
Available-for-Sale at Fair Value	450,786		497,769		543,708
Held-to-Maturity (Fair Value of $96,454 at June 30, 2024; $128,837 at December 31, 2023; and $139,143 at June 30, 2023)	99,348		131,395		143,460
Equity Securities	1,996		1,925		1,889
Other Investments	4,274		5,049		4,932
Loans	3,315,523		3,212,908		3,069,897
Allowance for Credit Losses	(31,009)		(31,265)		(31,170)
Net Loans	3,284,514		3,181,643		3,038,727
Premises and Equipment, Net	59,243		59,642		59,773
Goodwill	21,873		21,873		21,873
Other Intangible Assets, Net	927		1,110		1,302
Other Assets	121,248		126,926		114,388
Total Assets	$	4,244,407	$	4,169,868	$	4,103,653
LIABILITIES
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	704,707	$	758,425	$	759,495
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	856,788		799,785		856,016
Savings Deposits	1,446,821		1,466,280		1,517,937
Time Deposits over $250,000	173,526		179,301		140,694
Other Time Deposits	501,797		483,775		228,082
Total Deposits	3,683,639		3,687,566		3,502,224
Borrowings	106,500		26,500		171,800
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated   Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		20,000
Finance Leases	5,038		5,066		5,093
Other Liabilities	46,212		50,964		43,093
Total Liabilities	3,861,389		3,790,096		3,742,210
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Preferred Stock, $1 Par Value and 1,000,000 Shares Authorized at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023	—		—		—
Common Stock, $1 Par Value; 30,000,000 Shares Authorized (22,066,559 Shares Issued at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 and 21,423,992 Shares Issued at June 30, 2023)	22,067		22,067		21,424
Additional Paid-in Capital	412,917		412,551		401,069
Retained Earnings	72,980		65,792		71,076
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss	(31,632)		(33,416)		(47,613)
Treasury Stock, at Cost (5,343,295 Shares at June 30, 2024; 5,124,073 Shares at December 31, 2023 and 4,870,934 Shares at June 30, 2023)	(93,314)		(87,222)		(84,513)
Total Stockholders’ Equity	383,018		379,772		361,443
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,244,407	$	4,169,868	$	4,103,653

    See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

3

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30				Six Months Ended June 30
	2024		2023		2024		2023
INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME
Interest and Fees on Loans	$	42,141	$	34,618	$	82,517	$	66,504
Interest on Deposits at Banks	2,185		1,674		4,632		2,153
Interest and Dividends on Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	3,009		2,951		6,195		5,899
Exempt from Federal Taxes	637		770		1,305		1,567
Total Interest and Dividend Income	47,972		40,013		94,649		76,123
INTEREST EXPENSE
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	1,903		820		3,544		1,190
Savings Deposits	10,571		8,514		20,801		14,101
Time Deposits over $250,000	1,869		1,119		3,842		1,693
Other Time Deposits	5,074		1,196		10,157		1,670
Borrowings	1,186		2,373		2,262		3,166
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to   Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	170		171		341		340
Interest on Financing Leases	47		48		95		97
Total Interest Expense	20,820		14,241		41,042		22,257
NET INTEREST INCOME	27,152		25,772		53,607		53,866
Provision for Credit Losses on Loans	775		948		1,392		2,502
NET INTEREST INCOME AFTER PROVISION FOR CREDIT LOSSES	26,377		24,824		52,215		51,364
NON-INTEREST INCOME
Income From Fiduciary Activities	2,451		2,428		4,908		4,703
Fees for Other Services to Customers	2,706		2,717		5,249		5,312
Insurance Commissions	1,662		1,560		3,344		3,080
Net Gain (Loss) on Securities	54		(181)		71		(285)
Net Gain on Sales of Loans	5		—		9		4
Other Operating Income	978		382		2,133		769
Total Non-Interest Income	7,856		6,906		15,714		13,583
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
Salaries and Employee Benefits	13,036		12,039		25,929		23,986
Occupancy Expenses, Net	1,774		1,583		3,545		3,211
Technology and Equipment Expense	4,734		4,362		9,554		8,779
FDIC Assessments	698		484		1,413		963
Other Operating Expense	3,076		5,615		6,889		9,440
Total Non-Interest Expense	23,318		24,083		47,330		46,379
INCOME BEFORE PROVISION FOR INCOME TAXES	10,915		7,647		20,599		18,568
Provision for Income Taxes	2,311		1,600		4,335		3,959
NET INCOME	$	8,604	6,047		$	16,264	$	14,609
Average Shares Outstanding 1:
Basic	16,685		17,050		16,764		17,050
Diluted	16,709		17,050		16,789		17,050
Per Common Share:
Basic Earnings	$	0.52	$	0.35	$	0.97	$	0.85
Diluted Earnings	0.52		0.35		0.97		0.85

    1 2023 Share and Per Share Amounts have been restated for the September 26, 2023 3% stock dividend.

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

4

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Thousands)

(Unaudited)

	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net Income	$	8,604	$	6,047	$	16,264	$	14,609
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss), Net of Tax:
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain (Loss)   Arising During the Period	751		(3,849)		(779)		2,250
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Hedge   Agreements	505		59		2,895		(534)
Reclassification of Net Unrealized (Gain) Loss on   Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	(159)		163		(317)		310
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial (Gain)	(66)		(42)		(116)		(60)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	51		39		101		76
Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)	1,082		(3,630)		1,784		2,042
Comprehensive Income	$	9,686	$	2,417	$	18,048	$	16,651

    See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

5

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

(Unaudited)

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2024
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Income (Loss)		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	22,067	$	412,551	$	65,792	$	(33,416)	$	(87,222)	$	379,772
Net Income	—		—		16,264		—		—		16,264
Other Comprehensive Income	—		—		—		1,784		—		1,784
Cash Dividends Paid, $.54 per Share	—		—		(9,076)		—		—		(9,076)
Stock Options Exercised, Net  (8,620 Shares)	—		97		—		—		69		166
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (10,602 Shares)	—		172		—		—		84		256
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (5,843 Shares)	—		82		—		—		47		129
Shares Issued Related to Restricted Share Awards (22,230 Shares)	—		(179)		—		—		179		—
Compensation expense related to Employee Stock purchase Plan	—		13		—		—		—		13
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		151		—		—		—		151
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options	—		30		—		—		—		30
Purchase of Treasury Stock   (266,517 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(6,471)		(6,471)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	22,067	$	412,917	$	72,980	$	(31,632)	$	(93,314)	$	383,018
	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2024
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at March 31, 2024	$	22,067	$	412,823	$	68,887	$	(32,714)	$	(93,077)	$	377,986
Net Income	—		—		8,604		—		—		8,604
Other Comprehensive Income	—		—		—		1,082		—		1,082
Cash Dividends Paid, $.27 per Share	—		—		(4,511)		—		—		(4,511)
Stock Options Exercised, Net  (2,560 Shares)	—		30		—		—		20		50
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (5,715 Shares)	—		83		—		—		45		128
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (3,572 Shares)	—		49		—		—		29		78
Shares Issued Related to Restricted Share Awards (22,230 Shares)	—		(179)		—		—		179		—
Compensation expense related to Employee Stock purchase Plan	—		8		—		—		—		8
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		73		—		—		—		73
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options	—		30		—		—		—		30
Purchase of Treasury Stock   (21,037 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(510)		(510)
Balance at June 30, 2024	$	22,067	$	412,917	$	72,980	$	(31,632)	$	(93,314)	$	383,018

6

	Six Month Period Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at December 31, 2022	$	21,424	400,270		65,401		$	(49,655)	$	(83,902)	$	353,538
Net Income	—		—		14,609		—		—		14,609
Other Comprehensive Income	—		—		—		2,042		—		2,042
Cash Dividends Paid, $.524 per Share 1	—		—		(8,934)		—		—		(8,934)
Stock Options Exercised, Net (3,772 Shares)	—		50		—		—		33		83
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock   Plan  (3,418 Shares)	—		85		—		—		29		114
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock   Purchase Plan  (3,872 Shares)	—		87		—		—		33		120
Shares Issued for Dividend   Reinvestment Plans (17,753 Shares)	—		330		—		—		142		472
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		247		—		—		—		247
Purchase of Treasury Stock  (27,395 Shares)	—		—		—		—		(848)		(848)
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	21,424	$	401,069	$	71,076	$	(47,613)	$	(84,513)	$	361,443
	Three Month Period Ended June 30, 2023
	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings		Accumu-lated Other Com- prehensive Loss		Treasury Stock		Total
Balance at March 31, 2023	$	21,424	$	400,944	$	69,499	$	(43,983)	$	(84,513)	$	363,371
Net Income	—		—		6,047		—		—		6,047
Other Comprehensive Loss	—		—		—		(3,630)		—		(3,630)
Cash Dividends Paid, $.262 per Share 1	—		—		(4,470)		—		—		(4,470)
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	—		125		—		—		—		125
Balance at June 30, 2023	$	21,424	$	401,069	$	71,076	$	(47,613)	$	(84,513)	$	361,443

1 Cash dividends paid per share have been adjusted for the September 26, 2023 3% stock dividend.

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

7

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended June 30
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:	2024		2023
Net Income	$	16,264	$	14,609
Provision for Credit Losses	1,392		2,502
Depreciation and Amortization	2,644		3,432
Net (Gain) Loss on Securities Transactions	(71)		285
Loans Originated and Held-for-Sale	(833)		344
Proceeds from the Sale of Loans Held-for-Sale	9		4
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	(9)		(4)
Net (Gain) Loss on the Sale of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	(334)		86
Contributions to Retirement Benefit Plans	(336)		(273)
Deferred Income Tax Benefit	(252)		(71)
Shares Issued Under the Directors’ Stock Plan	256		114
Stock-Based Compensation Expense	164		247
Tax Benefit from Exercise of Stock Options	39		11
Net (Increase) Decrease in Other Assets	(2,970)		1,023
Net Decrease in Other Liabilities	3,465		3,390
Net Cash Provided By Operating Activities	19,428		25,699
Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Available-for-Sale	46,298		32,134
Proceeds from the Maturities and Calls of Securities Held-to-Maturity	33,076		34,198
Purchases of Securities Held-to-Maturity	(1,197)		(2,552)
Net Increase in Loans	(109,992)		(89,638)
Proceeds from the Sales of Premises and Equipment, Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	2,230		1,305
Purchase of Premises and Equipment	(2,719)		(5,064)
Net Decrease in FHLB and Federal Reserve Bank Stock	775		1,132
Net Cash Used By Investing Activities	(31,529)		(28,485)
Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Net (Decrease) Increase in Deposits	(3,927)		3,860
Finance Lease Payments	(28)		(26)
Other Borrowings - Advances	100,000		250,000
Other Borrowings - Paydowns	(20,000)		(133,000)
Net Cash Collateral Received from Derivative Counterparties	8,970		—
Purchase of Treasury Stock	(6,471)		(848)
Stock Options Exercised, Net	166		83
Shares Issued Under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan	129		120
Shares Issued for Dividend Reinvestment Plans	—		472
Cash Dividends Paid	(9,076)		(8,934)
Net Cash Provided By Financing Activities	69,763		111,727
Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents	57,662		108,941
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of Period	142,536		64,660
Cash and Cash Equivalents at End of Period	$	200,198	$	173,601
Supplemental Disclosures to Statements of Cash Flow Information:
Interest on Deposits and Borrowings	$	37,625	$	19,179
Income Taxes	3,553		3,269
Transfer of Loans to Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets	1,079		1,320

See Notes to Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements.

8

NOTES TO INTERIM CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

Note 1.RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Nature of Operations - Arrow Financial Corporation, a New York corporation ("Arrow," the "Company," "we," or "us"), was incorporated on March 21, 1983 and is registered as a bank holding company within the meaning of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956.  The banking subsidiaries are Glens Falls National Bank and Trust Company ("GFNB") whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and Saratoga National Bank and Trust Company ("SNB") whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York. The two subsidiary banks provide a full range of services to individuals and small to mid-size businesses in northeastern New York State from Albany, the State's capitol, to the Canadian border. Both banks have wealth management departments which provide investment management and administrative services. An active subsidiary of GFNB is Upstate Agency LLC, offering insurance services including property and casualty insurance, group health insurance and individual life insurance products. North Country Investment Advisers, Inc., a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to our proprietary mutual fund, and Arrow Properties, Inc., a real estate investment trust (REIT), are subsidiaries of GFNB. Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004 to issue trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.

Concentrations of Credit - With the exception of some indirect auto lending, Arrow's loans are primarily with borrowers in upstate New York.  Although the loan portfolios of the subsidiary banks are well diversified, tourism has a substantial impact on the northeastern New York economy. The commitments to extend credit are fairly consistent with the distribution of loans presented in Note 5, "Loans," generally have the same credit risk and are subject to normal credit policies.  Generally, the loans are secured by assets and are expected to be repaid from cash flow or the sale of selected assets of the borrowers.  Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based upon management's credit evaluation of the counterparty.  The nature of the collateral varies with the type of loan and may include: residential real estate, cash and securities, inventory, accounts receivable, property, plant and equipment, income producing commercial properties and automobiles.

Liquidity - The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost. This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations. Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest bearing bank balances at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York ("FRBNY"), advances from the FRBNY Bank Term Funding Program ("BTFP") and cash flow from investment securities and loans.

Note 2.     ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements contain all of the adjustments necessary to present fairly the financial position as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023; the results of operations for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; the consolidated statements of comprehensive income for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; the changes in stockholders' equity for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023; and the cash flows for the six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023. All such adjustments are of a normal recurring nature. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited annual consolidated financial statements of Arrow for the year ended December 31, 2023 included in Arrow's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (the "2023 Form 10-K").

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting." On January 7, 2021, the FASB issued ASU 2021-01, which refines the scope of ASC 848 and clarifies some of its guidance. The ASU and related amendments provide temporary optional expedients and exceptions to the existing guidance for applying GAAP to affected contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships in the transition away from the LIBOR or other interbank offered rate on financial reporting. The guidance also allows a one-time election to sell and/or reclassify to AFS or trading HTM debt securities that reference an interest rate affected by reference rate reform. The amendments in this ASU are effective March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022 and permit relief solely for reference rate reform actions and different elections over the effective date for legacy and new activity. In December 2022, FASB issued ASU 2022-06, "Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848)" which deferred the sunset date of Topic 848 to December 31, 2024, to allow for a transition period after the sunset of LIBOR. Arrow does not expect ASU 2022-06 will have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting: Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU amends FASB Topic 280 to permit the disclosure of multiple measures of a segment's profit or loss, and requires an entity with a single reportable segment to apply FASB Topic 280 in its entirety. In addition, this ASU requires new segment disclosures. Arrow does not expect this new standard will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09,1 which establishes new income tax disclosure requirements in addition to modifying and eliminating certain existing requirements. Under the new guidance, entities must consistently categorize and provide

9

greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation. They must also further disaggregate income taxes paid. Arrow does not expect this new standard will have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Management’s Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting period.  Management utilized estimates and assumptions in its evaluation of potential impairment of Arrow's right-of-use lease assets, goodwill and intangible assets. Our most significant estimate is the allowance for credit losses. Other estimates include the fair value of financial instruments, evaluation of pension and other post-retirement liabilities, an analysis of a need for a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets and a reserve for unfunded loan commitments recorded as an other liability. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

A material estimate that is particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term is the allowance for credit losses.  In connection with the determination of the allowance for credit losses management obtains economic forecasts from reliable sources and appraisals for properties.  The allowance for credit losses is management’s best estimate of the life of loan losses as of the balance sheet date.  While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future adjustments to the allowance for credit losses may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans - Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (CECL) approach requires an estimate of the credit losses expected over the life of a loan (or pool of loans). It replaces the incurred loss approach’s threshold that required the recognition of a credit loss when it was probable that a loss event was incurred. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation account that is deducted from, or added to, the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net lifetime amount expected to be collected on the loans. Credit losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is confirmed to be uncollectible. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged off and expected to be charged off.

Management estimates the allowance using relevant available information from internal and external sources related to past events, current conditions, and a reasonable and supportable single economic forecast. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow's historical loss experience is supplemented with peer information when there is insufficient loss data for Arrow. Peer selection is based on a review of institutions with comparable loss experience as well as loan yield, bank size, portfolio concentration and geography. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in credit concentrations, delinquency level, collateral values and underwriting standards as well as changes in economic conditions or other relevant factors. Management judgment is required at each point in the measurement process.

Portfolio segment is defined as the level at which an entity develops and documents a systematic methodology to determine its allowance for credit losses. Management developed portfolio segments for estimating loss based on type of borrower and collateral as follows:

Commercial Loans

Commercial Real Estate Loans

Consumer Loans

Residential Loans

Further details related to loan portfolio segments is included in Note 5 Loans.

Historical credit loss experience for both Arrow and segment-specific peers provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Arrow utilized regression analyses of peer data where observed credit losses and selected economic factors were utilized to determine suitable loss drivers for modeling lifetime probability of default (PD) rates. Arrow uses the discounted cash flow (DCF) method to estimate expected credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate, and residential segments. For each of these loan segments, Arrow generates cash flow projections at the instrument level wherein payment expectations are adjusted for estimated prepayment speed, curtailments, time to recovery, PD, and segment-specific loss given default (LGD) risk factors. The modeling of expected prepayment speeds, curtailment rates, and time to recovery are based on historical internal data and adjusted, if necessary, based on the reasonable and supportable forecast of economic conditions.

For the loan segments utilizing the DCF method, (commercial, commercial real estate, and residential) management utilizes externally developed economic forecast of the following economic factors as loss drivers: national unemployment, gross domestic product and Case-Shiller U.S. National Home Price Index ("HPI"). The economic forecast is applied over a reasonable and supportable forecast period. Arrow utilizes a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period with an eight quarter reversion to the historic mean on a straight-line basis.

The combination of adjustments for credit expectations (default and loss) and timing expectations (prepayment, curtailment, and time to recovery) produces an expected cash flow stream at the instrument level. Instrument effective yield is calculated, net of the impacts of prepayment assumptions, and the instrument expected cash flows are then discounted at that effective yield to produce an instrument-level net present value of expected cash flows (NPV). An allowance for credit loss is established for the difference between the instrument’s NPV and amortized cost basis.

Arrow uses the vintage analysis method to estimate expected credit losses for the consumer loan segment. The vintage method was selected since the loans within the consumer loan segment are homogeneous, not just by risk characteristic, but by loan structure. Under the vintage analysis method, a loss rate is calculated based on the quarterly net charge-offs to the outstanding loan balance for each vintage year over the lookback period. Once this periodic loss rate is calculated for each quarter in the lookback period, the

10

periodic rates are averaged into the loss rate. The loss rate is then applied to the outstanding loan balances based on the loan's vintage year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. If estimated losses computed by the vintage method need to be adjusted based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, these adjustments would be incorporated over a six quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, reverting to historical losses using a straight-line method over an eight quarter period. Based on current conditions and the reasonable and supportable economic forecast, no adjustment to the loss rate for each vintage is currently required.

The vintage and DCF models also consider the need to qualitatively adjust expected loss estimates for information not already captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Qualitative considerations include limitations inherent in the quantitative model; trends experienced in nonperforming and delinquent loans; changes in value of underlying collateral; changes in lending policies and procedures; nature and composition of loans; portfolio concentrations that may affect loss experience across one or more components or the portfolio; the experience, ability and depth of lending management and staff; Arrow's credit review system; and the effect of external factors such as competition, legal and regulatory requirements. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease Arrow's estimate of expected credit losses so that the allowance for credit loss is reflective of the estimate of lifetime losses that exist in the loan portfolio at the balance sheet date.

All loans that exceed $250,000 which are on nonaccrual, are evaluated on an individual basis. For collateral dependent financial assets where Arrow has determined that foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and Arrow expects repayment of the financial asset to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral, Arrow has elected to measure the allowance for credit loss as the difference between the fair value of the collateral less cost to sell, and the amortized cost basis of the asset as of the measurement date. In the event the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operation of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, expected credit losses are calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the financial asset exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The allowance for credit losses may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the financial asset.

As part of ASU No. 2022-02, Arrow evaluates whether the modification represents a new loan or a continuation of an existing loan, consistent with the current GAAP treatment for other loan modifications. In addition, Arrow evaluates and if necessary, discloses if loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty contain a financial concession.

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities - Arrow estimates expected credit losses over the contractual period in which Arrow has exposure to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by Arrow. The allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized in other liabilities, is adjusted as an expense in other non-interest expense. The estimate includes consideration of the likelihood that funding will occur and an estimate of expected credit losses on commitments expected to be funded over their estimated lives. Estimating credit losses on unfunded commitments requires Arrow to consider the following categories of off-balance sheet credit exposure: unfunded commitments to extend credit, unfunded lines of credit, and standby letters of credit. Each of these unfunded commitments is then analyzed for a probability of funding to calculate a probable funding amount. The life of loan loss factor by related portfolio segment from the loan allowance for credit loss calculation is then applied to the probable funding amount to calculate the estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures recognized as other liabilities.

Accrued Interest Receivable - Arrow has made the following elections regarding accrued interest receivable: (1) presented accrued interest receivable balances separately within the other assets balance sheet line item; (2) excluded interest receivable that is included in amortized cost of financing receivables from related disclosures requirements and (3) continued its policy to write off accrued interest receivable by reversing interest income. For loans, write off typically occurs upon becoming over 90 to 120 days past due and therefore the amount of such write offs are immaterial. Historically, Arrow has not experienced uncollectible accrued interest receivable on investment securities.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Held-to-Maturity (HTM) Debt Securities - Arrow's HTM debt securities are also required to utilize the CECL approach to estimate expected credit losses. Management measures expected credit losses on HTM debt securities on a collective basis by major security types that share similar risk characteristics, such as financial asset type and collateral type adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Management classifies the HTM portfolio into the following major security types: U.S. government agency or U.S. government sponsored mortgage-backed and collateralized mortgage obligations securities, and state and municipal debt securities.

Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Therefore, Arrow did not record a credit loss for these securities.

State and municipal bonds carry an investment grade from an accredited ratings agency, primarily with an investment grade rating. In addition, Arrow has a limited amount of New York state local municipal bonds that are not rated. The estimate of expected credit losses on the HTM portfolio is based on the expected cash flows of each individual CUSIP over its contractual life and utilized a municipal loss forecast model for determining PD and LGD rates. Management may exercise discretion to make adjustments based on environmental factors. A calculated expected credit loss for individual securities was determined using the PD and LGD rates. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its municipal bond portfolio was de minimis, and therefore, an allowance for credit losses was not recorded.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Available-for-Sale (AFS) Debt Securities - Arrow's AFS debt securities are comprised of U.S. Treasuries, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations, State and Municipal Obligations, Mortgage-Backed Securities and Corporate and Other Debt Securities. The impairment model for AFS debt securities differs from the CECL approach utilized by HTM debt securities since AFS debt securities are measured at fair value rather than amortized cost. For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position,

11

Arrow first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, in making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, adverse conditions specifically related to the security, failure of the issuer of the debt security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. The cash flows are estimated using information relevant to the collectability of the security, including information about past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Investments in Federal Reserve Bank ("FRB") and Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") stock are required for membership in those organizations and are carried at cost since there is no market value available. The FHLB New York ("FHLBNY") continues to pay dividends and repurchase stock. As such, the Company has not recognized any impairment on its holdings of FRB and FHLB stock.

Cybersecurity Risk Management, Strategy, Governance and Incident Disclosure:

Cybersecurity Risk management and strategy - Annually, registrants are required to describe the processes, if any, for assessing, identifying,and managing material risks from cybersecurity threats in sufficient detail for a reasonable investor to understand those processes.

The registrant must also describe whether and how any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the registrant, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance - Disclosure is required about management’s and the board of directors’ oversight of cybersecurity risk, including a description of the board of directors’ oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats and a description of management’s role in assessing and managing the registrant’s material risks from cybersecurity threats.

The annual disclosure requirements became effective for the Company beginning with the 2023 Form 10-K.

Note 3. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Cash and Cash Equivalents at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Cash and Due From Banks	$	30,372	$	36,755	$	33,803
Interest-bearing Deposits at Banks	169,826		105,781		139,798
Total Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	200,198	142,536		173,601

12

Note 4.    INVESTMENT SECURITIES (In Thousands)

The following table is the schedule of Available-For-Sale Securities at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Treasuries		U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
June 30, 2024
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	49,559	$	160,000	$	240	$	283,468	$	1,000	$	494,267
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		—		17		—		17
Gross Unrealized Losses	(103)		(6,647)		—		(36,695)		(53)		(43,498)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	49,456		153,353		240		246,790		947		450,786
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair   Value											299,368
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Amortized Cost:
Within One Year	$	24,621	$	60,000	$	—	$	2,058	$	—	$	86,679
From 1 - 5 Years	24,938		100,000		—		179,619		—		304,557
From 5 - 10 Years	—		—		240		101,791		1,000		103,031
Over 10 Years	—		—		—		—		—		—
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Fair Value:
Within One Year	$	24,608	$	59,355	$	—	$	2,011	$	—	$	85,974
From 1 - 5 Years	24,848		93,998		—		160,000		—		278,846
From 5 - 10 Years	—		—		240		84,779		947		85,966
Over 10 Years	—		—		—		—		—		—
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	49,456	$	14,978	$	—	$	3,922	$	—	$	68,356
12 Months or Longer	—		138,375		—		241,405		947		380,727
Total	$	49,456	$	153,353	$	—	$	245,327	$	947	$	449,083
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	2		21		—		98		1		122
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	103	$	22	$	—	$	6	$	—	$	131
12 Months or Longer	—		6,625		—		36,689		53		43,367
Total	$	103	$	6,647	$	—	$	36,695	$	53	$	43,498
Disaggregated Details:
US Treasuries,   at Amortized Cost	$	49,559
US Treasuries,   at Fair Value	49,456
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost			$	160,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value			153,353
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Amortized Cost					$	240
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Fair Value					240
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost							$	7,051

13

Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Treasuries		U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value							6,714
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost							276,417
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value							240,076
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Amortized Cost									$	1,000
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Fair Value									947
December 31, 2023
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	73,761	$	160,000	$	280	$	305,161	$	1,000	$	540,202
Gross Unrealized Gains	243		51		—		6		—		300
Gross Unrealized Losses	—		(7,126)		—		(35,407)		(200)		(42,733)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	74,004		152,925		280		269,760		800		497,769
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral,   at Fair Value											242,938
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
12 Months or Longer	—		137,874		—		269,286		800		407,960
Total	$	—	$	137,874	$	—	$	269,286	$	800	$	407,960
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	—		19		—		97		1		117
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
12 Months or Longer	—		7,126		—		35,407		200		42,733
Total	$	—	$	7,126	$	—	$	35,407	$	200	$	42,733
Disaggregated Details:
US Treasuries,   at Amortized Cost	$	73,761
US Treasuries,   at Fair Value	74,004
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost			$	160,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value			152,925
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Amortized Cost					$	280
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Fair Value					280
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost							$	7,291
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value							6,864
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost							297,870
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value							262,896
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Amortized Cost									$	1,000

14

Available-For-Sale Securities
	U.S. Treasuries		U.S. Government & Agency Obligations		State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Corporate and Other Debt Securities		Total Available- For-Sale Securities
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Fair Value									800
June 30, 2023
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	—	$	190,000	$	280	$	414,995	$	1,000	$	606,275
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		—		3		—		3
Gross Unrealized Losses	—		(13,984)		—		(48,386)		(200)		(62,570)
Available-For-Sale Securities,   at Fair Value	—		176,016		280		366,612		800		543,708
Available-For-Sale Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair   Value											362,707
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	—	$	29,509	$	—	$	24,851	$	—	$	54,360
12 Months or Longer	—		146,505		—		341,648		800		488,953
Total	$	—	$	176,014	$	—	$	366,499	$	800	$	543,313
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	—		25		—		154		1		180
Unrealized Losses on Securities   in a Continuous Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	—	$	490	$	—	$	551	$	—	$	1,041
12 Months or Longer	—		13,494		—		47,835		200		61,529
Total	$	—	$	13,984	$	—	$	48,386	$	200	$	62,570
Disaggregated Details:
US Treasury Obligations,   at Amortized Cost	$	—
US Treasury Obligations,   at Fair Value	—
US Agency Obligations,   at Amortized Cost			$	190,000
US Agency Obligations,   at Fair Value			176,016
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Amortized Cost					$	280
Local Municipal Obligations,   at Fair Value					280
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost							$	7,573
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value							7,048
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost							407,422
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value							359,564
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Amortized Cost									$	1,000
Corporate Trust Preferred Securities, at Fair Value									800

15

At June 30, 2024, there was no allowance for credit losses for the AFS debt securities portfolio.

The following table is the schedule of Held-To-Maturity Securities at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
June 30, 2024
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	91,659	$	7,689	$	99,348
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2,530)		(364)		(2,894)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	89,129		7,325		96,454
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Carrying Value					79,625
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					76,732
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Amortized Cost:
Within One Year	$	46,357	$	—	$	46,357
From 1 - 5 Years	43,785		7,689		51,474
From 5 - 10 Years	1,511		—		1,511
Over 10 Years	6		—		6
Maturities of Debt Securities,   at Fair Value:
Within One Year	$	45,702	$	—	$	45,702
From 1 - 5 Years	41,956		7,325		49,281
From 5 - 10 Years	1,465		—		1,465
Over 10 Years	6		—		6
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	236	$	—	$	236
12 Months or Longer	73,733		7,325		81,058
Total	$	73,969	$	7,325	$	81,294
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	237		16		253
Unrealized Losses on Securities    in a Continuous Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	4	$	—	$	4
12 Months or Longer	2,526		364		2,890
Total	$	2,530	$	364	$	2,894
Disaggregated Details:
Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost	$	91,659
Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value	89,129
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	2,722

16

Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			2,583
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			4,967
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			4,742
December 31, 2023
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	122,450	$	8,945	$	131,395
Gross Unrealized Losses	(2,157)		(401)		(2,558)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	120,293		8,544		128,837
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Carrying Value					115,030
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					112,472
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	1,472	$	—	$	1,472
12 Months or Longer	102,839		8,544		111,383
Total	$	104,311	$	8,544	$	112,855
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	319		16		335
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	14	$	—	$	14
12 Months or Longer	2,143		402		2,545
Total	$	2,157	$	402	$	2,559
Disaggregated Details:
Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost	$	122,450
Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value	120,293
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	3,114
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			2,954
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			5,831
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			5,589

17

Held-To-Maturity Securities
	State and Municipal Obligations		Mortgage- Backed Securities		Total Held-To Maturity Securities
June 30, 2023
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Amortized Cost	$	133,176	$	10,284	$	143,460
Gross Unrealized Gains	—		—		—
Gross Unrealized Losses	(3,717)		(600)		(4,317)
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   at Fair Value	129,459		9,684		139,143
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Carrying Value					120,449
Held-To-Maturity Securities,   Pledged as Collateral, at Fair Value					115,674
Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position, at Fair Value:
Less than 12 Months	$	19,210	$	—	$	19,210
12 Months or Longer	94,163		9,684		103,847
Total	$	113,373	$	9,684	$	123,057
Number of Securities in a   Continuous Loss Position	343		16		359
Unrealized Losses on   Securities in a Continuous   Loss Position:
Less than 12 Months	$	292	$	—	$	292
12 Months or Longer	3,425		600		4,025
Total	$	3,717	$	600	$	4,317
Disaggregated Details:
Municipal Obligations, at Amortized Cost	$	133,176
Municipal Obligations, at Fair Value	129,459
US Government Agency   Securities, at Amortized Cost			$	3,516
US Government Agency   Securities, at Fair Value			3,295
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Amortized Cost			6,768
Government Sponsored Entity   Securities, at Fair Value			6,389

In the tables above, maturities of mortgage-backed securities are included based on their contractual lives. Actual maturities will differ because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without prepayment penalties.

Arrow's investment policy requires that investments held in our portfolio be investment grade or better at the time of purchase. Arrow performs an analysis of the creditworthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies.

Arrow evaluates AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at June 30, 2024, gross unrealized losses were attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at June 30, 2024 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the three months ended June 30, 2024.  

18

Arrow's HTM debt securities are comprised of U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) or state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its HTM debt portfolio was immaterial and therefore no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of June 30, 2024.

The following table is the schedule of Equity Securities at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

Equity Securities
	June 30, 2024	December 31, 2023	June 30, 2023
Equity Securities, at Fair Value	$1,996	$1,925	$1,889

The following is a summary of realized and unrealized gains and losses recognized in net income on equity securities during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Net Gain (Loss) on Equity Securities	$	54	$	(181)	$	71	$	(285)
Less: Net gain recognized during the reporting period on equity securities sold during the period	—		—		—		—
Unrealized net gain (loss) recognized during the reporting period on equity securities still held at the reporting date	$	54	$	(181)	$	71	$	(285)

19

Note 5.    LOANS (In Thousands)

Loan Categories and Past Due Loans

The following two tables present loan balances outstanding as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023 and an analysis of the recorded investment in loans that are past due at these dates. Generally, Arrow considers a loan past due 30 or more days when the borrower is two payments past due. Loans held-for-sale of $998, $165 and $312 as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, respectively, are included in the residential real estate balances for current loans.

Schedule of Past Due Loans by Loan Category
			Commercial
	Commercial		Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
June 30, 2024
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	466	$	300	$	11,735	$	2,338	$	14,839
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	45		489		4,295		1,408		6,237
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	79		15,148		1,207		3,359		19,793
Total Loans Past Due	590		15,937		17,237		7,105		40,869
Current Loans	163,242		741,541		1,121,576		1,248,295		3,274,654
Total Loans	$	163,832	$	757,478	$	1,138,813	$	1,255,400	$	3,315,523
December 31, 2023
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	298	$	—	$	13,511	$	3,715	$	17,524
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	21		636		5,579		861		7,097
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	30		15,308		1,801		3,140		20,279
Total Loans Past Due	349		15,944		20,891		7,716		44,900
Current Loans	155,875		729,543		1,090,776		1,191,814		3,168,008
Total Loans	$	156,224	$	745,487	$	1,111,667	$	1,199,530	$	3,212,908
June 30, 2023
Loans Past Due 30-59 Days	$	192	$	—	$	10,275	$	494	$	10,961
Loans Past Due 60-89 Days	287		—		5,302		2,326		7,915
Loans Past Due 90 or more Days	59		—		1,776		2,828		4,663
Total Loans Past Due	538		—		17,353		5,648		23,539
Current Loans	146,980		723,948		1,070,412		1,105,018		3,046,358
Total Loans	$	147,518	$	723,948	$	1,087,765	$	1,110,666	$	3,069,897

Schedule of Non Accrual Loans by Category
			Commercial
June 30, 2024	Commercial		Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	—	$	—	$	31	$	884	$	915
Nonaccrual Loans	79		15,148		1,260		3,631		20,118
Nonaccrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss	79		15,148		1,260		3,631		20,118
Interest Income on Nonaccrual Loans	—		—		—		—		—
December 31, 2023
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	446	$	452
Nonaccrual Loans	30		15,308		1,877		3,430		20,645
June 30, 2023
Loans 90 or More Days Past Due   and Still Accruing Interest	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	467	$	467
Nonaccrual Loans	89		—		1,897		4,011		5,997

20

Arrow disaggregates its loan portfolio into the following four categories:

Commercial - Arrow offers a variety of loan options to meet the specific needs of our commercial customers including term loans, time notes and lines of credit. Such loans are made available to businesses for working capital needs such as inventory and receivables, business expansion and equipment purchases. Generally, a collateral lien is placed on equipment or other assets owned by the borrower. Generally, these loans carry a higher risk than commercial real estate loans due to the nature of the underlying collateral, which can be business assets such as equipment and accounts receivable and generally have a lower liquidation value than real estate. In the event of default by the borrower, Arrow may be required to liquidate collateral at deeply discounted values. To reduce the risk, management usually obtains personal guarantees to support the borrowing, as permitted by applicable law.

Commercial Real Estate - Arrow offers commercial real estate loans to finance real estate purchases, refinancings, expansions and improvements to commercial properties. Commercial real estate loans are made to finance the purchases of real property which generally consists of real estate with completed structures. These commercial real estate loans are typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities, and both owner- and non-owner-occupied facilities. These loans are typically less risky than commercial loans, since they are secured by real estate and buildings, and are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the appraised value of the property. However, Arrow also offers commercial construction and land development loans to finance projects. Many projects will ultimately be used by the borrowers' businesses, while others are developed for resale. These real estate loans are also typically secured by first liens on the real estate, which may include apartments, commercial structures, housing businesses, healthcare facilities and both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied facilities. There is enhanced risk during the construction period, since the loan is secured by an incomplete project. Arrow’s Commercial Real Estate loans are primarily located within the footprint of the Company’s branch network, with some loans extending into the greater upstate New York area. Arrow does not provide Commercial Real Estate loans in major metropolitan areas such as New York City, Boston, etc.

Consumer Loans - This category is primarily comprised of automobile loans. Arrow primarily finances the purchases of automobiles indirectly through dealer relationships located throughout upstate New York and Vermont. Most automobile loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from three to seven years. Automobile loans are underwritten on a secured basis using the underlying collateral being financed. Arrow also offers a variety of consumer installment loans to finance personal expenditures. Most of these loans carry a fixed rate of interest with principal repayment terms typically ranging from one to five years, based upon the nature of the collateral and the size of the loan. In addition to installment loans, Arrow also offers personal lines of credit and overdraft protection. Several of these consumer loans are unsecured, which carry a higher risk of loss.

Residential - Residential real estate loans consist primarily of loans secured by first or second mortgages on primary residences. Arrow originates fixed-rate and adjustable-rate one-to-four-family residential real estate loans for the construction, purchase of real estate or refinancing of an existing mortgage. These loans are collateralized primarily by owner-occupied properties generally located in Arrow's market area. Loans on one-to-four-family residential real estate are generally originated in amounts of no more than 80% of the purchase price or appraised value (whichever is lower), or have private mortgage insurance. Arrow’s underwriting analysis for residential mortgage loans typically includes credit verification, independent appraisals, and a review of the borrower’s financial condition. Mortgage title insurance and hazard insurance are normally required. It is Arrow's general practice to underwrite residential real estate loans to secondary market standards. Construction loans have a unique risk, because they are secured by an incomplete dwelling. This risk is reduced through periodic site inspections, including one at each loan draw period. In addition, Arrow offers fixed home equity loans, as well as home equity lines of credit to consumers to finance home improvements, debt consolidation, education and other uses.  Arrow's policy allows for a maximum loan to value ratio of 80%, although periodically higher advances are allowed.  Arrow originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans (loans secured by a second junior lien position on one-to-four-family residential real estate).  Risk is generally reduced through underwriting criteria, which include credit verification, appraisals, a review of the borrower's financial condition, and personal cash flows.  A security interest, with title insurance when necessary, is taken in the underlying real estate.

Allowance for Credit Losses

Loan segments were selected by class code and application code to ensure each segment is comprised of loans with homogenous loan characteristics and similar risk profiles. The resulting loan segments are commercial, commercial real estate, consumer and residential real estate loans. The consumer segment is mainly comprised of automobile loans, and since they are relatively short-term in nature, with similar dollar amounts and collateral, the vintage analysis method was selected to determine the credit loss reserve. The vintage method utilizes Arrow loan data exclusively as the method calculates a loss rate based on the total origination balance of the loans by year and the charge-off and recovery rate of the same origination year. Arrow maintains, over the life of the loan, the loss curve by vintage year. The discounted cash flow method (DCF) is used to calculate the reserve for credit losses for the commercial, commercial real estate and residential real estate segments.

The June 30, 2024 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized a six-quarter economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects no change in the forecasted national unemployment rate, forecasted gross domestic product projected to improve by approximately 0.17%, and the home price index (HPI) forecast to increase by approximately 2.62% from the previous quarter economic forecast. The overall change in the allowance from March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the following factors: net loan growth contributed $0.5 million, changes in macro economic conditions reduced the allowance by $0.8 million, qualitative factors increased the allowance by $0.4 million, and net charge-offs of $0.6 million. The second quarter provision for credit losses was $775 thousand. In addition, Arrow recorded a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in

21

other liabilities of $153 thousand in the second quarter of 2024. Management's evaluation considers the allowance for credit losses for loans to be appropriate as of June 30, 2024.

The following table details activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans for the three and six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

Allowance for Credit Losses
	Commercial		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
March 31, 2024	$	2,842	$	14,168	$	2,756	$	11,795	$	31,561
Charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	(1,850)	$	—	$	(1,850)
Recoveries	$	—	$	—	$	523	$	—	$	523
Provision	$	(811)	$	(57)	$	1,556	$	87	$	775
June 30, 2024	$	2,031	$	14,111	$	2,985	$	11,882	$	31,009
December 31, 2023	$	1,958	$	15,521	$	2,566	$	11,220	$	31,265
Charge-offs	$	(9)	$	—	$	(3,124)	$	—	$	(3,133)
Recoveries	$	—	$	—	$	1,485	$	—	$	1,485
Provision	$	82	$	(1,410)	$	2,058	$	662	$	1,392
June 30, 2024	$	2,031	$	14,111	$	2,985	$	11,882	$	31,009
March 31, 2023	$	1,737	$	15,502	$	2,863	$	10,682	$	30,784
Charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	(1,274)	$	(6)	$	(1,280)
Recoveries	$	—	$	—	$	718	$	—	$	718
Provision	$	235	$	195	$	339	$	179	$	948
June 30, 2023	$	1,972	$	15,697	$	2,646	$	10,855	$	31,170
December 31, 2022	$	1,961	$	15,213	$	2,585	$	10,193	$	29,952
Charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	(2,602)	$	(6)	$	(2,608)
Recoveries	$	—	$	—	$	1,324	$	—	$	1,324
Provision	$	11	$	484	$	1,339	$	668	$	2,502
June 30, 2023	$	1,972	$	15,697	$	2,646	$	10,855	$	31,170

Estimated Credit Losses on Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposures Recognized as Other Liabilities

Financial instrument credit losses apply to off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded loan commitments and standby letters of credit. A liability for expected credit losses for off-balance sheet exposures is recognized if the entity has a present contractual obligation to extend the credit and the obligation is not unconditionally cancellable by the entity. Changes in this allowance are reflected in other operating expenses within the non-interest expense category. As of June 30, 2024, the total unfunded commitment off-balance sheet credit exposure was $986 thousand.

Individually Evaluated Loans

All loans that exceed $250,000, which are on nonaccrual status, are evaluated on an individual basis. Arrow has a policy applicable to collateral dependent financial assets when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and the repayment is expected through the sale of the collateral. This policy allows Arrow to use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date adjusted for estimated cost to sell when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses for a financial asset. In the event where the repayment of a collateral dependent financial asset is expected to be provided substantially through the operation of the collateral, Arrow will use fair value of the collateral at the reporting date when recording the net carrying amount of the asset and determining the allowance for credit losses. As of June 30, 2024, there were five total relationships identified to be evaluated for loss on an individual basis which had an amortized cost basis of $17.1 million and none had an allowance for credit loss.

22

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of collateral-dependent loans by class of loans as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

June 30, 2024	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		15,179		15,179
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,886		—		1,886
Total	$	1,886	$	15,179	$	17,065

December 31, 2023	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		15,308		15,308
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,446		—		1,446
Total	$	1,446	$	15,308	$	16,754

June 30, 2023	Collateral Type -Residential Real Estate		Collateral Type - Commercial Real Estate		Total Loans
Commercial	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate	—		—		—
Consumer	—		—		—
Residential	1,963		—		1,963
Total	$	1,963	$	—	$	1,963

Allowance for Credit Losses - Collectively and Individually Evaluated
	Commercial		Commercial Real Estate		Consumer		Residential		Total
June 30, 2024
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	163,832	$	742,330	$	1,138,813	$	1,253,512	$	3,298,487
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	2,031		14,111		2,985		11,882		31,009
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		15,148		—		1,888		17,036
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—
December 31, 2023
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	156,224	$	730,179	$	1,111,667	$	1,198,084	$	3,196,154
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	1,958		15,521		2,566		11,220		31,265
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		15,308		—		1,446		16,754
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—
June 30, 2023
Ending Loan Balance - Collectively Evaluated	$	147,518	$	723,948	$	1,087,765	$	1,108,703	$	3,067,934
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Collectively Evaluated	1,972		15,697		2,646		10,855		31,170
Ending Loan Balance - Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		1,963		1,963
Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans Individually Evaluated	—		—		—		—		—

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.

Arrow's loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.

23

Arrow considers the need to qualitatively adjust expected credit loss estimates for information not already captured in the loss estimation process. These qualitative factor adjustments may increase or decrease management’s estimate of expected credit losses. Adjustments are not made for information that has already been considered and included in the loss estimation process.

Arrow considers the qualitative factors that are relevant as of the reporting date, which may include, but are not limited to the following factors:

•The nature and volume of Arrow's financial assets;

•The existence, growth, and effect of any concentrations of credit;

•The volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans;

•The value of the underlying collateral for loans that are not collateral-dependent;

•Arrow's lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and practices for collections, write-offs, and recoveries;

•The quality of Arrow's loan review function;

•The experience, ability, and depth of Arrow's lending, investment, collection, and other relevant management/staff;

•The effect of other external factors such as the regulatory, legal and technological environments; competition; and events such as natural disasters;

•Actual and expected changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and developments in which the institution operates that affect the collectability of financial assets; and

•Other qualitative factors not reflected in quantitative loss rate calculations.

Loan Credit Quality Indicators and Modification

In 2023 and the first half of 2024, no loans met the criteria for disclosure as part of ASU 2022-02. Any modifications of loans were either immaterial in natural or were made for competitive purposes, i.e., the borrowers were not experiencing financial hardship.

The following tables present credit quality indicators by total loans amortized cost basis by origination year as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

24

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
June 30, 2024	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	19,007	$	46,303	$	29,211	$	20,914	$	7,857	$	21,277	$	13,079	$	—	$	157,648
Special mention	—		—		—		—		95		—		—		—		95
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		3,096		2,993		—		6,089
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	19,007	$	46,303	$	29,211	$	20,914	$	7,952	$	24,373	$	16,072	$	—	$	163,832
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	9
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	35,839	$	89,553	$	130,911	$	110,649	$	118,694	$	201,890	$	3,093	$	—	$	690,629
Special mention	—		—		10,892		—		—		8,005		—		—		18,897
Substandard	—		148		9,082		2,011		2,272		34,317		122		—		47,952
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	35,839	$	89,701	$	150,885	$	112,660	$	120,966	$	244,212	$	3,215	$	—	$	757,478
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	221,472	$	353,205	$	299,384	$	157,987	$	69,260	$	35,735	$	479	$	—	$	1,137,522
Nonperforming	22		197		353		449		173		97		—		—		1,291
Total Consumer Loans	$	221,494	$	353,402	$	299,737	$	158,436	$	69,433	$	35,832	$	479	$	—	$	1,138,813
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	834	$	441	$	888	$	597	$	214	$	150	$	—	$	—	$	3,124
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	64,802	$	177,575	$	233,558	$	188,007	$	111,407	$	354,568	$	120,968	$	—	$	1,250,885
Nonperforming	—		201		442		631		441		2,454		346		—		4,515
Total Residential Loans	$	64,802	$	177,776	$	234,000	$	188,638	$	111,848	$	357,022	$	121,314	$	—	$	1,255,400
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Total Loans	$	341,142	$	667,182	$	713,833	$	480,648	$	310,199	$	661,439	$	141,080	$	—	$	3,315,523

25

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
December 31, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	54,584	$	34,047	$	23,470	$	9,655	$	4,107	$	13,360	$	8,586	$	—	$	147,809
Special mention	—		—		—		117		—		—		—		—		117
Substandard	—		—		—		—		—		3,199		5,099		—		8,298
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	54,584	$	34,047	$	23,470	$	9,772	$	4,107	$	16,559	$	13,685	$	—	$	156,224
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	81,582	$	151,818	$	105,365	$	120,845	$	41,406	$	174,516	$	1,667	$	—	$	677,199
Special mention	—		10,439		—		—		—		4,084		—		—		14,523
Substandard	150		9,169		1,670		2,533		791		38,955		497		—		53,765
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	81,732	$	171,426	$	107,035	$	123,378	$	42,197	$	217,555	$	2,164	$	—	$	745,487
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	405,099	$	355,217	$	195,799	$	93,708	$	44,206	$	15,252	$	—	$	—	$	1,109,281
Nonperforming	208		783		551		210		81		85		468		—		2,386
Total Consumer Loans	$	405,307	$	356,000	$	196,350	$	93,918	$	44,287	$	15,337	$	468	$	—	$	1,111,667
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	366	$	1,368	$	2,122	$	604	$	397	$	266	$	—	$	—	$	5,123
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	161,878	$	231,365	$	192,588	$	116,451	$	73,875	$	296,935	$	122,573	$	—	$	1,195,665
Nonperforming	—		—		444		666		127		2,268		360		—		3,865
Total Residential Loans	$	161,878	$	231,365	$	193,032	$	117,117	$	74,002	$	299,203	$	122,933	$	—	$	1,199,530
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21	$	—	$	33	$	—	$	—	$	54
Total Loans	$	703,501	$	792,838	$	519,887	$	344,185	$	164,593	$	548,654	$	139,250	$	—	$	3,212,908

26

	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year												Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
June 30, 2023	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior
Commercial:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	15,063	$	38,012	$	25,715	$	11,653	$	5,763	$	35,571	$	9,487	$	—	$	141,264
Special mention	—		—		—		139		—		—		—		—		139
Substandard	—		—		—		—		60		3,290		2,765		—		6,115
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Loans	$	15,063	$	38,012	$	25,715	$	11,792	$	5,823	$	38,861	$	12,252	$	—	$	147,518
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Commercial Real Estate:
Risk rating
Satisfactory	$	32,681	$	162,581	$	105,800	$	123,336	$	42,397	$	191,641	$	2,971	$	—	$	661,407
Special mention	—		—		—		—		—		4,987		—		—		4,987
Substandard	—		9,427		1,685		2,394		802		43,221		25		—		57,554
Doubtful	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	32,681	$	172,008	$	107,485	$	125,730	$	43,199	$	239,849	$	2,996	$	—	$	723,948
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Consumer:
Risk rating
Performing	$	217,691	$	414,437	$	238,016	$	122,156	$	64,295	$	28,740	$	—	$	—	$	1,085,335
Nonperforming	30		666		766		229		146		120		473		—		2,430
Total Consumer Loans	$	217,721	$	415,103	$	238,782	$	122,385	$	64,441	$	28,860	$	473	$	—	$	1,087,765
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	95	$	705	$	1,034	$	324	$	246	$	198	$	—	$	—	$	2,602
Residential:
Risk rating
Performing	$	62,554	$	231,714	$	195,831	$	120,506	$	78,455	$	316,683	$	99,788	$	—	$	1,105,531
Nonperforming	—		115		417		939		949		2,289		426		—		5,135
Total Residential Loans	$	62,554	$	231,829	$	196,248	$	121,445	$	79,404	$	318,972	$	100,214	$	—	$	1,110,666
Current-period gross charge-offs	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	6	$	—	$	—	$	6
Total Loans	$	328,019	$	856,952	$	568,230	$	381,352	$	192,867	$	626,542	$	115,935	$	—	$	3,069,897

For the purposes of the table above, nonperforming consumer and residential loans were those loans on nonaccrual status or were 90 days or more past due and still accruing interest.

As of June 30, 2024, the amortized cost of consumer mortgage loans secured by residential real estate properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings are in process is $2.4 million.

For the allowance calculation, an internally developed system of five credit quality indicators is used to rate the credit worthiness of each commercial loan defined as follows:

1) Satisfactory - "Satisfactory" borrowers have acceptable financial condition with satisfactory record of earnings and sufficient historical and projected cash flow to service the debt.  Borrowers have satisfactory repayment histories and primary and secondary sources of repayment can be clearly identified;

2) Special Mention - Loans in this category have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention.  If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the institution’s credit position at some future date.  "Special mention" assets are not adversely classified and do not expose an institution to sufficient risk to

27

warrant adverse classification.  Loans which might be assigned this credit quality indicator include loans to borrowers with deteriorating financial strength and/or earnings record and loans with potential for problems due to weakening economic or market conditions;

3) Substandard - Loans classified as “substandard” are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth or paying capacity of the borrower or the collateral pledged, if any.  Loans in this category have well defined weaknesses that jeopardize the repayment. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that Arrow will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. “Substandard” loans may include loans which are likely to require liquidation of collateral to effect repayment, and other loans where character or ability to repay has become suspect. Loss potential, while existing in the aggregate amount of substandard assets, does not have to exist in individual assets classified substandard;

4) Doubtful - Loans classified as “doubtful” have all of the weaknesses inherent in those classified as “substandard” with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.  Although possibility of loss is extremely high, classification of these loans as “loss” has been deferred due to specific pending factors or events which may strengthen the value (e.g. possibility of additional collateral, injection of capital, collateral liquidation, debt restructure, economic recovery, etc).  Loans classified as “doubtful” need to be placed on non-accrual; and

5) Loss - Loans classified as “loss” are considered uncollectible with collateral of such little value that their continuance as bankable assets is not warranted.  As of the date of the balance sheet, all loans in this category have been charged-off to the allowance for loan losses.  

Commercial loans are generally evaluated on an annual basis depending on the size and complexity of the loan relationship, unless the credit related quality indicator falls to a level of "special mention" or below, when the loan is evaluated quarterly.  The credit quality indicator is one of the factors used in assessing the level of incurred risk of loss in our commercial related loan portfolios.

Note 6. DEBT (Dollars in Thousands)

Schedule of Borrowings:

	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Balance:
BTFP Advances	$	100,000	$	—	150,000
FHLBNY Overnight Advances	—		20,000		14,000
FHLBNY Term Advances	6,500		6,500		7,800
Total Borrowings	$	106,500	$	26,500	$	171,800
Maximum Borrowing Capacity:
Federal Funds Purchased	$	28,000	$	28,000	$	52,000
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	587,448		576,602		634,989
Federal Reserve Bank of New York	874,889		738,511		708,373
Available Borrowing Capacity:
Federal Funds Purchased	$	28,000	$	28,000	$	52,000
Federal Home Loan Bank of New York	535,848		550,102		529,189
Federal Reserve Bank of New York	774,889		738,511		708,373

Arrow's subsidiary banks have in place unsecured federal funds lines of credit with two correspondent banks. As a member of the FHLBNY, Arrow participates in the advance program which allows for overnight and term advances up to the limit of pledged collateral, including FHLBNY stock and any loans secured by real estate such as commercial real estate, residential real estate and home equity loans (see Notes 4: Investment Securities, and 5: Loans to the Consolidated Financial Statements). The maximum borrowing capacities at the FHLBNY and FRB are determined based on the fair value of the collateral pledged, subject to discounts determined by the respective lenders. As of June 30, 2024, the carrying cost for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $861 million and approximately $1.2 billion for the FRB. As of June 30, 2024, the fair value for the FHLBNY collateral was approximately $717 million and approximately $1.2 billion for the FRB.  The investment in FHLBNY stock is proportional to the total of Arrow's overnight and term advances (see the Schedule of FFRB and FHLB Stock in Note 4, Investment Securities, to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Arrow's bank subsidiaries have also established borrowing facilities with the FRB of New York for potential “discount window” advances, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral (see Note 5, Loans, to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Debt Maturities

BTFP Advances - The BTFP was created to support American businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors. In the first quarter of 2024, Arrow borrowed $100 million pursuant to the BTFP. The BTFP Advances mature in January 2025 and have a weighted average interest rate of 4.76%.

28

Maturity Schedule of FHLBNY Term Advances:

	Balances						Weighted Average Rate 1
Final Maturity	6/30/2024		12/31/2023		6/30/2023		6/30/2024		12/31/2023		6/30/2023
First Year	$	4,250	$	4,250	$	7,800	5.80	%	5.80	%	5.14	%
Second Year	2,250		2,250		—		5.38	%	5.38	%	—	%
Total	$	6,500	$	6,500	$	7,800	5.66	%	5.66	%	5.14	%
1. The effective rate on the FHLBNY Advances is 0% due to subsidized funding in the form of interest rate credits.

Long Term Debt - Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures

At June 30, 2024, the Company had two classes of financial instruments issued by two separate subsidiary business trusts of Arrow, Arrow Capital Statutory Trust II ("ACST II") and Arrow Capital Statutory Trust III ("ACST III" and, together with ACST II, the "Trusts"), identified as “Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts” on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and the Consolidated Statements of Income.

The first of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at June 30, 2024 was issued by ACST II, a Delaware business trust established on July 16, 2003, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State.  In July 2003, ACST II issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST II TRUPS"). The rate on the securities is variable, previously adjusting quarterly to the now discontinued 3-month London Inter-Bank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") plus 3.15%. Arrow designated the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") as the replacement index for financial instruments. The rate on the securities are tied to the 3-month SOFR plus 3.15% post-conversion. ACST II used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST II TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST II TRUPS.  The ACST II TRUPS became redeemable after July 23, 2008 and mature on July 23, 2033.

The second of the two classes of trust-issued instruments outstanding at year-end was issued by ACST III, a Delaware business trust established on December 23, 2004, upon the filing of a certificate of trust with the Delaware Secretary of State. On December 28, 2004, the ACST III issued all of its voting (common) stock to Arrow and issued and sold to an unaffiliated purchaser 30-year guaranteed preferred beneficial interests in the trust's assets ("ACST III TRUPS").  The rate on the ACST III TRUPS is a variable rate, adjusting quarterly to the 3-month SOFR plus 2.00%. The rate previously adjusted quarterly to the now discontinued 3-month LIBOR plus 2.00% pre-conversion.   ACST III used the proceeds of the sale of the ACST III TRUPS to purchase an identical amount of junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow that bear an interest rate identical at all times to the rate payable on the ACST III TRUPS.  The ACST III TRUPS became redeemable on or after March 31, 2010 and mature on December 28, 2034.

Arrow has entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities attributable to the Trusts. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

The primary assets of the Trusts are Arrow's junior subordinated debentures discussed above, and the sole revenues of the Trusts are payments received by them from Arrow with respect to the junior subordinated debentures.  The trust preferred securities issued by the Trusts are non-voting.  All common voting securities of the Trusts are owned by Arrow.  Arrow used the net proceeds from its sale of junior subordinated debentures to the Trusts, facilitated by the Trusts' sale of their trust preferred securities to the purchasers thereof, for general corporate purposes.  The trust preferred securities and underlying junior subordinated debentures, with associated expense that is tax deductible, qualify as Tier I capital under regulatory definitions.

Arrow's primary source of funds to pay interest on the debentures that are held by the Trusts are current dividends received by Arrow from its subsidiary banks.  Accordingly, Arrow's ability to make payments on the debentures, and the ability of the Trusts to make payments on their trust preferred securities, are dependent upon the continuing ability of Arrow's subsidiary banks to pay dividends to Arrow.  Since the trust preferred securities issued by the subsidiary trusts and the underlying junior subordinated debentures issued by Arrow at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023, and June 30, 2023 are classified as debt for financial statement purposes, the expense associated with these securities is recorded as interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three years.

29

Schedule of Guaranteed Preferred Beneficial Interests in Corporation's Junior Subordinated Debentures

	June 30, 2024			December 31, 2023			June 30, 2023
ACST II
Balance	$	10,000		$	10,000		$	10,000
Period End:
Variable Interest Rate	8.74		%	8.74		%	8.69		%
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement	4.00		%	4.00		%	4.00		%
ACST III
Balance	$	10,000		$	10,000		$	10,000
Period End:
Variable Interest Rate	7.59		%	7.59		%	7.54		%
Fixed Interest Rate resulting from cash flow hedge agreement	2.86		%	2.86		%	2.86		%

Note 7.    COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (In Thousands)

The following table presents the notional amount and fair value of Arrow's off-balance sheet commitments to extend credit and commitments under standby letters of credit as of June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023:

Commitments to Extend Credit and Letters of Credit
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Notional Amount:
Commitments to Extend Credit	$	435,597	$	444,256	$	463,224
Standby Letters of Credit	3,987		3,824		4,114
Fair Value:
Commitments to Extend Credit	$	—	$	—	$	—
Standby Letters of Credit	(5)		—		11

Arrow is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers.  These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.  Commitments to extend credit include home equity lines of credit, commitments for residential and commercial construction loans and other personal and commercial lines of credit.  Those instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheets.  The contract or notional amounts of those instruments reflect the extent of the involvement Arrow has in particular classes of financial instruments.

Arrow's exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual notional amount of those instruments.  Arrow uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract.  Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee.  Since many of the commitments are not expected to be fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.  Arrow evaluates each customer's creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.  Home equity lines of credit are secured by residential real estate.  Construction lines of credit are secured by underlying real estate.  For other lines of credit, the amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by Arrow upon extension of credit, is based on management's credit evaluation of the counterparty.  Collateral held varies, but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income-producing commercial properties.  Most of the commitments are variable rate instruments.

Arrow does not issue any guarantees that would require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. Arrow has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party.  Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with commercial lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023 represent the maximum potential future payments Arrow could be required to make.  Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.  Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Arrow's policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan-to-value ratios will generally range from 50% for movable assets, such as inventory, to 100% for liquid assets, such as bank CD's. Fees for standby letters of credit range from 1% to 3% of the notional amount.  Fees are collected upfront and amortized over the life of the

30

commitment. The carrying amount and fair value of Arrow's standby letters of credit at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023, were insignificant.  The fair value of standby letters of credit is based on the fees currently charged for similar agreements or the cost to terminate the arrangement with the counterparties.

The fair value of commitments to extend credit is determined by estimating the fees to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms and present creditworthiness of the counterparties, and for fixed rate loan commitments, the difference between the current and committed interest rates.  Arrow provides several types of commercial lines of credit and standby letters of credit to its commercial customers.  The pricing of these services is not isolated as Arrow considers the customer's complete deposit and borrowing relationship in pricing individual products and services.  The commitments to extend credit also include commitments under home equity lines of credit, for which Arrow charges no fee.  The carrying value and fair value of commitments to extend credit are not material and Arrow does not expect to incur any material loss as a result of these commitments.

Except as noted below, Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability. Legal expenses incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

As previously disclosed in certain of the Company’s filings with the SEC, on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint (the "Ashe Lawsuit") against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. On December 5, 2023, Mr. Ashe filed an amended complaint that changed the putative class period to the period from August 5, 2022 through May 12, 2023, but challenged substantially the same statements on the same basis. On February 9, 2024, the Company moved to dismiss the action in its entirety. On April 22, 2024, the parties reached an agreement in principle to settle the matter, subject to final documentation and court approval. Management believes that the terms of the proposed settlement will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial results. In the event that the parties are not able to finalize a settlement, the Company intends to continue to vigorously defend against the claims asserted in the Ashe Lawsuit.

On December 12, 2023 the Company became aware that Stephen Bull filed a complaint (the "Shareholder Derivative Complaint") on behalf of Arrow against the three individual defendants in the Ashe Lawsuit as well as against all members of Arrow’s board of directors during the class period in Ashe. The Company is named solely as a nominal defendant in the action and would be the beneficiary of any recovery. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duty (i) by the Ashe individual defendants based on substantially the same allegedly misleading statements pleaded in the Ashe complaint; and (ii) the director defendants by failing adequately to oversee the individual defendants and maintain internal and disclosure controls. Plaintiffs seek (i) unspecified damages (which would be payable to the Company) for costs incurred as a result of the alleged misstatements, including costs of investigation, remediation, and litigation, (ii) repayment of the director defendants’ compensation on an unjust enrichment theory, and (iii) an order directing the Company to take all necessary actions to reform and improve its corporate governance, and (iv) the recovery of costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint also asserts various federal securities claims based on the same alleged misrepresentations as set forth in the Ashe Lawsuit. The Company is in active settlement negotiations in this matter and expects to reach a resolution in the not too distant future. Management believes that any settlement to be reached will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial results. In the event that the parties are not able to reach a settlement, the Company intends to continue to vigorously defend itself against the Shareholder Derivative Complaint.

31

Note 8.    COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (In Thousands)

The following table presents the components of other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

Schedule of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
	Three Months Ended June 30						Six Months Ended June 30
			Tax						Tax
	Before-Tax		(Expense)		Net-of-Tax		Before-Tax		Benefit		Net-of-Tax
	Amount		Benefit		Amount		Amount		(Expense)		Amount
2024
Net Unrealized Securities Holding Gain (Loss) on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period	$	1,014	$	(263)	$	751	$	(1,048)	$	269	$	(779)
Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap	680		(175)		505		3,901		(1,006)		2,895
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	(215)		56		(159)		(428)		111		(317)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Gain	(91)		25		(66)		(157)		41		(116)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	68		(17)		51		137		(36)		101
Other Comprehensive Income	$	1,456	$	(374)	$	1,082	$	2,405	$	(621)	$	1,784
2023
Net Unrealized Securities Holding (Loss) Gain on Securities Available-for-Sale Arising During the Period	$	(5,186)	$	1,337	$	(3,849)	$	3,033	$	(783)	$	2,250
Net Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Cash Flow Swap	79		(20)		59		(721)		187		(534)
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	220		(57)		163		418		(108)		310
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Actuarial Gain	(56)		14		(42)		(81)		21		(60)
Amortization of Net Retirement Plan Prior Service Cost	51		(12)		39		103		(27)		76
Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income	$	(4,892)	$	1,262	$	(3,630)	$	2,752	$	(710)	$	2,042

The following table presents the changes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income by component:

Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income by Component (1)
	Unrealized Loss on Available-for-Sale Securities		Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Swap		Defined Benefit Plan Items				Total
					Net Actuarial Loss		Net Prior Service Cost
For the quarter-to-date periods ended:
March 31, 2024	$	(33,178)	$	3,943	$	(2,889)	$	(590)	$	(32,714)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	751		505		—		—		1,256
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		(159)		(66)		51		(174)
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	751		346		(66)		51		1,082
June 30, 2024	$	(32,427)	$	4,289	$	(2,955)	$	(539)	$	(31,632)

32

March 31, 2023	$	(42,742)	$	3,608	$	(4,485)	$	(364)	$	(43,983)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	(3,849)		59		—		—		(3,790)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		163		(42)		39		160
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	(3,849)		222		(42)		39		(3,630)
June 30, 2023	$	(46,591)	$	3,830	$	(4,527)	$	(325)	$	(47,613)
For the Year-To-Date periods ended:
December 31, 2023	$	(31,648)	$	1,711	$	(2,839)	$	(640)	$	(33,416)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	(779)		2,895		—		—		2,116
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		(317)		(116)		101		(332)
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	(779)		2,578		(116)		101		1,784
June 30, 2024	$	(32,427)	$	4,289	$	(2,955)	$	(539)	$	(31,632)
December 31, 2022	$	(48,841)	$	4,054	$	(4,467)	$	(401)	$	(49,655)
Other comprehensive income or loss before reclassifications	2,250		(534)		—		—		1,716
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income or loss	—		310		(60)		76		326
Net current-period other comprehensive income or loss	2,250		(224)		(60)		76		2,042
June 30, 2023	$	(46,591)	$	3,830	$	(4,527)	$	(325)	$	(47,613)

(1) All amounts are net of tax.

The following table presents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss:

33

Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss
Details about Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss Components	Amounts Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income or Loss			Affected Line Item in the Statement Where Net Income Is Presented
For the quarter-to-date periods ended:
June 30, 2024
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	215		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	(68)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain	91		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	238			Total before Tax
	(64)			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	174		Net of Tax
June 30, 2023
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Loss on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	(220)		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	$	(51)	(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain	56		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(215)			Total before Tax
	55			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(160)		Net of Tax
For the Year-to-date periods ended:
June 30, 2024
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	428		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	(137)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain	157		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	448			Total before Tax
	(116)			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	332		Net of Tax
June 30, 2023
Reclassification of Net Unrealized Gain on Cash Flow Hedge Agreements to Interest Expense	$	(418)		Interest expense
Amortization of defined benefit pension items:
Prior-service costs	(103)		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
Actuarial gain	81		(1)	Salaries and Employee Benefits
	(440)			Total before Tax
	114			Provision for Income Taxes
Total reclassifications for the period	$	(326)		Net of Tax
(1) These accumulated other comprehensive gain or loss components are included in the computation of net periodic pension cost.

34

Note 9.    STOCK-BASED COMPENSATION (Dollars In Thousands, Except Share and Per Share Amounts)

Arrow has established three stock-based compensation plans: a Long Term Incentive Plan, an Employee Stock Purchase Plan (ESPP) and an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). All share and per share data have been adjusted for the September 26, 2023 3% stock dividend.

Long Term Incentive Plan

The Long Term Incentive Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-qualified stock options, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance units and performance shares. The Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors administers the Long Term Incentive Plan.

Restricted Stock Awards - In May 2024, the Company granted restricted stock awards which will generally vest over a four-year period. Unvested restricted stock will generally be forfeited if the recipient ceases to be employed by the Company, with limited exceptions. Grantees of restricted stock awards are entitled to receive all dividends and distributions declared and paid on restricted stock, or cash payments equivalent to such dividends or distributions, including those declared and paid during the vesting period.

The following table summarizes information about restricted stock awards for the year to date period ended June 30, 2024:

	Restricted Stock Awards
Outstanding at January 1, 2024	—
Granted	22,230
Vested	(412)
Forfeited	—
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	21,818

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to restricted stock for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount expensed	$	21	$	—	$	21	$	—

Stock Options - Options may be granted at a price no less than the greater of the par value or fair market value of such shares on the date on which such option is granted, and generally expire ten years from the date of grant.  The options usually vest over a four-year period.

The following table summarizes information about stock option activity for the year to date period ended June 30, 2024:

	Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price
Outstanding at January 1, 2024	305,308	$	28.96
Exercised	(8,620)	19.33
Forfeited	(39,805)	28.45
Outstanding at June 30, 2024	256,883	29.36
Vested at Period-End	201,181	28.76
Expected to Vest	55,702	31.55

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to stock options for the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount expensed	$	81	$	87	$	159	$	172

Restricted Stock Units - Historically, the Company has granted restricted stock units which give the recipient the right to receive shares of Company stock upon vesting. The fair value of each restricted stock unit is the market value of Company stock on the date of grant. 100% of the restricted stock unit awards vest three years from the grant date, unless vested or forfeited prior to vesting in accordance with the terms of the award. Once vested, the restricted stock units are no longer forfeitable. Vested units settle upon retirement, as defined in the Arrow retirement plan, of the recipient. Unvested restricted stock unit awards will generally be forfeited if the recipient ceases to be employed by the Company, with limited exceptions.

35

There were no restricted stock units outstanding at any time during the three or six month periods ended June 30, 2024. The following table summarizes information about restricted stock unit activity for the six month period ended June 30, 2023:

	Restricted Stock Units	Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Non-vested at January 1, 2023	13,925	30.47
Granted	5,164	31.47
Vested	(4,307)	31.35
Non-vested at June 30, 2023	14,782	30.56

The following table presents information on the amounts expensed related to restricted stock units for the periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	For the Three Months Ended June 30,				For the Six Months Ended June 30,
	2024		2023		2024		2023
Amount expensed	$	—	$	38	$	—	$	75

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2023, Arrow suspended the operation of the prior ESPP (the "Prior ESPP") as a result of the now resolved delay in filing the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 21, 2022 (the "2022 Form 10-K") and the Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2023 (the "2023 Q1 Form 10-Q") and the related effects under applicable securities laws. In October 2023, the Board of Directors approved the adoption of a new ESPP intended to satisfy the requirements of Section 423 of the Internal Revenue Code, which was effective January 1, 2024 (the "Qualified ESPP"). Under the Qualified ESPP, the amount of the discount is 10% below market price. Under the Prior ESPP, the amount of the discount was 5% below market price. Under current accounting guidance, a stock purchase plan with a discount of 5% or less is not considered a compensatory plan. The Qualified ESPP is considered a compensatory plan. The Qualified ESPP was approved by Arrow shareholders at the annual meeting of shareholders on June 5, 2024.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan

Arrow maintains an ESOP, pursuant to which substantially all employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries are eligible to participate upon satisfaction of applicable service requirements. The Company may make, and historically has made, a cash contribution to the ESOP each year.

36

Note 10.    RETIREMENT BENEFIT PLANS (Dollars in Thousands)

Arrow sponsors qualified and non-qualified defined benefit pension plans and other postretirement benefit plans for its employees. Arrow maintains a non-contributory pension plan, which covers substantially all employees.  Effective December 1, 2002, all active participants in the qualified defined benefit pension plan were given a one-time irrevocable election to continue participating in the traditional plan design, for which benefits were based on years of service and the participant’s final compensation (as defined), or to begin participating in the new cash balance plan design.  All employees who first participate in the plan after December 1, 2002 automatically participate in the cash balance plan design.  The interest credits under the cash balance plan are based on the 30-year U.S. Treasury rate in effect for November of the prior year with a minimum interest credit of 3%.  The service credits under the cash balance plan are equal to 6.0% of eligible salaries for employees who become participants on or after January 1, 2003.  For employees in the plan prior to January 1, 2003, the service credits are scaled based on the age of the participant, and range from 6.0% to 12.0%. The funding policy is to contribute up to the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes and to make all payments required under The Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA).  Arrow also maintains a supplemental non-qualified unfunded retirement plan to provide eligible employees of Arrow and its subsidiaries with benefits in excess of qualified plan limits imposed by federal tax law.

Arrow has multiple non-pension postretirement benefit plans.  The health care, dental and life insurance plans are contributory, with participants’ contributions adjusted annually.  Arrow’s policy is to fund the cost of postretirement benefits based on the current cost of the underlying policies.  However, the health care plan provision allows for grandfathered participants to receive automatic increases of Company contributions each year based on the increase in inflation, limited to a maximum of 5%.  

As of December 31, 2023, Arrow uses the sex-distinct Amount-Weighted Pri-2012 Mortality Tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Pension Plan and the sex-distinct Amount-Weighted White Collar Pri-2012 Mortality Tables for employees, healthy retirees and contingent survivors, with mortality improvements projected using Scale MP-2021 on a generational basis for the Select Executive Retirement Plan (the "SERP").

Segment interest rates of 5.50%, 5.76%, 5.83% were used in determining the present value of a lump sum payment/annuitizing cash balance accounts as of December 31, 2023.

Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' Pension Plan (the "Plan"). The Plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The Plan amendment was as follows:

Effective January 1, 2021, the benefit payable to or on behalf of each participant:

• whose employment with the Employer (or any predecessor Employer, except as noted below) terminated on or before
January 1, 2016;

• who satisfied the requirements for early, normal, or late retirement as of such termination;

• who never participated in the United Vermont Bancorporation Plan; and

• who is, or whose beneficiary is, receiving monthly benefit payments from the Plan as of January 1, 2021 (including a
participant or beneficiary who shall commence receiving benefits from the Plan as of January 1, 2021), shall be increased
by 3%.

The foregoing increase was applied to the monthly benefit actually payable to the participant, or to the participant's beneficiary, as of January 1, 2021, determined after all applicable adjustments, regardless of whether such benefit had been determined under the Company's plan or the plan of a predecessor employer that had been merged into the Plan.

The plan amendment caused a $351,638 increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive service cost which will be amortized over 9.70 years (the average expected future service of active plan participants.)

Effective January 1, 2021, GFNB amended the Arrow Financial Corporation Employees' SERP. The plan change was adopted January 1, 2021 and the amendment was valued as of December 31, 2020. The plan amendment provides a special adjustment to the monthly benefit payment for certain retirees. The plan amendment caused a $122,797 increase in the projected benefit obligation, creating a positive prior service cost which will be amortized over 12.5 years.

Settlement accounting is required when lump sum payments during a fiscal year exceed that fiscal year's Service Cost plus Interest Cost components of the Net Periodic Pension Cost. For 2022, the sum of the Service Cost and Interest Cost was $3.3 million and the 2022 total lump sum payments exceeded that amount. The Plan therefore recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost a portion of the Unamortized Net (Gain)/Loss equal to the ratio of the projected benefit obligation for the participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation. As of December 31, 2022, the Unamortized Net Loss prior to reflecting settlement accounting was $7.2 million. The ratio of the projected benefit obligation for participants that received a lump sum to the total projected benefit obligation was 8.06%. The effect of the settlement that was recognized in the 2022 Net Periodic Pension Cost was $577 thousand, which was fully reflected in the 2022 Net Periodic Cost. Settlement accounting was not required for the the year ended December 31, 2023 or for the three- or six-month periods ended June 30, 2024.

37

The following tables provide the components of net periodic benefit costs for the three-month and six-month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023:

	Employees'		Select Executive		Postretirement
	Pension		Retirement		Benefit
	Plan		Plan		Plans
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2024:
Service Cost 1	$	380	$	22	$	8
Interest Cost 2	595		2		79
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(923)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	33		10		25
Amortization of Net Gain 2	—		(9)		(82)
Net Periodic Cost	$	85	$	25	$	30
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	128	$	54
For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2023:
Service Cost 1	$	384	$	122	$	10
Interest Cost 2	519		97		80
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(851)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	15		10		26
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	23		19		(98)
Net Periodic Cost	$	90	$	248	$	18
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	110	$	20
Net Periodic Benefit Cost
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2024:
Service Cost 1	$	846	$	39	$	23
Interest Cost 2	1,120		160		160
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(1,855)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	66		20		51
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	—		12		(169)
Net Periodic Cost	$	177	$	231	$	65
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	255	$	81
Estimated Future Contributions in the Current Fiscal Year	$	—	$	255	$	81
For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2023:
Service Cost 1	$	797	$	285	$	28
Interest Cost 2	1,049		159		167
Expected Return on Plan Assets 2	(1,708)		—		—
Amortization of Prior Service Cost 2	31		20		52
Amortization of Net Loss (Gain) 2	59		37		(177)
Net Periodic Cost	$	228	$	501	$	70
Plan Contributions During the Period	$	—	$	226	$	47

Footnotes:

1. Included in Salaries and Employee Benefits on the Consolidated Statements of Income

2. Included in Other Operating Expense on the Consolidated Statements of Income

A contribution to the qualified pension plan was not required during the period ended June 30, 2024 and currently, additional contributions in 2024 are not expected. Arrow makes contributions to its other post-retirement benefit plans in an amount equal to benefit payments for the year.

38

Note 11.    EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE (In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

The following table presents a reconciliation of the numerator and denominator used in the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per common share (EPS) for periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023.

Earnings Per Share
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
Earnings Per Share - Basic:
Net Income	$	8,604	$	6,047	$	16,264	$	14,609
Weighted Average Shares - Basic 1	16,685		17,050		16,764		17,050
Earnings Per Share - Basic 1	$	0.52	$	0.35	$	0.97	$	0.85
Earnings Per Share - Diluted:
Net Income	$	8,604	$	6,047	$	16,264	$	14,609
Weighted Average Shares - Basic 1	16,685		17,050		16,764		17,050
Dilutive Average Shares Attributable to Stock Options 1	24		—		25		—
Weighted Average Shares - Diluted 1	16,709		17,050		16,789		17,050
Earnings Per Share - Diluted 1	$	0.52	$	0.35	$	0.97	$	0.85

1 When applicable, share and per share amounts have been adjusted for the September 26, 2023, 3% stock dividend.

39

Note 12.    FAIR VALUES (Dollars In Thousands)

FASB ASC Subtopic 820-10 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. There are no nonfinancial assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The only assets or liabilities that Arrow measured at fair value on a recurring basis at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023 were AFS securities, equity securities and derivatives. Arrow held no securities or liabilities for trading on such dates.

The table below presents the financial instrument's fair value and the amounts within the fair value hierarchy based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement:

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis:
June 30, 2024
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Treasuries	$	49,456	$	—	$	49,456	$	—
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	153,353		—		153,353		$	—
State and Municipal Obligations	240		—		240		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	246,790		—		246,790		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	947		—		947		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	450,786		—		450,786		—
Equity Securities	1,996		—		1,996		—
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	452,782		—		452,782		—
Derivative Assets	12,180		—		12,180		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	464,962	$	—	$	464,962	$	—

40

Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis
			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Liabilities:
Derivative Liabilities	6,445		—		6,445		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	6,445	$	—	$	6,445	$	—
December 31, 2023
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Treasuries	$	74,004	$	—	$	74,004	$	—
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	152,925		—		152,925		—
State and Municipal Obligations	280		—		280		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	269,760		—		269,760		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		—		800		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	497,769		—		497,769		—
Equity Securities	1,925		—		1,925		—
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	499,694		—		499,694		—
Derivative Assets	12,057		—		12,057		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	511,751	$	—	$	511,751	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivative Liabilities	$	9,598	$	—	$	9,598	$	—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	9,598	$	—	$	9,598	$	—
June 30, 2023
Assets:
Securities Available-for Sale:
U.S. Government & Agency Obligations	$	176,016	$	—	$	176,016	$	—
State and Municipal Obligations	280		—		280		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	366,612		—		366,612		—
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	800		—		800		—
Total Securities Available-for-Sale	543,708		—		543,708		—
Equity Securities	1,889		—		1,889		—
Total Securities Measured on a Recurring Basis	545,597		—		545,597		—
Derivative Assets	7,457		—		7,457		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	553,054	$	—	$	553,054	$	—
Liabilities:
Derivative Liabilities	7,457		—		7,457		—
Total Measured on a Recurring Basis	$	7,457	$	—	$	7,457	$	—

41

	Fair Value		Quoted Prices In Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Gains (Losses) Recognized in Earnings
Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis:
June 30, 2024
Collateral Dependent Evaluated Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	273		—		—		273		—
December 31, 2023
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	312		—		—		312		—
June 30, 2023
Collateral Dependent Impaired Loans	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Other Real Estate Owned and Repossessed Assets, Net	524		—		—		524		—

The fair value of financial instruments is determined under the following hierarchy:

•Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability; and,

•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).

Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

The fair value of Level 1 AFS securities are based on unadjusted, quoted market prices from exchanges in active markets. The fair value of Level 2 AFS securities are based on an independent bond and equity pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities and an independent equity pricing service for equity securities not actively traded.  The pricing services use a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models.  Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets. The fair value of Level 2 equities are based on the last observable price in open markets.  The fair value of Level 2 derivatives is determined using inputs that are observable in the market place obtained from third parties including yield curves, publicly available volatilities, and floating indexes.

Fair Value Methodology for Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Nonrecurring Basis

The fair value of collateral dependent evaluated loans and other real estate owned was based on third-party appraisals less estimated cost to sell. The appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses. Other assets which might have been included in this table include mortgage servicing rights, goodwill and other intangible assets. Arrow evaluates each of these assets for impairment at least annually, with no impairment recognized for these assets at June 30, 2024, December 31, 2023 and June 30, 2023.

42

Fair Value by Balance Sheet Grouping

The following table presents a summary of the carrying amount, the fair value (exit price) or an amount approximating fair value and the fair value hierarchy of Arrow’s financial instruments:

Schedule of Fair Values by Balance Sheet Grouping
					Fair Value Hierarchy
	Carrying Value		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
June 30, 2024
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	200,198	$	200,198	$	200,198	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	450,786		450,786		—		450,786		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	99,348		96,454		—		96,454		—
Equity Securities	1,996		1,996		—		1,996		—
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	4,274		4,274		—		4,274		—
Net Loans	3,284,514		3,048,180		—		—		3,048,180
Accrued Interest Receivable	11,590		11,590		—		11,590		—
Derivative Assets	12,180		12,180				12,180
Deposits	3,683,639		3,679,102		—		3,679,102		—
Borrowings	106,500		106,207		—		106,207		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	9,706		9,706		—		9,706		—
Derivative Liabilities	6,445		6,445		—		6,445		—
December 31, 2023
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	142,536	$	142,536	$	142,536	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	497,769		497,769		—		497,769		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	131,395		128,837		—		128,837		—
Equity Securities	1,925		1,925				1,925
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	5,049		5,049		—		5,049		—
Net Loans	3,181,643		2,940,318		—		—		2,940,318
Accrued Interest Receivable	11,076		11,076		—		11,076		—
Derivative Assets	12,057		12,057		—		12,057		—
Deposits	3,687,566		3,683,122		—		3,683,122		—
Borrowings	26,500		26,189		—		26,189		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	6,289		6,289		—		6,289		—
Derivative Liabilities	9,598		9,598		—		9,598		—
June 30, 2023
Cash and Cash Equivalents	$	173,601	$	173,601	$	173,601	$	—	$	—
Securities Available-for-Sale	543,708		543,708		—		543,708		—
Securities Held-to-Maturity	143,460		139,143		—		139,143		—
Equity Securities	1,889		1,889		—		1,889
Federal Home Loan Bank and Federal   Reserve Bank Stock	4,932		4,932		—		4,932		—
Net Loans	3,038,727		2,789,225		—		—		2,789,225
Accrued Interest Receivable	10,105		10,105		—		10,105		—
Derivative Assets	7,457		7,457		—		7,457		—
Deposits	3,502,224		3,496,188		—		3,496,188		—
Borrowings	171,800		170,636		—		170,636		—
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued   to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		—		20,000		—
Accrued Interest Payable	3,465		3,465		—		3,465		—
Derivative Liabilities	7,457		7,457		—		7,457		—

43

Note 13.    LEASES (Dollars In Thousands)

Arrow is a lessee in its leases, which are mainly for financial services locations in addition to leases for corporate vehicles. These leases generally require Arrow to pay third-party expenses on behalf of the Lessor, which are referred to as variable payments. Under some leases, Arrow pays the variable payments to the lessor, and in other leases, Arrow pays the variable payments directly to the applicable third party. None of Arrow's current leases include any residual value guarantees or any subleases, and there are no significant rights and obligations of Arrow for leases that have not commenced as of the reporting date.

Arrow leases two of its branch offices, at market rates, from Stewart’s Shops Corp.   Additionally on June 14th, 2024, Arrow entered into a sale-leaseback agreement with Stewart’s Shops Corp. for a bank branch location. The sale price of the property was $1.1 million which resulted in a gain of $377 thousand. The lease agreement began in June 2024 and runs through May 2029, with rent totaling $5 thousand per month for the remainder of the lease. Mr. Gary C. Dake, President of Stewart’s Shops Corp., serves as a Director on the Board of Directors of Arrow and its two subsidiary banks.

The following includes quantitative data related to Arrow's leases as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023:

		Six Months Ended
Finance Lease Amounts:	Classification	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023
Right-of-Use Assets	Premises and Equipment, Net	$	4,371		$	4,549
Lease Liabilities	Finance Leases	5,038			5,093
Operating Lease Amounts:
Right-of-Use Assets	Other Assets	$	4,956		$	5,134
Lease Liabilities	Other Liabilities	5,167			5,331
Other Information:
Cash Paid For Amounts Included In The Measurement Of Lease Liabilities:
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases		$	95		$	97
Operating Outgoing Cash Flows From Operating Leases		311			510
Financing Outgoing Cash Flows From Finance Leases		28			26
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Finance Lease Liabilities		—			—
Right-of-Use Assets Obtained In Exchange For New Operating Lease Liabilities		326			19
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Finance Leases (Yrs.)		25.82			26.78
Weighted-average Remaining Lease Term - Operating Leases (Yrs.)		10.55			11.56
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Finance Leases		3.75		%	3.75		%
Weighted-average Discount Rate—Operating Leases		3.23		%	3.01		%

Lease cost information for Arrow's leases is as follows:
	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023
Lease Cost:
Finance Lease Cost:
Reduction of Right-of-Use Assets	$	44	$	44	$	88	$	88
Interest on Lease Liabilities	47		48		95		97
Operating Lease Cost	199		293		394		591
Short-term Lease Cost	11		21		21		35
Variable Lease Cost	70		48		145		121
Total Lease Cost	$	371	$	454	$	743	$	932

44

Future Lease Payments at June 30, 2024 are as follows:
	Operating Leases		Financing Leases
Twelve Months Ended:
6/30/2025	$	805	$	257
6/30/2026	736		266
6/30/2027	662		268
6/30/2028	567		268
6/30/2029	545		270
Thereafter	2,844		6,860
Total Undiscounted Cash Flows	$	6,159	$	8,189
Less: Net Present Value Adjustment	992		3,151
Lease Liability	$	5,167	$	5,038

Note 14.    DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES (In Thousands)

Arrow is exposed to certain risks arising from both its business operations and economic conditions. Arrow principally manages its exposures to a wide variety of business and operational risks through management of its core business activities. Arrow manages economic risks, including interest rate, primarily by managing the amount, sources and duration of its assets and liabilities and through the use of derivative instruments. Specifically, Arrow enters into derivative financial instruments to manage exposures that arise from business activities that result in the receipt or payment of future known and uncertain cash amounts, the value of which are determined by interest rates. Arrow's derivative financial instruments are used to manage differences in the amount, timing and duration of known or expected cash receipts and its known or expected cash payments principally related to certain fixed rate borrowings. Arrow also has interest rate derivatives that result from a service provided to certain qualifying customers and, therefore, are not used to manage interest rate risk in Arrow's assets or liabilities. Arrow's goal is to have a matched book with respect to its derivative instruments in order to minimize its net risk exposure resulting from such transactions.

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments

Arrow enters into interest rate swap agreements with its commercial customers to provide them with a long-term fixed rate, while simultaneously entering into offsetting interest rate swap agreements with a counterparty to swap the fixed rate to a variable rate to manage interest rate exposure.

These interest rate swap agreements are not designated as a hedge for accounting purposes. As the interest rate swap agreements have substantially equivalent and offsetting terms, they do not present material exposure to Arrow's consolidated statements of income. Arrow records its interest rate swap agreements at fair value and is presented on a gross basis within other assets and other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities arising from these derivatives are included, net, in other income in the consolidated statement of income.

The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives, not designated as hedging instruments, outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:

Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments - Interest Rate Swap Agreements
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Fair value adjustment included in other assets	$	6,053	$	6,208	$	7,457
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities	6,053		6,208		7,457
Notional amount	106,967		123,197		125,503

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments

Arrow entered into two pay-fixed portfolio layer method ("PLM") fair value swaps, designated as hedging instruments, with a total notional amount of $250 million and $50 million, respectively, in the third quarter of 2023. Arrow is designating the fair value swaps under PLM. Under PLM, the hedged items are designated as hedged layers of a closed portfolio of financial loans that are anticipated to remain outstanding for the designated hedged period. Adjustments will be made to record the swaps at fair value on the Consolidated Balance Sheets, with changes in fair value recognized in interest income. The carrying value of the fair value swaps on the Consolidated Balance Sheets will also be adjusted through interest income, based on changes in fair value attributable to changes in the hedged risk.

The following table depicts the fair value adjustment recorded related to the notional amount of derivatives, designed as hedging instruments, outstanding as well as the notional amount of the interest rate swap agreements:

45

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Agreements
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Fair value adjustment included in other assets	$	—	$	—	$	—
Fair value adjustment included in other liabilities	392		5,678		—
Notional amount	300,000		300,000		—

The following table summarizes the effect of the fair value hedging relationship recognized on the unaudited interim consolidated statement of income:

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Agreements
	Six Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Hedged Asset	$	366	$	5,849	$	—
Fair value derivative designated as hedging instrument	(392)		(5,828)		—
Total (loss) gain recognized in the consolidated statements of income with interest and fees on loans	(26)		21		—

The following table represents the carrying value of the PLM hedged assets and the cumulative fair value hedging adjustment included in the carrying value of the hedged asset:

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Fair Value Swap Agreements
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Carrying Value of Portfolio Layer Method Hedged Asset	$	300,366	$	305,849	$	—
Cumulative Fair Value Hedging Adjustment	366		5,849		—

In the fourth quarter of 2023, Arrow entered into two interest rate swaps, designated as hedging instruments, to add stability to interest expense and to manage its exposure to the variability of the future cash flows attributable to the contractually specified interest rates. The notional amounts were $100 million and $75 million, respectively. Arrow entered into pay-fixed interest rate swaps to convert rolling 90 days brokered deposits.

For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income ("AOCI") and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings.

The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
	Six Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Fair value adjustment included in other assets (liabilities)	$	352	$	(2,710)	$	—
Amount of gain (loss) recognized in AOCI	3,974		(2,553)		—
Amount of gain reclassified from AOCI interest expense	912		157		—

In 2019, Arrow entered into interest rate swaps to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

For derivatives that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest expense in the same period during which the hedge transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest expense as interest payments are made on Arrow's Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts borrowings.

The following table indicates the effect of cash flow hedge accounting on AOCI and on the consolidated statement of income.

Derivatives Designated as Hedging Instruments - Cash Flow Hedge Agreements
	Six Months Ended		Twelve Months Ended		Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		December 31, 2023		June 30, 2023
Fair value adjustment included in other assets	$	5,409	$	4,998	$	5,142
Amount of loss recognized in AOCI	$	(73)	$	(1,355)	$	(721)
Amount of loss reclassified from AOCI to interest expense	(484)		(907)		(418)

46

Note 15. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

On July 22 2024, Arrow received approval from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to combine its two subsidiary banks, GFNB and SNB, into one bank that will be known as Arrow Bank National Association (the "Combination"). The Combination will create operational efficiencies, unify branding and enhance Arrow's ability to pursue its strategic growth objectives. We expect to complete the Combination by December 31, 2024.

On August 2, 2024 GFNB completed the previously announced acquisition of the branch office at 184 Broadway, Whitehall, New York (the "Whitehall Branch") from Berkshire Bank. The Whitehall Branch includes deposit accounts with an aggregate approximate balance of $37.5 million and loans with an aggregate approximate balance of $3 million. The acquisition includes the branch premises and substantially all of the personal property and equipment used in the operation of the Whitehall Branch. All employees associated with the Whitehall Branch were offered employment with Arrow.

47

Item 2.

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

June 30, 2024

NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY

In this Report, the terms "Arrow," "the registrant," "the Company," "we," "us," and "our" generally refer to Arrow Financial Corporation and its subsidiaries as a group, except where the context indicates otherwise. At certain points in this Report, Arrow's performance is compared with that of the Company's "peer group" of financial institutions. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the peer group for the purposes of this Report is comprised of the group of 193 domestic bank holding companies with $3 to $10 billion in total consolidated assets as identified in the FRB’s "Bank Holding Company Performance Report" for March 31, 2024 (the most recent such report currently available), and peer group data contained herein has been derived from such report.

THE COMPANY AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

Arrow is a two-bank holding company headquartered in Glens Falls, New York.  The banking subsidiaries are GFNB, whose main office is located in Glens Falls, New York, and SNB, whose main office is located in Saratoga Springs, New York.  Active subsidiaries of GFNB include Upstate Agency, LLC (an insurance agency that sells property and casualty insurance and also specializes in selling and servicing group health care policies and life insurance), North Country Investment Advisers, Inc. (a registered investment adviser that provides investment advice to Arrow's proprietary mutual funds) and Arrow Properties, Inc. (a real estate investment trust, or REIT). Arrow also owns directly two subsidiary business trusts, organized in 2003 and 2004, which issued trust preferred securities (TRUPs), which are still outstanding.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "Report") contains statements that are not historical in nature but rather are based on Arrow's beliefs, assumptions, expectations, estimates and projections about the future. These statements are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and involve a degree of uncertainty and attendant risk. Words such as "may," "will," "expect," "believe," "anticipate," "estimate," "continue," and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding Arrow's asset quality, the level of allowance for credit losses, the sufficiency of liquidity sources, interest rate change exposure, changes in accounting standards, and Arrow's tax plans and strategies. Some of these statements, such as those included in the interest rate sensitivity analysis in Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," are merely presentations of what future performance or changes in future performance would look like based on hypothetical assumptions and on simulation models. Other forward-looking statements are based on Arrow's general perceptions of market conditions and trends in business activity, both Arrow's and in the banking industry generally, as well as current management strategies for future operations and development.

These forward-looking statements may not be exhaustive, are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks and uncertainties that are difficult to quantify or, in some cases, to identify.  You should not place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements. In the case of all forward-looking statements, our actual outcomes and results may differ materially from what the statements predict or forecast.  Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to the following:

•Market conditions could present significant challenges to the U.S. commercial banking industry and its core business of making and servicing loans and any substantial downturn in the regional markets in which Arrow operates or in the U.S. economy generally could adversely affect Arrow's ability to maintain steady growth in the loan portfolio and earnings.

•A continued period of high inflation could adversely impact our business and our customers.

•Arrow operates in a highly competitive industry and market areas that could negatively affect growth and profitability.

•The financial services industry is faced with technological advances and changes on a continuing basis, and failure to adapt to these advances and changes could have a material adverse impact on Arrow's business.

•Problems encountered by other financial institutions could adversely affect Arrow.

•Any future economic or financial downturn, including any significant correction in the equity markets, may negatively affect the volume of income attributable to, and demand for, fee-based services of banks such as Arrow, including the Company's fiduciary business, which could negatively impact Arrow's financial condition and results of operations.

•Potential complications with the implementation of (i) our new core banking system or (ii) adjustments related to integrating the core systems of our subsidiary banks in connection with the Combination could adversely impact our business and operations.

•Arrow faces continuing and growing security risks to its information base including the information maintained relating to customers, and any breaches in the security systems implemented to protect this information could have a material negative effect on Arrow's business operations and financial condition.

•Business could suffer if Arrow loses key personnel unexpectedly or if employee wages increase significantly.

•Arrow is subject to interest rate risk, which could adversely affect profitability.

•Arrow could recognize losses on securities held in our securities portfolio, particularly if interest rates increase or economic and market conditions deteriorate.

•Arrow's allowance for possible credit losses may be insufficient, and an increase in the allowance would reduce earnings.

•Arrow’s financial condition and the results of its operations could be negatively impacted by liquidity management.

•The increasing complexity of Arrow's operations presents varied risks that could affect earnings and financial condition.

48

•We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting which could, if not remediated, result in a material misstatement of our financial statements.

•The Company relies on the operations of its banking subsidiaries to provide liquidity, which, if limited, could impact Arrow's ability to pay dividends to its shareholders or to repurchase its common stock.

•Capital and liquidity standards require banks and bank holding companies to maintain more and higher quality capital and greater liquidity than has historically been the case.

•Federal banking statutes and regulations could change in the future, which may adversely affect Arrow.

•Non-compliance with the Patriot Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other anti-money laundering laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and restrictions on conducting acquisitions or establishing new branches.

•Arrow, through its banking subsidiaries, is subject to the Community Reinvestment Act and fair lending laws, and failure to comply with these laws could lead to material penalties.

•Disruption in the continuity, timing and effectiveness of the recent transition in executive management could adversely affect Arrow's business activities, financial conditional and results of operations.

Arrow is under no duty to update any of the forward-looking statements after the date of this Report to conform such statements to actual results. All forward-looking statements, express or implied, included in this Report and the documents incorporated by reference and that are attributable to Arrow are expressly qualified in their entirety by this cautionary statement. This cautionary statement should also be considered in connection with any subsequent written or oral forward-looking statements that Arrow or any persons acting on its behalf may issue. This Report should be read in conjunction with the 2023 Form 10-K and our other filings with the SEC.

USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

The SEC has adopted Regulation G, which applies to certain public disclosures, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain "non-GAAP financial measures."  GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.  Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure and a statement of Arrow's reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures.  The SEC has exempted from the definition of "non-GAAP financial measures" certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP.  When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required.  The following measures used in this Report, which are commonly utilized by financial institutions, have not been specifically exempted by the SEC and may constitute "non-GAAP financial measures" within the meaning of the SEC's rules, although Arrow is unable to state with certainty that the SEC would so regard them.

Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis.  That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total.  This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and from the fact that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations.  Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets.  For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. Arrow follows these practices.

The Efficiency Ratio: Financial institutions often use an "efficiency ratio" as a measure of expense control.  The efficiency ratio typically is defined as the ratio of non-interest expense to net interest income and non-interest income.  Net interest income as utilized in calculating the efficiency ratio is typically the same as the net interest income presented in Selected Financial Information table discussed in the preceding paragraph, i.e., it is expressed on a tax-equivalent basis.  Moreover, many financial institutions, in calculating the efficiency ratio, also adjust both non-interest expense and non-interest income to exclude from these items (as calculated under GAAP) certain recurring component elements of income and expense, such as intangible asset amortization (which is included in non-interest expense under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio) and securities gains or losses (which are reflected in the calculation of non-interest income under GAAP but may be excluded therefrom for purposes of calculating the efficiency ratio).  Arrow makes these adjustments.

Tangible Book Value per Share:  Tangible equity is total stockholders’ equity less intangible assets.  Tangible book value per share is tangible equity divided by total shares issued and outstanding.  Tangible book value per share is often regarded as a more meaningful comparative ratio than book value per share as calculated under GAAP, that is, total stockholders’ equity including intangible assets divided by total shares issued and outstanding.  Intangible assets include many items, but in Arrow's case, essentially represents goodwill.

Adjustments for Certain Items of Income or Expense:  In addition to our regular utilization in our public filings and disclosures of the various non-GAAP measures commonly utilized by financial institutions discussed above, Arrow may also elect from time to time, in connection with our presentation of various financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP, such as net income, EPS, return on

49

average assets (ROA), and return on average equity (ROE), to provide as well certain comparative disclosures that adjust these GAAP financial measures, typically by removing them from the impact of certain transactions or other material items of income or expense that are unusual or unlikely to be repeated.  Arrow will do so only if it believes that provision of the resulting non-GAAP financial measures may improve the average investor's understanding of our results of operations by separating out items that have a disproportional positive or negative impact on the particular period in question or by otherwise permitting a better comparison from period-to-period in our results of operations with respect to our fundamental lines of business, including the commercial banking business.

Arrow believes that the non-GAAP financial measures disclosed from time-to-time are useful in evaluating our performance and that such information should be considered as supplemental in nature, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.  Non-GAAP financial measures may differ from similar measures presented by other companies.

50

Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Quarterly Information

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Quarter Ended	6/30/2024			3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023
Net Income	$	8,604		$	7,660		$	7,723		$	7,743		$	6,047
Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Investments (Net of Tax)	39			13			90			52			(133)
Share and Per Share Data:1
Period End Shares Outstanding	16,723			16,710			16,942			17,049			17,050
Basic Average Shares Outstanding	16,685			16,865			17,002			17,050			17,050
Diluted Average Shares Outstanding	16,709			16,867			17,004			17,050			17,050
Basic Earnings Per Share	$	0.52		$	0.45		$	0.46		$	0.46		$	0.35
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.52			0.45			0.46			0.46			0.35
Cash Dividend Per Share	0.270			0.270			0.270			0.262			0.262
Selected Quarterly Average Balances:
Interest-bearing  Deposits at Banks	$	159,336		$	178,452		$	136,026		$	131,814		$	130,057
Investment Securities	644,192			671,105			713,144			745,693			787,175
Loans	3,280,285			3,235,841			3,170,262			3,096,240			3,036,410
Deposits	3,678,957			3,693,325			3,593,949			3,491,028			3,460,711
Other Borrowed Funds	131,537			122,033			149,507			208,527			220,616
Stockholders’ Equity	378,256			379,446			363,753			362,701			365,070
Total Assets	4,237,359			4,245,484			4,159,313			4,109,995			4,087,653
Return on Average Assets, annualized	0.82		%	0.73		%	0.74		%	0.75		%	0.59		%
Return on Average Equity, annualized	9.15		%	8.12		%	8.42		%	8.47		%	6.64		%
Return on Average Tangible Equity, annualized 2	9.74		%	8.64		%	8.99		%	9.05		%	7.10		%
Average Earning Assets	$	4,083,813		$	4,085,398		$	4,019,432		$	3,973,747		$	3,953,642
Average Paying Liabilities	3,127,417			3,108,093			2,985,717			2,920,518			2,924,743
Interest Income	47,972			46,677			44,324			42,117			40,013
Tax-Equivalent Adjustment 3	163			176			184			183			196
Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	48,135			46,853			44,508			42,117			40,013
Interest Expense	20,820			20,222			18,711			16,764			14,241
Net Interest Income	27,152			26,455			25,613			25,353			25,772
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	27,315			26,631			25,797			25,536			25,968
Net Interest Margin, annualized	2.67		%	2.60		%	2.53		%	2.53		%	2.61		%
Net Interest Margin, Tax Equivalent, annualized 3	2.69		%	2.62		%	2.55		%	2.55		%	2.63		%
Efficiency Ratio Calculation: 4
Non-Interest Expense	$	23,318		$	24,012		$	23,190		$	23,479		$	24,083
Less: Intangible Asset Amortization	40			41			43			43			44
Net Non-Interest Expense	$	23,278		$	23,971		$	23,147		$	23,436		$	24,039
Net Interest Income, Tax-Equivalent 3	$	27,315		$	26,631		$	25,797		$	25,536		$	25,968
Non-Interest Income	7,856			7,858			7,484			8,050			6,906
Less: Net Changes in Fair Value of Equity Invest.	54			17			122			71			(181)
Net Gross Income	$	35,117		$	34,472		$	33,159		$	33,515		$	33,055
Efficiency Ratio 4	66.29		%	69.54		%	69.81		%	69.93		%	72.72		%
Period-End Capital Information:
Total Stockholders’ Equity (i.e. Book Value)	$	383,018		$	377,986		$	379,772		$	360,014		$	361,443
Book Value per Share 1	22.90			22.62			22.42			21.12			21.20
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, net	22,800			22,891			22,983			23,078			23,175
Tangible Book Value per Share 1,2	21.54			21.25			21.06			19.76			19.84
Capital Ratios:5
Tier 1 Leverage Ratio	9.74		%	9.63		%	9.84		%	9.94		%	9.92		%
Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio	12.88		%	12.84		%	13.00		%	13.17		%	13.27		%
Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio	13.53		%	13.50		%	13.66		%	13.84		%	13.96		%
Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio	14.57		%	14.57		%	14.74		%	14.94		%	15.08		%
Assets Under Trust Admin. & Investment Mgmt.	$	1,848,349		$	1,829,266		$	1,763,194		$	1,627,522		$	1,711,460

51

Arrow Financial Corporation

Selected Quarterly Information - Continued

(Dollars In Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts - Unaudited)

Footnotes:
1.	Share and Per Share Data have been restated for the September 26, 2023, 3% stock dividend.
2.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Tangible Book Value, Tangible Equity and Return on Tangible Equity exclude goodwill and other intangible assets, net from total equity.  These are non-GAAP financial measures which Arrow believes provide investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 49.
		6/30/2024			3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023
	Total Stockholders' Equity (GAAP)	$	383,018		$	377,986		$	379,772		$	360,014		$	361,443
	Less: Goodwill and Other Intangible assets, net	22,800			22,891			22,983			23,078			23,175
	Tangible Equity (Non-GAAP)	$	360,218		$	355,095		$	356,789		$	336,936		$	338,268
	Period End Shares Outstanding	16,723			16,710			16,942			17,049			17,050
	Tangible Book Value per Share      (Non-GAAP)	$	21.54		$	21.25		$	21.06		$	19.76		$	19.84
	Net Income	8,604			7,660			7,723			7,743			6,047
	Return on Average Tangible Equity (Net Income/Tangible Equity - Annualized)	9.74		%	8.64		%	8.99		%	9.05		%	7.10		%
3.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation: Net Interest Margin, Tax-Equivalent is the ratio of our annualized tax-equivalent net interest income to average earning assets. This is also a non-GAAP financial measure which Arrow believes provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 49.
		6/30/2024			3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023
	Interest Income (GAAP)	$	47,972		$	46,677		$	44,324		$	42,117		$	40,013
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment      (Non-GAAP)	163			176			184			183			196
	Interest Income - Tax Equivalent      (Non-GAAP)	$	48,135		$	46,853		$	44,508		$	42,300		$	40,209
	Net Interest Income (GAAP)	$	27,152		$	26,455		$	25,613		$	25,353		$	25,772
	Add: Tax-Equivalent adjustment      (Non-GAAP)	163			176			184			183			196
	Net Interest Income - Tax Equivalent      (Non-GAAP)	$	27,315		$	26,631		$	25,797		$	25,536		$	25,968
	Average Earning Assets	$	4,083,813		$	4,085,398		$	4,019,432		$	3,973,747		$	3,953,642
	Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)*	2.69		%	2.62		%	2.55		%	2.55		%	2.63		%
4.	Non-GAAP Financial Measures: Financial Institutions often use the "efficiency ratio", a non-GAAP ratio, as a measure of expense control. Arrow believes that the efficiency ratio provides investors with information that is useful in understanding our financial performance. Arrow defines efficiency ratio as the ratio of our non-interest expense to our net gross income (which equals tax-equivalent net interest income plus non-interest income, as adjusted). There is no GAAP financial measure that is closely comparable to the efficiency ratio. See "Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures" on page 49.
5.	For the current quarter, all of the regulatory capital ratios as well as the Total Risk-Weighted Assets are calculated in accordance with bank regulatory capital rules. The June 30, 2024 CET1 ratio listed in the tables (i.e., 12.88%) exceeds the sum of the required minimum CET1 ratio plus the fully phased-in Capital Conservation Buffer (i.e., 7.00%).
		6/30/2024			3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023
	Total Risk Weighted Assets	$	3,072,922		$	3,049,525		$	3,032,188		$	2,988,438		$	2,937,837
	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital	395,691			391,706			394,166			393,541			389,966
	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio	12.88		%	12.84		%	13.00		%	13.17		%	13.27		%
* Quarterly ratios have been annualized.

52

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(Dollars In Thousands)
Quarter Ended June 30:	2024						2023
			Interest		Rate				Interest		Rate
	Average		Income/		Earned/		Average		Income/		Earned/
	Balance		Expense		Paid		Balance		Expense		Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	$	159,336	$	2,185	5.52	%	$	130,057	$	1,674	5.16
Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	530,869		3,009		2.28		637,018		2,951		1.86
Exempt from Federal Taxes	113,323		637		2.26		150,157		770		2.06
Loans	3,280,285		42,141		5.17		3,036,410		34,618		4.57
Total Earning Assets	4,083,813		47,972		4.72		3,953,642		40,013		4.06
Allowance for Credit Losses	(31,459)						(30,577)
Cash and Due From Banks	28,611						28,742
Other Assets	156,394						135,846
Total Assets	$	4,237,359					$	4,087,653
Deposits:
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	$	832,087	1,903		0.92		$	863,892	820		0.38
Savings Deposits	1,487,062		10,571		2.86		1,504,412		8,514		2.27
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More	172,655		1,869		4.35		133,897		1,119		3.35
Other Time Deposits	504,076		5,074		4.05		201,926		1,196		2.38
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits	2,995,880		19,417		2.61		2,704,127		11,649		1.73
Borrowings	106,502		1,186		4.48		195,527		2,373		4.87
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		170		3.42		20,000		171		3.43
Finance Leases	5,035		47		3.75		5,089		48		3.78
Total Interest-bearing Liabilities	3,127,417		20,820		2.68		2,924,743		14,241		1.95
Noninterest-bearing deposits	683,077						756,584
Other Liabilities	48,609						41,256
Total Liabilities	3,859,103						3,722,583
Stockholders’ Equity	378,256						365,070
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,237,359					$	4,087,653
Net Interest Income			$	27,152					$	25,772
Net Interest Spread					2.04	%					2.11	%
Net Interest Margin					2.67	%					2.61	%

53

Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis
(GAAP Basis)
(Dollars In Thousands)
Six Months Ended June 30:	2024						2023
			Interest		Rate				Interest		Rate
	Average		Income/		Earned/		Average		Income/		Earned/
	Balance		Expense		Paid		Balance		Expense		Paid
Interest-Bearing Deposits at Banks	$	168,894	$	4,632	5.52	%	$	85,494	$	2,153	5.08	%
Investment Securities:
Fully Taxable	540,704		6,195		2.30		644,837		5,899		1.84
Exempt from Federal Taxes	116,945		1,305		2.24		155,409		1,567		2.03
Loans	3,258,063		82,517		5.09		3,014,292		66,504		4.45
Total Earning Assets	4,084,606		94,649		4.66		3,900,032		76,123		3.94
Allowance for Credit Losses	(31,437)						(30,187)
Cash and Due From Banks	29,207						29,625
Other Assets	159,046						134,083
Total Assets	$	4,241,422					$	4,033,553
Deposits:
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	$	831,502	3,544		0.86		$	914,035	1,190		0.26
Savings Deposits	1,484,031		20,801		2.82		1,489,415		14,101		1.91
Time Deposits of $250,000 or More	174,991		3,842		4.42		114,265		1,693		2.99
Other Time Deposits	500,444		10,157		4.08		175,262		1,670		1.92
Total Interest-Bearing Deposits	2,990,968		38,344		2.58		2,692,977		18,654		1.40
Short-Term Borrowings	101,743		2,262		4.47		135,842		3,166		4.70
FHLBNY Term Advances & Other Long-Term Debt	20,000		341		3.43		20,000		340		3.43
Finance Leases	5,042		95		3.79		5,095		97		3.84
Total Interest-Bearing Liabilities	3,117,753		41,042		2.65		2,853,914		22,257		1.57
Noninterest-bearing deposits	695,171						777,464
Other Liabilities	49,648						39,847
Total Liabilities	3,862,572						3,671,225
Stockholders’ Equity	378,850						362,328
Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity	$	4,241,422					$	4,033,553
Net Interest Income			$	53,607					$	53,866
Net Interest Spread					2.01	%					2.37	%
Net Interest Margin					2.64	%					2.79	%

54

OVERVIEW

The following discussion and analysis focuses on and reviews the results of operations for the three-month period ended June 30, 2024 and the financial conditions as of June 30, 2024 and 2023.  The discussion below should be read in conjunction with the selected quarterly and annual information set forth above and the Unaudited Interim Consolidated Financial Statements and other financial data presented elsewhere in this Report.  When necessary, prior-year financial information has been reclassified to conform to the current-year presentation.

Summary of Q2 2024 Financial Results: Net income for the second quarter of 2024 was $8.6 million, increasing from $7.7 million in the first quarter of 2024 and $6.0 million in the second quarter of 2023. As compared to the prior quarter, net income benefited from an increase of $0.7 million in net interest income as well as a decrease in non-interest expense of $0.7 million. As compared to the second quarter of 2023, net interest income increased $1.4 million. Non-interest income increased $1.0 million and non-interest expense decreased $0.8 million.

Net interest income for the second quarter of 2024 was $27.2 million, increasing 2.6% from $26.5 million for the first quarter of 2024 and increasing 5.4% from $25.8 million in the second quarter of 2023. Total interest and dividend income was $48.0 million for the second quarter of 2024, an increase from $46.7 million in the first quarter of 2024 and from $40.0 million for the second quarter of 2023. These increases were primarily driven by loan growth and higher loan rates. Interest expense for the second quarter of 2024 was $20.8 million, an increase from $20.2 million for the first quarter of 2024 and from $14.2 million for the second quarter of 2023. The increases for both comparison periods were driven primarily by higher deposit rates and changes in deposit composition.

Net interest margin, on a tax-equivalent basis (a non-GAAP measure), for the second quarter of 2024 was 2.69% compared to 2.62% for the first quarter of 2024 and 2.63% for the second quarter of 2023. See the disclosure on page 49 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, including net interest margin, and Footnote 3 to the Selected Quarterly Information for the reconciliation to GAAP. The increase in net interest margin compared to the first quarter in 2024 was primarily the result of continued yield expansion on earning assets combined with moderating increase in the cost of interest-bearing liabilities. As compared to the second quarter of 2023, the increase in net interest margin was primarily the result of yield on average earning assets increasing at a faster pace than costs of interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest margin is affected by deposits continuing to migrate to higher costs products, such as money market savings and time deposits.

For the second quarter of 2024, the provision for credit losses was $0.8 million compared to $0.6 million in the first quarter of 2024 and $0.9 million in the second quarter of 2023. The key drivers for the provision for credit losses in the second quarter of 2024 were loan growth and replenishment of the allowance for charge-offs, partially offset by changes to the economic forecast factors embedded in the credit loss allowance model.

Non-interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2024, was $7.9 million consistent with the first quarter of 2024 and an increase from $6.9 million in the second quarter of 2023, primarily due to the other investment income and a small gain on a sale leaseback transaction.

Non-interest expense for the second quarter of 2024 was $23.3 million, a decrease from $24.0 million in the first quarter of 2024 and from $24.1 million for the second quarter of 2023. The decrease from the prior quarter and year was primarily due to elimination of elevated legal and professional expenses related to the delayed filings in 2023.

The provision for income taxes was 21.2%, or $2.3 million, for the second quarter of 2024, 20.9%, or $2.0 million, for the first quarter of 2024 and 20.9%, or $1.6 million, for the second quarter of 2023.

Total assets were $4.2 billion at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $89.2 million, or 2.1%, as compared to March 31, 2024 and an increase of $140.8 million, or 3.4%, as compared to June 30, 2023. For the second quarter of 2024, overall change in balance sheet was attributable to seasonal changes of cash balances offset by growth in the loan portfolio.

Total investments were $556.4 million as of June 30, 2024, a decrease of $63.6 million, or 10.3%, compared to March 31, 2024 and a decrease of $137.6 million, or 19.8%, compared to June 30, 2023. The decrease from March 31, 2024 was driven primarily by paydowns and maturities. The change from June 30, 2023 was also driven by paydowns and maturities as well as the fourth quarter 2023 repositioning of the investment portfolio, reducing the portfolio by approximately $25 million at the time of the transaction. There were no credit quality issues related to the investment portfolio.

Total loans1 reached $3.3 billion as of June 30, 2024. Loan growth for the second quarter of 2024 was $57.6 million, and $245.3 million since June 30, 2023. Loan growth was spread across all loan products

The allowance for credit losses was $31.0 million as of June 30, 2024, which represented 0.94% of loans outstanding, as compared to $31.6 million, or 0.97%, at March 31, 2024 and $31.2 million, or 1.02%, at June 30, 2023. Net charge-offs, expressed as an annualized percentage of average loans outstanding, were 0.16% for the three-month period ended June 30, 20242, as compared to 0.04% for the three-month period ended March 31, 2024 and 0.07% for the three-month period ended June 30, 2023. Nonperforming assets were $21.3 million as of June 30, 2024, representing 0.50% of period-end assets, consistent with 0.50% at March 31, 2024 and up from 0.17% at June 30, 2023. The increase from the second quarter of 2023 was primarily due to one large, well collateralized loan relationship of approximately $15 million, which moved into non-performing status during the fourth quarter of 2023.

At June 30, 2024, deposit balances were $3.7 billion, a decrease of $95.4 million from March 31, 2024 and an increase of $181.4 million from June 30, 2023. The decrease from the first quarter was primarily attributable to the seasonality of municipal deposits, expected to normalize in the third quarter. The increase from June 30, 2023 was partially attributable to $175 million of brokered certificates of deposit ("CDs"), primarily used to reduce borrowings by $160 million. Arrow simultaneously entered into three-year interest rate swaps to strategically manage its asset-liability profile and cost of funds. Please refer to page 6 for further details related to deposits.

1 Excludes both $0.4 million fair value hedge adjustment at June 30, 2024 and $1.2 million fair value hedge adjustment at March 31, 2024

2 Charge-offs for 2Q24 included 0.09% related to a previously specifically reserved amount for overdraft balances relating to one customer relationship

55

The changes in net income, net interest income and net interest margin between the three-month and six-month periods are discussed in detail under the heading "RESULTS OF OPERATIONS," beginning on page 70.

Regulatory Capital and Change in Stockholders' Equity: At June 30, 2024, Arrow continued to exceed all required minimum capital ratios under the current bank regulatory capital rules (the "Capital Rules") as implemented under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank") at both the holding company and bank levels.  At that date, both subsidiary banks continued to qualify as "well-capitalized" under the capital classification guidelines as defined by the Capital Rules. Because of continued profitability and strong asset quality, the regulatory capital levels throughout recent years have consistently remained well in excess of the various required regulatory minimums in effect from time to time, as they do at present.

Stockholders’ equity was $383.0 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $3.2 million, or 0.9%, from the December 31, 2023 level of $379.8 million. The increase in stockholders' equity over the first six months of 2024 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $16.3 million of net income for the period and (ii) other comprehensive gain $1.8 million and (iii) the issuance of $0.7 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans, reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $9.1 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $6.5 million. The components of the change in stockholders’ equity since year-end 2023 are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity on page 6, and are discussed in more detail in the next section.

At June 30, 2024, book value per share was $22.90, up 8.0% over the prior-year level. Tangible book value per share (a non-GAAP measure that deducts intangible assets from stockholders' equity) was $21.54, an increase of $1.70, or 8.6%, over the level as of June 30, 2023. See the disclosure on page 49 related to the use of non-GAAP financial measures, including tangible book value, and Footnote 2 to the Selected Quarterly Information for the reconciliation to GAAP..

On June 30, 2024, Arrow's closing stock price was $26.05, representing a trading multiple of 1.21 to tangible book value. In the second quarter of 2024, Arrow paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.27. Further discussion of dividends is included in the Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends section located on page 68.

Loan Quality: Net charge-offs for the second quarter of 2024 were $1.3 million as compared to $562 thousand for the comparable 2023 quarter. The ratio of net charge-offs to average loans (annualized) was 0.16% for the three month period ended June 30, 2024, an increase from 0.07% with the three month period ended June 30, 2023.

For the second quarter of 2024, the provision for credit losses was $775 thousand and a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $153 thousand. The allowance for credit losses was $31.0 million on June 30, 2024, which represented 0.94% of loans outstanding, as compared to 1.02% on June 30, 2023.

Nonperforming loans were $21.1 million at June 30, 2024, representing 0.64% of period-end loans, an increase from the June 30, 2023 ratio of 0.21% and a decrease from the March 31, 2024 ratio of 0.66%. The ratio continues to reasonably compare with the weighted average ratio of the peer group of 0.53% at March 31, 2024. Nonperforming assets of $21.3 million at June 30, 2024 represented 0.50% of period-end assets up from 0.17% at June 30, 2023. The increase in delinquent loans from the prior year is primarily attributable to one commercial loan relationship moving to non-performing status during the fourth quarter of 2023.

Loan Segments: As of June 30, 2024, total loans grew by $102.6 million, or 3.2%, as compared to the balance at December 31, 2023. The largest increase was in the residential real estate loan portfolio which increased $55.9 million, or 4.7%. Consumer loans increased $27.1 million, or 2.4%, primarily comprised of automobile loans. Commercial and commercial real estate loans increased by $19.6 million, or 2.2%, from December 31, 2023.

•Commercial and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Combined, these loans comprise 27.8% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Commercial property values in Arrow's region have largely remained stable, however, there remains uncertainty surrounding market conditions due to inflation and the rising interest rate environment. Appraisals on nonperforming and watched commercial real estate loan properties are updated as deemed necessary, usually when the loan is downgraded or when there has been significant market deterioration since the last appraisal.

•Consumer Loans: These loans (primarily automobile loans) comprised 34.4% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Consumer automobile loans at June 30, 2024, were 99.6% of this portfolio segment. The vast majority of automobile loans are initiated through the purchase of vehicles by consumers through automobile dealers. As of June 30, 2024, volume and growth have been relatively stable year over year. Inflation and higher rates may continue to limit the potential growth in this category.

•Residential Real Estate Loans: These loans, including home equity loans, made up 37.9% of the total loan portfolio at period-end. Demand for residential real estate has continued but weakened as interest rates have increased. A continuous elevated rate environment may impact future demand. Arrow originated nearly all of the residential real estate loans currently held in the loan portfolio and applies conservative underwriting standards to loan originations. Arrow has historically sold a portion of residential real estate mortgage originations into the secondary market. The ratio of the sales of originations to total originations tends to fluctuate from period to period based on market conditions and other factors. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on various circumstances, including prevailing mortgage rates, other lending opportunities, capital and liquidity needs, and the availability of a market for such transactions.

Liquidity and Access to Credit Markets: Arrow has not experienced any liquidity events or special concerns in recent years or thus far in 2024. Arrow’s liquidity position provides the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term liquidity needs.  Interest-bearing cash balances at June 30, 2024 were $169.8 million compared to $139.8 million at June 30, 2023. Contingent lines of credit are also available. Operating collateralized lines of credit are established and available through the FHLBNY, FRB and other bank lines totaling approximately $1.3 billion. The general terms of Arrow's lines of credit have not changed significantly in recent periods (see the general liquidity discussion on page 68). Historically, Arrow has principally relied on asset-based liquidity (i.e., funds in overnight investments and cash flow from maturing investments and loans) with liability-based liquidity as a secondary source of funds

56

(the main liability-based sources are an overnight borrowing arrangement with correspondent banks, an arrangement for overnight borrowing and term credit advances from the FHLBNY, and an additional arrangement for short-term advances at the FRB discount window). Regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan are performed to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity crises.

Visa Class B Common Stock: In the fourth quarter of 2023, Arrow's subsidiary bank, GFNB, sold all 27,771 shares of Visa Class B common stock it previously held for a pre-tax gain of $9.3 million. The gain was used to offset a pre-tax loss of $9.2 million related to the sale of securities with a amortized cost basis of approximately $110 million. The sale of securities was driven by the strategic decision to reposition the investment portfolio to higher yielding investments producing an improved interest income run-rate.

Branch Acquisition: On August 2, 2024 GFNB completed the previously announced acquisition of the Whitehall Branch from Berkshire Bank, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hills Bancorp, Inc. The Whitehall Branch includes deposit accounts with an aggregate approximate balance of $37.5 million and loans with an aggregate approximate balance of $3 million. The acquisition includes the branch premises and substantially all of the personal property and equipment used in the operation of the Whitehall Branch. All employees associated with the Whitehall Branch were offered employment with Arrow.

Subsidiary Bank Combination: On July 22 2024, Arrow received approval from the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to complete the Combination, combining its two subsidiary banks, GFNB and SNB, into one bank that will be known as Arrow Bank National Association. The Combination will create operational efficiencies, unify branding and enhance Arrow's ability to pursue its strategic growth objectives. We expect to complete the Combination by December 31, 2024.

57

CHANGE IN FINANCIAL CONDITION

Summary of Selected Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

(Dollars in Thousands)

	At Period-End
	6/30/2024		12/31/2023		6/30/2023		$ Change From December		$ Change From June		% Change From December (not annualized)		% Change From June
Interest-Bearing Bank Balances	$	169,826	$	105,781	$	139,798	$	64,045	$	30,028	60.5	%	21.5	%
Securities Available-for-Sale	450,786		497,769		543,708		(46,983)		(92,922)		(9.4)	%	(17.1)	%
Securities Held-to-Maturity	99,348		131,395		143,460		(32,047)		(44,112)		(24.4)	%	(30.7)	%
Equity Securities	1,996		1,925		1,889		71		107		3.7	%	5.7	%
Loans (1)	3,315,523		3,212,908		3,069,897		102,615		245,626		3.2	%	8.0	%
Allowance for Credit Losses	31,009		31,265		31,170		(256)		(161)		(0.8)	%	(0.5)	%
Earning Assets (1)	4,041,753		3,954,827		3,903,684		86,926		138,069		2.2	%	3.5	%
Total Assets	$	4,244,407	$	4,169,868	$	4,103,653	$	74,539	$	140,754	1.8	%	3.4	%
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	704,707	$	758,425	$	759,495	$	(53,718)	$	(54,788)	(7.1)	%	(7.2)	%
Interest-Bearing Checking   Accounts	856,788		799,785		856,016		57,003		772		7.1	%	0.1	%
Savings Deposits	1,446,821		1,466,280		1,517,937		(19,459)		(71,116)		(1.3)	%	(4.7)	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	173,526		179,301		140,694		(5,775)		32,832		(3.2)	%	23.3	%
Other Time Deposits	501,797		483,775		228,082		18,022		273,715		3.7	%	120.0	%
Total Deposits	$	3,683,639	$	3,687,566	$	3,502,224	$	(3,927)	$	181,415	(0.1)	%	5.2	%
Borrowings	$	106,500	$	26,500	171,800		$	80,000	$	(65,300)	301.9	%	(38.0)	%
Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated   Subsidiary Trusts	20,000		20,000		20,000		—		—		—	%	—	%
Stockholders' Equity	383,018		379,772		361,443		3,246		21,575		0.9	%	6.0	%

(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Changes in Earning Assets: The loan portfolio at June 30, 2024, was $3.3 billion, an increase of $102.6 million, or 3.2%, from the December 31, 2023 level and up by $245.6 million, or 8.0%, from the June 30, 2023 level. The following trends were experienced in our largest segments:

•Commercial and commercial real estate loans: This segment of the loan portfolio increased by $19.6 million, or 2.2%, during the first six months of 2024. In the first six months of 2024, loan growth has slowed as a result of the current rate environment.

•Consumer loans (primarily automobile loans through indirect lending): As of June 30, 2024, these loans, primarily auto loans originated through dealerships in New York and Vermont, increased by $27.1 million, or 2.4%, from the December 31, 2023 balance. Inflation and rising rates may continue to slow demand.

•Residential real estate loans: This segment increased during the first six months of 2024 by $55.9 million, or 4.7%. A deterioration of economic conditions may trigger a reduction in loan production for the remainder of the year.

Changes in Sources of Funds: Deposit balances reached $3.7 billion, an increase of $181.4 million, or 5.2%, from the prior-year level and a decrease of $3.9 million from December 31, 2023. The increase from June 30, 2023 was partially attributable to $175 million of brokered CDs, primarily used to reduce borrowings by $160 million. Noninterest-bearing deposits represented 19.1% of total deposits at June 30, 2024, compared to 21.7% of total deposits on June 30, 2023. At June 30, 2024, total time deposits were $675.3 million. Municipal deposits decreased $17.7 million, or 2.0% from June 30, 2023. Total borrowings were $106.5 million, an increase from $171.8 million at June 30, 2023. In the first quarter of 2024, Arrow borrowed $100 million as part of the BTFP to improve on-balance sheet liquidity and fund loan production. The BTFP was created to support American businesses and households by making additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help assure banks have the ability to meet the needs of all their depositors.

58

Municipal Deposits: Fluctuations in balances of interest-bearing checking accounts are often the result of timing and behavior of municipal deposits.  Municipal deposits have historically averaged between 20% to 30% of total deposits. Municipal deposits are typically placed in interest-bearing checking, savings and various time deposit accounts.

In general, there is a seasonal pattern to municipal deposits which dip to a low point in August each year.  Account balances tend to increase throughout the fall and into early winter from tax deposits, flatten out after the beginning of the ensuing calendar year, and increase again at the end of March from the electronic deposit of NYS aid payments to school districts.  In addition to seasonal behavior, the overall level of municipal deposit balances fluctuates from year-to-year as a result of local economic factors as well as competition from other banks and non-bank entities.

Arrow uses reciprocal deposits for a select group of municipalities to reduce the amount of investment securities required to be pledged as collateral for municipal deposits where municipal deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance coverage limits were transferred to other participating banks, divided into portions so as to qualify such transferred deposits for FDIC insurance coverage at each transferee bank. In return, reciprocal amounts are transferred to Arrow in equal amounts of deposits from the participant banks. The balances of reciprocal deposits were $629.9 million and $603.5 million at June 30, 2024 and June 30, 2023, respectively.

Uninsured Deposits: Arrow's deposit base includes both insured and uninsured deposits. Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits. Uninsured deposit balances at June 30, 2024 were less than 30% of the total deposit base.

59

FINANCIAL CONDITION

Investment Portfolio Trends

The table below presents the changes in the period-end balances for available-for-sale, held-to-maturity and equity securities from December 31, 2023 to June 30, 2024 (in thousands):

	(Dollars in Thousands)
	Fair Value at Period-End						Net Unrealized Gains (Losses) For Period Ended
	6/30/2024		12/31/2023		Change		6/30/2024		12/31/2023		Change
Securities Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Treasury Securities	$	49,456	$	74,004	$	(24,548)	$	(103)	$	243	$	(346)
U.S. Agency Securities	153,353		152,925		428		(6,647)		(7,075)		428
State and Municipal Obligations	240		280		(40)		—		—		—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	246,790		269,760		(22,970)		(36,678)		(35,401)		(1,277)
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	947		800		147		(53)		(200)		147
Total	$	450,786	$	497,769	$	(46,983)	$	(43,481)	$	(42,433)	$	(1,048)
Securities Held-to-Maturity:
State and Municipal Obligations	$	89,129	$	120,293	$	(31,164)	$	(2,530)	$	(2,157)	$	(373)
Mortgage-Backed Securities	7,325		8,544		(1,219)		(364)		(401)		37
Total	$	96,454	$	128,837	$	(32,383)	$	(2,894)	$	(2,558)	$	(336)
Equity Securities	$	1,996	$	1,925	$	71	$	—	$	—	$	—

The table below presents the weighted average yield for available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities, at amortized cost, as of June 30, 2024 (in thousands).

	June 30, 2024
	Within One Year				After One But Within Five Years				After Five But Within Ten Years					After Ten Years					Total
	Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield		Amount		Yield			Amount		Yield			Amount		Yield
Securities Available-for-Sale:
U.S. Treasury Securities	$	24,621	5.2	%	$	24,938	4.7	%	$	—	$	—		$	—	$	—		$	49,559	4.9	%
U.S. Agency Securities	60,000		3.4	%	100,000		1.2	%	—		—		%	—		—		%	160,000		2.0	%
State and Municipal Obligations	—		—	%	—		—	%	240		6.8		%			—		%	240		6.8	%
Mortgage-Backed Securities	2,058		2.5	%	179,619		1.6	%	101,791		1.9		%	—		—		%	283,468		1.7	%
Corporate and Other Debt Securities			—	%			—	%	1,000		8.3		%	—		—		%	1,000		8.3	%
Total	$	86,679	3.9	%	$	304,557	1.7	%	$	103,031	1.9		%	$	—	—		%	$	494,267	2.1	%
Securities Held-to-Maturity:
State and Municipal Obligations	$	46,357	3.1	%	$	43,785	2.7	%	$	1,511	3.8		%	$	6	6.7		%	$	91,659	2.9	%
Mortgage-Backed Securities	—		—	%	7,689		2.5	%	—		—		%	—		—		%	7,689		2.5	%
Corporate and Other Debt Securities	—		—	%	—		—	%	—		—		%	—		—		%	—		—	%
Total	$	46,357	3.1	%	$	51,474	2.6	%	$	1,511	3.8		%	$	6	6.7		%	$	99,348	2.9	%

At June 30, 2024, Arrow held no investment securities in the securities portfolios that consisted of or included, directly or indirectly, obligations of foreign governments or governmental agencies of foreign issuers.

In the periods referenced above, mortgage-backed securities consisted solely of mortgage pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs) issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs). Mortgage pass-through securities provide to the investor monthly portions of principal and interest pursuant to the contractual obligations of the underlying mortgages. CMOs are pools of mortgage-backed securities, the repayments on which have generally been separated into two or more components (tranches), where each tranche has a separate estimated life and yield. Arrow's practice has been to purchase pass-through securities and CMOs that are issued or guaranteed by U.S. federal agencies or GSEs, and the tranches of CMOs purchased are generally those having shorter average lives and/or durations. Lower market interest rates and/or payment deferrals on underlying loans that make up mortgage-backed security collateral may impact cashflows.

In the periods referenced above, U.S. Government & Agency Obligations consisted solely of agency bonds issued by GSEs. These securities generally pay fixed semi-annual coupons with principle payments at maturity. For some, callable options are included

60

that may impact the timing of these principal payments. Arrow's practice has been to purchase agency securities that are issued or guaranteed by GSEs with limited embedded optionality (call features). Final maturities are generally less than 5 years.

Arrow evaluates available-for-sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions at each measurement date to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or non-credit related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized within the allowance for credit losses on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings via credit loss expense. Arrow determined that at June 30, 2024, gross unrealized losses were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates, relative to when the investment securities were purchased, and not due to the credit quality of the investment securities. The recent rising interest rate environment resulted in an increase in unrealized losses versus the comparable prior period. Arrow does not intend to sell, nor is it more likely than not that Arrow will be required to sell any securities before recovery of its amortized cost basis, which may be at maturity. Therefore, Arrow carried no allowance for credit loss at June 30, 2024 and there was no credit loss expense recognized by Arrow with respect to the securities portfolio during the six months ended June 30, 2024.

Arrow's held-to-maturity debt securities are comprised of GSEs and state and municipal obligations. GSE securities carry the explicit and/or implicit guarantee of the U.S. government, are widely recognized as “risk free,” and have a long history of zero credit loss. Arrow performs an analysis of the credit worthiness of municipal obligations to determine if a security is of investment grade. The analysis may include, but may not solely rely upon credit analysis conducted by external credit rating agencies. Arrow determined that the expected credit loss on its held to maturity debt portfolio was immaterial and, therefore, no allowance for credit loss was recorded as of June 30, 2024.

Changes in net unrealized gains or losses during recent periods have been primarily attributable to changes in market rates during the periods in question and not due to the credit-worthiness of the issuers.

Investment Sales, Purchases and Maturities

There were no sales of investment securities within the six month periods ended June 30, 2024 or 2023.

The following table summarizes purchases of investment securities within the available-for-sale and held-to-maturity portfolios for the six month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, as well as proceeds from the maturity and calls of investment securities within each portfolio for the respective periods presented:

(In Thousands)	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Purchases:	6/30/2024		6/30/2023		6/30/2024		6/30/2023
Available-for-Sale Portfolio
U.S. Agency Securities	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Mortgage-Backed Securities	—		—		—		—
Total Purchases	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—
Maturities & Calls	$	35,936	$	16,465	$	46,298	$	32,134

(In Thousands)	Three Months Ended				Six Months Ended
Purchases:	6/30/2024		6/30/2023		6/30/2024		6/30/2023
Held-to-Maturity Portfolio
State and Municipal Obligations	$	447	$	1,104	$	1,197	$	2,552
Maturities & Calls	$	29,073	$	24,870	$	33,076	$	34,198

Loan Trends

The following three tables present, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by loan type, the percentage of total loans represented by each loan type and the annualized yield of each loan category:

Quarterly Average Loan Balances

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Commercial	$	162,951	$	159,629	$	151,947	$	147,585	$	135,370
Commercial Real Estate	752,046		749,928		738,305		727,060		722,753
Consumer	1,131,794		1,114,415		1,108,660		1,094,994		1,081,838
Residential Real Estate	1,233,494		1,211,869		1,171,350		1,126,601		1,096,449
Total Loans	$	3,280,285	$	3,235,841	$	3,170,262	$	3,096,240	$	3,036,410

61

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Loans

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Commercial	5.0	%	4.9	%	4.8	%	4.8	%	4.5	%
Commercial Real Estate	22.9	%	23.2	%	23.3	%	23.5	%	23.8	%
Consumer	34.5	%	34.4	%	35.0	%	35.4	%	35.6	%
Residential Real Estate	37.6	%	37.5	%	36.9	%	36.3	%	36.1	%
Total Loans	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Quarterly Yield on Loans

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Commercial	5.66	%	5.53	%	5.38	%	4.89	%	4.53	%
Commercial Real Estate	5.18	%	5.07	%	4.88	%	5.19	%	5.09	%
Consumer	5.60	%	5.36	%	5.11	%	4.83	%	4.61	%
Residential Real Estate	4.67	%	4.57	%	4.52	%	4.26	%	4.17	%
Total Loans	5.17	%	5.02	%	4.86	%	4.70	%	4.57	%

The average yield on the loan portfolio was 5.17% for the second quarter of 2024 up 60 basis points from the second quarter of 2023. Market rates have continued to increase, which impacts new loan yields for fixed rate loans, and variable loan yields as these loans reach their repricing dates.

The table below shows the maturity of loans outstanding as of June 30, 2024. Also provided are the amounts due after one year, classified according to fixed interest rates and variable interest rates (in thousands):

	June 30, 2024
	Within One Year		After One But Within Five Years		After Five But Within 15 Years		After 15 Years		Total
Commercial	$	44,422	$	82,727	$	36,581	$	102	$	163,832
Commercial Real Estate	166,569		290,632		292,724		7,553		757,478
Consumer	9,736		616,839		511,760		478		1,138,813
Residential Real Estate	129,856		66,046		361,005		698,493		1,255,400
Total	$	350,583	$	1,056,244	$	1,202,070	$	706,626	$	3,315,523
			After One But Within Five Years		After Five But Within 15 Years		After 15 Years		Total
Loans maturing with:
Fixed Interest Rates			$	732,881	$	875,152	$	702,577	$	2,310,610
Variable Interest Rates			323,363		326,918		4,049		654,330
Total			$	1,056,244	$	1,202,070	$	706,626	$	2,964,940

Maintenance of High Quality Credit in the Loan Portfolio: There have been no significant fluctuations in the quality of the loan portfolio or any segment thereof. In general, residential real estate loans have historically been underwritten to secondary market standards and Arrow has not engaged in subprime mortgage lending as a business line. Similarly, high underwriting standards have generally been applied to the commercial, commercial real estate and indirect lending program as well.

Commercial Loans and Commercial Real Estate Loans: Substantially all commercial and commercial real estate loans in the loan portfolio were extended to businesses or borrowers located in Arrow's regional markets. A portion of the loans in the commercial portfolio have variable rates tied to market indices, such as Prime, SOFR or FHLBNY.

Consumer Loans: At June 30, 2024, consumer loans (primarily automobile loans originated through dealerships located in upstate New York and Vermont) continue to be a significant component of Arrow's business, comprising approximately one third of the total loan portfolio.

62

For credit quality purposes, Arrow assigns potential automobile loan customers into one of four tiers, ranging from lower to higher quality in terms of anticipated credit risk. Arrow's experienced lending staff not only utilizes credit evaluation software tools but also reviews and evaluates each loan individually prior to the loan being funded. Arrow believes that this disciplined approach to evaluating risk has contributed to maintaining the strong credit quality in this portfolio.

Residential Real Estate Loans: Strong demand for residential real estate has continued even as interest rates have increased. Although the projected ongoing rise in the interest rates may impact future demand. Arrow has historically sold portions of originations in the secondary market. Sales decreased as the result of the strategic decision to grow the residential loan portfolio as well as current market conditions. The rate at which mortgage loan originations are sold in future periods will depend on a variety of factors, including demand for residential mortgages in our operating markets, market conditions for mortgage sales and strategic balance sheet and interest-rate risk management decisions.

Deposit Trends

The following tables provide information on trends in the balance and mix of the deposit portfolio by presenting, for each of the last five quarters, the quarterly average balances by deposit type and the percentage of total deposits represented by each deposit type. The quarterly average balances increased in 2023 and into 2024. In the first quarter of 2024, Arrow added $175 million of brokered CDs, primarily used to reduce borrowings by $160 million. In addition, due to the current rate environment and increased competitive pricing, deposits have also migrated to higher cost time deposits.

Quarterly Average Deposit Balances
(Dollars in Thousands)
	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	$	683,077	$	707,265	$	757,739	$	779,037	$	756,584
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	832,087		830,918		801,923		795,627		863,892
Savings Deposits	1,487,062		1,481,001		1,509,946		1,505,916		1,504,412
Time Deposits over $250,000	172,655		177,328		169,854		152,738		133,897
Other Time Deposits	504,076		496,813		354,487		257,710		201,926
Total Deposits	$	3,678,957	$	3,693,325	$	3,593,949	$	3,491,028	$	3,460,711

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Non-Municipal Deposits	$	2,783,891	$	2,808,605	$	2,693,191	$	2,559,188	$	2,547,564
Municipal Deposits	895,066		884,720		900,758		931,840		913,147
Total Deposits	$	3,678,957	$	3,693,325	$	3,593,949	$	3,491,028	$	3,460,711

Percentage of Total Quarterly Average Deposits

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Noninterest-Bearing Deposits	18.6	%	19.1	%	21.1	%	22.3	%	21.9	%
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	22.6	%	22.5	%	22.3	%	22.8	%	25.0	%
Savings Deposits	40.4	%	40.1	%	42.0	%	43.0	%	43.5	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	4.7	%	4.8	%	4.7	%	4.4	%	3.9	%
Other Time Deposits	13.7	%	13.5	%	9.9	%	7.4	%	5.8	%
Total Deposits	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%	100.0	%

Quarterly Cost of Deposits

	Quarter Ended
	6/30/2024		3/31/2024		12/31/2023		9/30/2023		6/30/2023
Demand Deposits	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%	—	%
Interest-Bearing Checking Accounts	0.92	%	0.79	%	0.65	%	0.58	%	0.38	%
Savings Deposits	2.86	%	2.78	%	2.76	%	2.56	%	2.27	%
Time Deposits over $250,000	4.35	%	4.47	%	4.22	%	3.81	%	3.35	%
Other Time Deposits	4.05	%	4.11	%	3.81	%	3.16	%	2.38	%
Total Deposits	2.12	%	2.06	%	1.88	%	1.64	%	1.35	%

For the quarter ended June 30, 2024, the total cost of deposits increased 6 basis points from the previous quarter and 77 basis points from the comparable prior year quarter. The Federal Funds rate increased throughout 2023 and has remained elevated for the

63

first half of 2024. Arrow is well positioned for a variety of rate environments, see Part I, Item 3, entitled "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk," on page 74 for further discussion.

Non-Deposit Sources of Funds

Arrow's other sources of funds include securities sold under agreements to repurchase, term advances from the FHLBNY and BTFP advances. The securities sold under agreements to repurchase are offered to existing customers, short-term in nature and are collateralized by investment securities. The remaining term advance from the FHLBNY is a fixed rate non-callable advance that will mature within one year. The BTFP advances mature in less than 12 months and have a weighted average interest rate of 4.76%.

The $20 million principal amount of Junior Subordinated Obligations Issued to Unconsolidated Subsidiary Trusts listed on the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2024 (i.e., previously issued TRUPs) will, subject to certain limits, continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital for Arrow until such TRUPs mature or are redeemed. This is further discussed under "Capital Resources" beginning on page 66 of this Report.

64

ASSET QUALITY

The following table presents information related to the allowance and provision for credit losses for the past five quarters:

Summary of the Allowance and Provision for Credit Losses

(Dollars in Thousands, Loans Stated Net of Unearned Income)

	6/30/2024			3/31/2024			12/31/2023			9/30/2023			6/30/2023
Loan Balances:
Period-End Loans	$	3,315,523		$	3,258,758		$	3,212,908		$	3,138,617		$	3,069,897
Average Loans, Year-to-Date	3,258,063			3,235,841			3,074,261			3,041,909			3,014,292
Average Loans, Quarter-to-Date	3,280,285			3,235,841			3,170,262			3,096,240			3,036,410
Period-End Assets	4,244,407			4,333,623			4,169,868			4,272,911			4,103,653
Allowance for Credit Losses, Year-to-Date:
Allowance for Credit Losses, Beginning of Period	$	31,265		$	31,265		$	29,952		$	29,952		$	29,952
Provision for Credit Losses, YTD	1,392			617			3,381			2,856			2,502
Loans Charged-off, YTD	(3,133)			(1,283)			(5,177)			(3,812)			(2,608)
Recoveries of Loans Previously Charged-off	1,485			962			3,109			2,116			1,324
Net Charge-offs, YTD	(1,648)			(321)			(2,068)			(1,696)			(1,284)
Allowance for Credit Losses, End of Period	$	31,009		$	31,561		$	31,265		$	31,112		$	31,170
Nonperforming Assets, at Period-End:
Nonaccrual Loans	$	20,118		$	20,244		$	20,645		$	6,023		$	5,997
Loans Past Due 90 or More Days   and Still Accruing Interest	915			1,147			452			251			467
Restructured and in Compliance with   Modified Terms	36			49			54			60			67
Total Nonperforming Loans	21,069			21,440			21,151			6,334			6,531
Repossessed Assets	239			312			312			344			342
Other Real Estate Owned	34			—			—			182			182
Total Nonperforming Assets	$	21,342		$	21,752		$	21,463		$	6,860		$	7,055
Asset Quality Ratios:
Allowance to Nonperforming Loans	147.18		%	147.21		%	147.82		%	491.19		%	477.26		%
Allowance to Period-End Loans	0.94		%	0.97		%	0.97		%	0.99		%	1.02		%
Provision to Average Loans (Quarter) (1)	0.10		%	0.08		%	0.07		%	0.05		%	0.13		%
Provision to Average Loans (YTD) (1)	0.09		%	0.08		%	0.11		%	0.13		%	0.17		%
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (Quarter) (1)	0.16		%	0.04		%	0.05		%	0.05		%	0.07		%
Net Charge-offs to Average Loans (YTD) (1)	0.10		%	0.04		%	0.07		%	0.07		%	0.09		%
Nonperforming Loans to Total Loans	0.64		%	0.66		%	0.66		%	0.20		%	0.21		%
Nonperforming Assets to Total Assets	0.50		%	0.50		%	0.51		%	0.16		%	0.17		%
(1) Annualized

Provision for Credit Losses

Through the provision for credit losses, an allowance for credit losses is maintained that reflects the best estimate of the calculated expected credit losses in Arrow's loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Additions are made to the allowance for credit losses through a periodic provision for credit losses. Actual credit losses are charged against the allowance for credit losses when loans are deemed uncollectible and recoveries of amounts previously charged off are recorded as credits to the allowance for credit losses.

Arrow loan officers and risk managers meet at least quarterly to discuss and review the conditions and risks associated with certain criticized and classified commercial-related relationships. In addition, the independent internal loan review department performs periodic reviews of the credit quality indicators on individual loans in the commercial loan portfolio.

CECL calculates losses over the life of a loan or financial instrument. Arrow and its subsidiaries utilize a loss projection model updated with data from our core systems, and incorporates various assumptions to produce the CECL reserve. A CECL Steering Committee was created to provide a management governance function to review, critically challenge and approve components of the CECL reporting process. One key responsibility of the CECL Steering Committee is to review annually the key assumptions utilized in the CECL calculation including loan segmentation, loan loss regression analysis, reasonable and supportable forecast period, reversion period, discounted cash flow inputs including economic forecast data and prepayment and curtailment speeds and qualitative factors.

The June 30, 2024 allowance for credit losses calculation incorporated a reasonable and supportable forecast period to account for economic conditions utilized in the measurement. The quantitative model utilized a six-quarter economic forecast sourced from reputable third-parties that reflects no change in the forecasted national unemployment rate, forecasted gross domestic product projected to improve by approximately 0.17%, and the HPI forecast to increase by approximately 2.62% from the previous quarter economic forecast. The overall change in the allowance from March 31, 2024 was primarily driven by the following factors: net loan growth contributed $0.5 million, changes in macro economic conditions reduced the allowance by $0.8 million, qualitative factors

65

increased the allowance by $0.4 million, and net charge-offs of $0.6 million. The second quarter provision for credit losses was $775 thousand. In addition, Arrow recorded a credit for estimated credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposures in other liabilities of $153 thousand in the second quarter of 2024.

See Note 2 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to CECL.

The ratio of the allowance for credit losses to total loans was 0.94% at June 30, 2024, a decrease from 0.97% at March 31, 2024 and 1.02% at June 30, 2023.

The accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses is considered to be a critical accounting policy, given the uncertainty involved in evaluating the level of the allowance required to cover credit losses in the loan portfolio, and the material effect that such judgments may have on the results of operations. The process for determining the provision for credit losses is described in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements.

Risk Elements

Nonperforming assets at June 30, 2024 amounted to $21.3 million, a decrease from the $21.5 million at December 31, 2023 and an increase from $7.1 million at June 30, 2023. For the three month periods ended June 30, 2024 and 2023, ratios of nonperforming assets to total assets have remained fairly consistent to the average ratios for the peer group. (See page 48 for a discussion of the peer group.) At March 31, 2024, the ratio of loans past due 90 or more days plus nonaccrual loans plus other real estate owned to total assets was 0.50% as compared to the 0.42% ratio of the peer group at such date (the latest date for which peer group information is available). At June 30, 2024 the ratio was 0.50%.

The following table presents the balance of other non-current loans at period-end as to which interest income was being accrued (i.e., loans 30 to 89 days past due, as defined in bank regulatory guidelines). These non-current loans are not included in nonperforming assets, but entail heightened risk:

Loans Past Due 30-89 Days and Accruing Interest ($ in 000's)
	6/30/2024		12/31/2023		6/30/2023
Commercial Loans	$	511	$	319	$	450
Commercial Real Estate Loans	489		636		—
Residential Real Estate Loans	3,327		4,245		1,972
Consumer Loans - Primarily Indirect Automobile	15,974		19,063		15,536
Total Loans Past Due 30-89 Days    and Accruing Interest	$	20,301	$	24,263	$	17,958

At June 30, 2024, the loans in the above-referenced category totaled $20.3 million, a decrease from the $24.3 million of such loans at December 31, 2023. The June 30, 2024 total of non-current loans equaled 0.61% of loans then outstanding, compared to 0.76% at December 31, 2023 and 0.58% at June 30, 2023.

The number and dollar amount of performing loans that demonstrate characteristics of potential weakness from time-to-time (potential problem loans) typically is a very small percentage of the loan portfolio. See the table of Credit Quality Indicators in Note 5 to the unaudited interim consolidated financial statements. Arrow considers all performing commercial and commercial real estate loans classified as substandard or lower (as reported in Note 5) to be potential problem loans. These loans will continue to be closely monitored and Arrow expects to collect all payments of contractual principal and interest in full on these classified loans.

As of June 30, 2024, Arrow held one other real estate owned property. At this time, Arrow does not expect to acquire a significant number of other real estate properties in the near term as a result of payment defaults or the foreclosure process.

CAPITAL RESOURCES

Regulatory Capital Standards

Capital Adequacy Requirements. An important area of banking regulation is the federal banking system's promulgation and enforcement of minimum capitalization standards for banks and bank holding companies.

In 2020, federal bank regulators introduced an optional simplified measure of capital adequacy for qualifying community banking organizations (the "CBLR Framework"). A qualifying community banking organization that opts into the CBLR Framework and meets all the requirements under the CBLR Framework will be considered to have met the well-capitalized ratio requirements under the “prompt corrective action” regulations and will not be required to report or calculate risk-based capital ratios. Arrow and both subsidiary banks have opted out of utilizing the CBLR framework. Therefore, the Capital Rules remain applicable to Arrow.

The following is a summary of certain definitions of capital under the various capital measures in the Capital Rules:

Common Equity Tier 1 Capital (CET1): Equals the sum of common stock instruments and related surplus (net of treasury stock), retained earnings, AOCI, and qualifying minority interests, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions. Such deductions will include AOCI, if the organization has exercised its irrevocable option not to include AOCI in capital (Arrow made such an election). Mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets, and investments in financial institutions are limited to 15% of CET1 in the aggregate and 10% of CET1 for each such item individually.

Additional Tier 1 Capital: Equals the sum of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock, tier 1 minority interests, grandfathered TRUPs, and Troubled Asset Relief Program instruments, minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.

66

Tier 2 Capital: Equals the sum of subordinated debt and preferred stock, total capital minority interests not included in Tier 1, and allowance for loan and lease losses (not exceeding 1.25% of risk-weighted assets) minus applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.

The following table presents the minimum regulatory capital ratios applicable to Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules:

Capital Ratio	2024
Minimum CET1 Ratio	4.500	%
Capital Conservation Buffer ("Buffer")	2.500	%
Minimum CET1 Ratio Plus Buffer	7.000	%
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio	6.000	%
Minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer	8.500	%
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio	8.000	%
Minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio Plus Buffer	10.500	%
Minimum Leverage Ratio	4.000	%

These minimum capital ratios, especially the minimum CET1 ratio (4.5%) and the enhanced minimum Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio (6.0%), represent a heightened and more restrictive capital regime than institutions like Arrow previously had to meet under the prior capital rules.

At June 30, 2024, Arrow's subsidiary banks exceeded by a substantial amount each of the applicable minimum capital ratios established under the Capital Rules, including the minimum CET1 Ratio, the minimum Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio, the minimum Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio, and the minimum Leverage Ratio, including in the case of each risk-based ratio, the capital buffer.

Prompt Corrective Action Capital Classifications. Under applicable banking law, federal banking regulators are required to take prompt corrective action with respect to depository institutions that do not meet certain minimum capital requirements.  For these purposes, the regulators have established five capital classifications for banking institutions, ranging from the highest category of "well-capitalized" to the lowest category of "critically under-capitalized". Under the current capital classifications, a banking institution is considered "well-capitalized" if it meets the following capitalization standards on the date of measurement: a CET1 risk-based capital ratio of 6.50% or greater, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 8.00% or greater, a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.00% or greater, and a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.00% or greater, provided the institution is not subject to any regulatory order or written directive regarding capital maintenance. Federal banking law also ties the ability of banking organizations to engage in certain types of activities and to utilize certain procedures to such organizations' continuing to qualify for inclusion in one of the two highest rankings of these capitalization categories, i.e., as "well-capitalized" or "adequately capitalized."

Current Capital Ratios: The table below sets forth the regulatory capital ratios of Arrow and its subsidiary banks under the current Capital Rules, as of June 30, 2024:

	Common Equity Tier 1 Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Risk-Based Capital Ratio		Total Risk-Based Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Leverage Ratio
Arrow Financial Corporation	12.88	%	13.53	%	14.57	%	9.74	%
Glens Falls National Bank & Trust Co.	13.13	%	13.14	%	14.12	%	8.79	%
Saratoga National Bank & Trust Co.	12.21	%	12.21	%	13.39	%	9.38	%
FDICIA's Prompt Corrective Action - "Well-Capitalized" Standard (2019)	6.50	%	8.00	%	10.00	%	5.00	%
Regulatory Minimum	7.00%(1)		8.50%(1)		10.50%(1)		4.00	%
(1) Including the fully phased-in 2.50% capital conservation buffer

At June 30, 2024, Arrow's subsidiary banks exceeded the minimum regulatory capital ratios established under the current Capital Rules and each also qualified as "well-capitalized", the highest category in the new capital classification scheme established by federal bank regulatory agencies under the "prompt corrective action" standards, as described above.

Capital Components; Stock Repurchases; Dividends

Stockholders' Equity: Stockholders’ equity was $383.0 million at June 30, 2024, an increase of $3.2 million, or 0.9%, from the December 31, 2023 level of $379.8 million.The increase in stockholders' equity over the first six months of 2024 principally reflected the following factors: the addition of (i) $16.3 million of net income for the period and (ii) other comprehensive gain $1.8 million and (iii) the issuance of $0.7 million of common stock through employee benefit and dividend reinvestment plans, reduced by (iv) cash dividends of $9.1 million and (v) repurchases of common stock of $6.5 million.

Trust Preferred Securities: In each of 2003 and 2004, Arrow issued $10 million of TRUPs in a private placement. Under the FRB's regulatory capital rules then in effect, TRUPs proceeds typically qualified as Tier 1 capital for bank holding companies such as Arrow,

67

but only in amounts up to 25% of Tier 1 capital, net of goodwill less any associated deferred tax liability. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, any trust preferred securities that Arrow might issue on or after the grandfathering date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would not qualify as Tier 1 capital under bank regulatory capital guidelines. For Arrow, TRUPs outstanding prior to the grandfathering cutoff date set forth in Dodd-Frank (May 19, 2010) would continue to qualify as Tier 1 capital until maturity or redemption, subject to limitations. Thus, Arrow's outstanding TRUPs continue to qualify as Tier 1 regulatory capital, subject to such limitations.

In the first quarter of 2020, Arrow entered into interest rate swap agreements to synthetically fix the variable rate interest payments associated with $20 million in outstanding subordinated trust securities. The effective fixed rate is 3.43% until maturity. These agreements are designated as cash flow hedges.

Stock Repurchase Program: On October 25, 2023, the Board expanded its existing stock repurchase program (the "2022 Repurchase Program") by $5 million, bringing the total availability under the repurchase program to $9.1 million, and removed the expiration date previously incorporated into the 2022 Repurchase Program. The 2022 Repurchase Program allowed Arrow to repurchase shares of its common stock in open-market or negotiated transactions. Arrow resumed repurchasing its shares in the fourth quarter of 2023. In the first half of 2024, Arrow repurchased approximately $6.4 million (263,000 shares of its common stock) under the 2022 Repurchase Program and fully utilized the $9.1 million authorized program amount.

On April 24, 2024, the Board approved a new stock repurchase program (the "2024 Repurchase Program"), under which the Board authorized management, in its discretion, to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, up to $5 million of Arrow common stock.

From time to time, Arrow may establish a written trading plan in accordance with Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, pursuant to which it may repurchase shares of its common stock. Additional repurchases may be made by Arrow, at times and in amounts as it deems appropriate, and may be made through open market transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, subject to market conditions, applicable legal requirements, and other factors.

In addition, $2.6 million of Arrow's common stock was purchased during the six months ended June 30, 2024 other than through its repurchase program, i.e., through purchases in the open market under the ESOP and the surrender or deemed surrender of Arrow common stock to Arrow in connection with employees' stock-for-stock exercises of compensatory stock options to buy Arrow common stock].

Dividends: Arrow's common stock is traded on NasdaqGS® under the symbol AROW. The high and low stock prices for the past six quarters listed below represent actual sales transactions, as reported by NASDAQ. Per share amounts and share counts in the following tables have been restated for the September 26, 2023 3% stock dividend.

					Cash
	Market Price				Dividends
	Low		High		Declared
2023
First Quarter	$	23.57	$	33.49	$	0.262
Second Quarter	17.12		24.19		0.262
Third Quarter	16.38		21.60		0.262
Fourth Quarter	16.70		29.66		0.270
2024
First Quarter	$	23.11	$	28.62	$	0.270
Second Quarter	21.50		26.14		0.270
Third Quarter (dividend payable August 23, 2024)	TBD		TBD		0.270

	Quarter Ended June 30
	2024			2023
Cash Dividends Per Share	$	0.270		$	0.262
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.52			0.35
Dividend Payout Ratio	51.92		%	74.86		%
Total Equity (in thousands)	383,018			$	361,443
Shares Issued and Outstanding (in thousands)	16,723			17,050
Book Value Per Share	$	22.90		$	21.20
Intangible Assets (in thousands)	22,800			23,175
Tangible Book Value Per Share	$	21.54		$	19.84

LIQUIDITY

The objective of effective liquidity management is to ensure that Arrow has the ability to raise cash when needed at a reasonable cost.  This includes the capability of meeting expected and unexpected obligations to Arrow's customers at any time. Given the uncertain nature of customer demands and the need to maximize earnings, Arrow must have available reasonably priced sources of funds, both on- and off-balance sheet, that can be accessed quickly in times of need. Arrow’s liquidity position should provide the Company with the necessary flexibility to address any unexpected near-term disruptions such as reduced cash flows from the investment and loan portfolio, unexpected deposit runoff, or increased loan originations.

68

Arrow's primary sources of available liquidity are overnight investments in federal funds sold, interest-bearing bank balances at the FRBNY, and cash flow from investment securities and loans.  Certain investment securities are categorized as available-for-sale at time of purchase based on their marketability and collateral value, as well as their yield and maturity. The securities available-for-sale portfolio was $450.8 million at June 30, 2024, a decrease of $47.0 million, from the year-end 2023 level. Due to the potential for volatility in market values, Arrow may not always be able to sell securities on short notice at their carrying value, even to provide needed liquidity. Arrow also held interest-bearing cash balances at June 30, 2024 of $169.8 million compared to $105.8 million at December 31, 2023.

In addition to liquidity from cash, short-term investments, investment securities and loans, Arrow has supplemented available operating liquidity with additional off-balance sheet sources such as a federal funds lines of credit with correspondent banks and credit lines with the FHLBNY. The federal funds lines of credit are with two correspondent banks totaling $28 million which were not drawn on during the three months ended June 30, 2024.

To support the borrowing relationship with the FHLBNY, Arrow has pledged collateral, including residential mortgage, home equity and commercial real estate loans. At June 30, 2024, Arrow had outstanding collateralized obligations with the FHLBNY of $7 million; as of that date, the unused borrowing capacity at the FHLBNY was approximately $535 million. Brokered deposits have also been identified as an available source of funding accessible in a relatively short time period. At June 30, 2024, there were $175 million in brokered CD deposits. In addition, Arrow's two bank subsidiaries have each established a borrowing facility with the FRBNY, pledging certain consumer loans as collateral for potential "discount window" advances, which are maintained for contingency liquidity purposes. At June 30, 2024, the amount available under this facility was approximately $770 million in the aggregate, and there were no advances then outstanding.

Arrow performs regular liquidity stress tests and tests of the contingent liquidity plan to ensure that an adequate amount of available funds can be generated to meet a wide variety of potential liquidity events. Additionally, Arrow continually monitors levels and composition of uninsured deposits.

Arrow measures and monitors basic liquidity as a ratio of liquid assets to total short-term liabilities, both with and without the availability of borrowing arrangements. Based on the level of overnight investments, available liquidity from the investment securities portfolio, cash flows from the loan portfolio, the stable core deposit base and the significant borrowing capacity, Arrow believes that the available liquidity is sufficient to meet all reasonably likely events or occurrences. At June 30, 2024, Arrow's primary liquidity ratio was approximately 8.4% of total assets, well in excess of the internal policy limit of 5%. Total primary liquidity was approximately $356 million, comprised of $200.2 million of unencumbered cash and $155.9 million in unencumbered securities.

Arrow did not experience any liquidity constraints in the six month period ended June 30, 2024, in 2023 or in any recent prior period. Arrow has not at any time during such periods been forced to pay above-market rates to obtain retail deposits or other funds from any source.

69

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Three Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared With

Three Months Ended June 30, 2023

Summary of Earnings Performance

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Net Income	$	8,604		$	6,047		$	2,557		42.3	%
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.52			0.35			0.17			48.6	%
Return on Average Assets	0.82		%	0.59		%	0.23		%	39.0	%
Return on Average Equity	9.15		%	6.64		%	2.51		%	37.8	%

Net income was $8.6 million and diluted EPS of $0.52 for the second quarter of 2024, compared to net income of $6.0 million and diluted EPS of $0.35 for the second quarter of 2023. Return on average assets for the second quarter of 2024 was 0.82%, an increase from 0.59% in the second quarter of 2023. In addition, return on average equity increased to 9.15% for the second quarter of 2024, from 6.64% in the second quarter of 2023.

The following narrative discusses the quarter-to-quarter changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:

Net Interest Income

Summary of Net Interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Interest and Dividend Income	$	47,972		$	40,013		$	7,959		19.9	%
Interest Expense	20,820			14,241			6,579			46.2	%
Net Interest Income	27,152			25,772			1,380			5.4	%
Average Earning Assets(1)	4,083,813			3,953,642			130,171			3.3	%
Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities	3,127,417			2,924,743			202,674			6.9	%
Yield on Earning Assets(1)	4.72		%	4.06		%	0.66		%	16.3	%
Cost of Interest-Bearing Liabilities	2.68			1.95			0.73			37.4	%
Net Interest Spread	2.04			2.11			(0.07)			(3.3)	%
Net Interest Margin	2.67			2.61			0.06			2.3	%
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Net interest income for the recently completed quarter increased by $1.4 million, or 5.4%, from the second quarter of 2023. Interest and fees on loans were $42.1 million for the second quarter of 2024, an increase from $34.6 million for the quarter ending June 30, 2023, primarily due to loan growth and higher loan rates. Interest expense for the second quarter of 2024 was $20.8 million, an increase of $6.6 million versus the comparable quarter ending June 30, 2023, primarily due to higher deposit rates and changes in deposit composition. Net interest margin increased 6 basis points in the second quarter of 2024 to 2.67%, from 2.61% during the second quarter of 2023. Average earning asset yields were 66 basis points higher as compared to the second quarter of 2023. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 73 basis points from the quarter ended June 30, 2023. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis" on page 54 The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 63 and "Loan Trends" on page 61.

As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 65, the provision for loan losses for the second quarter of 2024 was $775 thousand, compared to a provision of $948 thousand for the second quarter of 2023.

70

Non-interest Income

Summary of Non-interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		Change		% Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities	$	2,451	$	2,428	$	23	0.9	%
Fees for Other Services to Customers	2,706		2,717		(11)		(0.4)	%
Insurance Commissions	1,662		1,560		102		6.5	%
Net Gain on Securities	54		(181)		235		(129.8)	%
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	5		—		5		—	%
Other Operating Income	978		382		596		156.0	%
Total Non-interest Income	$	7,856	$	6,906	$	950	13.8	%

Total non-interest income in the current quarter was $7.9 million, an increase of $1.0 million from the comparable quarter of 2023. Income from fiduciary activities for the second quarter of 2024 remained consistent with the second quarter of 2023. Assets under trust administration and investment management at June 30, 2024 were $1.85 billion, an increase from $1.71 billion at June 30, 2023.

Fees for other services to customers were $2.7 million for the second quarter of 2024 consistent with the second quarter of 2023.

Insurance commissions were $1.7 million for the second quarter of 2024, an increase of $102 thousand or 6.5%, as compared to the second quarter of 2023.

Net gain on securities of $54 thousand for the second quarter of 2024 was the result of an increase in the fair value of equity securities from December 31, 2023. Other operating income increased from the comparable prior-year quarter primarily driven by the gains on the sale of assets.

Non-interest Expense

Summary of Non-interest Expense

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits	$	13,036		$	12,039		$	997		8.3	%
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net	1,774			1,583			191			12.1	%
Technology and Equipment Expense	4,734			4,362			372			8.5	%
FDIC and FICO Assessments	698			484			214			44.2	%
Amortization	40			44			(4)			(9.1)	%
Other Operating Expense	3,036			5,571			(2,535)			(45.5)	%
Total Non-interest Expense	$	23,318		$	24,083		$	(765)		(3.2)	%
Efficiency Ratio	66.29		%	72.72		%	(6.4)		%	(8.8)	%

Non-interest expense for the second quarter of 2024 was $23.3 million, a decrease of $0.8 million, or 3.2%, from the second quarter of 2023. Salaries and benefit expenses increased $997 thousand, or 8.3%, from the comparable quarter in 2023 primarily driven by the overall growth in organization and inflation driven wage increases. Technology expenses in the second quarter increased $372 thousand, or 8.5%, from the second quarter of 2023. In the second quarter of 2024, FDIC assessments increased $214 thousand from the second quarter of 2023, primarily the result of increase in the balance sheet. Other operating expense decreased from the prior year, primarily due to the resolution of the prior year's filing delays and related matters.

Income Taxes

Summary of Income Taxes

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Three Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Provision for Income Taxes	$	2,311		$	1,600		$	711		44.4	%
Effective Tax Rate	21.2		%	20.9		%	0.3		%	1.4	%

The increase in the effective tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2024 compared to the three months ended June 30, 2023 was primarily due to fluctuations in benefits related to tax exempt income.

71

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Six Months Ended June 30, 2024 Compared With

Six Months Ended June 30, 2023

Summary of Earnings Performance

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Net Income	$	16,264		$	14,609		$	1,655		11.3	%
Diluted Earnings Per Share	0.97			0.85			0.12			14.1
Return on Average Assets	0.77		%	0.73		%	0.04		%	5.5
Return on Average Equity	8.63		%	8.13		%	0.50		%	6.2

Net income was $16.3 million and diluted EPS was $0.97 for the first six months of 2024, compared to net income of $14.6 million and diluted EPS of $0.85 for the first six months of 2023. ROA for the first six months of 2024 was 0.77%, an increase from 0.73% for the first six months of 2023. In addition, ROE increased to 8.63% for the first six months of 2024 from 8.13% for the first six months of 2023.

The following narrative discusses the period-to-period changes in net interest income, non-interest income, non-interest expense and income taxes:

Net Interest Income

Summary of Net Interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Interest and Dividend Income	$	94,649		$	76,123		$	18,526		24.3	%
Interest Expense	41,042			22,257			18,785			84.4	%
Net Interest Income	53,607			53,866			(259)			(0.5)	%
Average Earning Assets (1)	4,084,606			3,900,032			184,574			4.7	%
Average Interest-Bearing Liabilities	3,117,753			2,853,914			263,839			9.2	%
Yield on Earning Assets (1)	4.66		%	3.94		%	0.72		%	18.3	%
Cost of Interest-Bearing Liabilities	2.65			1.57			1.08			68.8	%
Net Interest Spread	2.01			2.37			(0.36)			(15.2)	%
Net Interest Margin	2.64			2.79			(0.15)			(5.4)	%
(1) Includes Nonaccrual Loans.

Net interest income for the first six months of 2024 decreased $0.3 million, or 0.5%, as compared to the first six months of 2023. Total loans at June 30, 2024 increased $245.6 million from June 30, 2023. Investments decreased $137.6 million from June 30, 2023. At June 30, 2024, deposit balances were $3.7 billion. The decline of deposits from June 30, 2023 to June 30, 2024 was $181.4 million, or 5.2%. Net interest margin for the first six months of 2024 decreased 15 basis points to 2.64%, from 2.79% for the first six months of 2023. Average earning asset yields were 72 basis points higher as compared to the first six months of 2023, primarily due to higher market rates. The cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 108 basis points from the first six months of 2023. Arrow defines net interest margin as net interest income divided by average earning assets, annualized. Further detailed information is presented above under the section entitled "Average Consolidated Balance Sheets and Net Interest Income Analysis." The impact of recent interest rate changes on Arrow's deposit and loan portfolios are discussed above in this Report under the sections entitled "Deposit Trends" on page 63 and "Loan Trends" on page 61.

As discussed previously under the heading "Asset Quality" beginning on page 65, the provision for loan losses for the first six months of 2024 was $1.4 million, compared to $2.5 million for the first six months of 2023.

72

Non-interest Income

Summary of Non-interest Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024		June 30, 2023		Change		% Change
Income From Fiduciary Activities	4,908		4,703		$	205	4.4	%
Fees for Other Services to Customers	5,249		5,312		(63)		(1.2)
Insurance Commissions	3,344		3,080		264		8.6
Net Gain (Loss) on Securities	71		(285)		356		(124.9)
Net Gain on the Sale of Loans	9		4		5		125.0
Other Operating Income	2,133		769		1,364		177.4
Total Non-interest Income	$	15,714	$	13,583	$	2,131	15.7	%

Total non-interest income for the first six months of 2024 was $15.7 million, an increase of $2.1 million from the first six months of 2023. Income from fiduciary activities for the first six months of 2024 increased by 4.4% from the first six months of 2023, primarily due to market performance. For the first six months of 2024, Arrow has been able to maintain a stable customer base.

Fees for other services to customers were $5.2 million for the first six months of 2024 relatively consistent with the prior year comparative period.

Insurance commissions were $3.3 million for the first six months of 2024, an increase of $264 thousand or 8.6%, from the first six months of 2023.

Net loss on security transactions of $71 thousand for the first six months of 2024 was the result of the increase in the fair value of equity securities.

Other operating income increased $1.4 million from the comparable period in 2023, due to gains on other assets as well as the gain on the sale of assets received in 2024.

Noninterest Expense

Summary of Noninterest Expense

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Salaries and Employee Benefits	$	25,929		$	23,986		$	1,943		8.1	%
Occupancy Expense of Premises, Net	3,545			3,211			334			10.4
Technology and Equipment Expense	9,554			8,779			775			8.8
FDIC and FICO Assessments	1,413			963			450			46.7
Amortization	80			89			(9)			(10.1)
Other Operating Expense	6,809			9,351			(2,542)			(27.2)
Total Noninterest Expense	$	47,330		$	46,379		$	951		2.1
Efficiency Ratio	67.90		%	67.94		%	(0.04)		%	(0.1)	%

Noninterest expense for the first six months of 2024 was $47.3 million, an increase of $1.0 million, or 2.1%, from the first six months of 2023. Salaries and benefit expenses increased $1.9 million, or 8.1%, from the comparable period in 2023 primarily driven by the overall growth in organization and inflation driven wage increases. Technology expenses increased $775 thousand, or 8.8%, from the first six months of 2023. Other non-interest expense decreased $2.5 million for the first six months of 2024, as compared to the first six months of 2023. Other operating expense decreased from the prior year as previous filing delays and related matters are resolved.

Income Taxes

Summary of Income Taxes

(Dollars in Thousands)

	Six Months Ended
	June 30, 2024			June 30, 2023			Change			% Change
Provision for Income Taxes	$	4,335		$	3,959		$	376		9.5	%
Effective Tax Rate	21.0		%	21.3		%	(0.3)		%	(1.4)	%

73

Item 3.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In addition to credit risk in the loan portfolio and liquidity risk, discussed earlier, Arrow's business activities also generate market risk.  Market risk is the possibility that changes in future market rates (interest rates) or prices (market value of financial instruments) will make Arrow's position (i.e., assets and operations) less valuable.  Arrow's primary market risk is interest rate volatility. The ongoing monitoring and management of interest rate risk is an important component of the asset/liability management process, which is governed by policies that are reviewed and approved annually by the Board of Directors.  The Board of Directors delegates responsibility for carrying out asset/liability oversight and control to management's Asset/Liability Committee (ALCO).  In this capacity ALCO develops guidelines and strategies impacting the asset/liability profile based upon estimated market risk sensitivity, policy limits and overall market interest rate levels and trends.  

Changes in market interest rates, whether increases or decreases, can trigger repricing and changes in the pace of payments for both assets and liabilities (prepayment risk). This may individually or in combination affect net interest income, net interest margin, and ultimately net income, either positively or negatively. ALCO utilizes the results of a detailed and dynamic simulation model to quantify this interest rate risk by projecting net interest income in various interest rate scenarios.  

Arrow's standard simulation model applies a parallel shift in interest rates, ramped over a 12-month period, to capture the impact of changing interest rates on net interest income.  The results are compared to ALCO policy limits which specify a maximum tolerance level for net interest income exposure over a one-year horizon, assuming no balance sheet growth and a 100 and 200 basis point downward and a 200 basis point upward shift in interest rates. Additional tools to monitor potential longer-term interest rate risk, including periodic stress testing involving hypothetical sudden and significant interest rate spikes, are also evaluated.

The following table summarizes the percentage change in net interest income as compared to the base scenario, which assumes no change in market interest rates as generated from the standard simulation model. The results are presented for each of the first two years of the simulation period for the 100 and 200 basis point decreases in interest rate scenario and the 200 basis point increase in interest rate scenario. These results are well within the ALCO policy limits.

As of June 30, 2024:

Change in Interest Rate	Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 1	Calculated change in Net Interest Income - Year 2
- 200 basis points	2.3%	10.3%
- 100 basis points	1.3%	13.6%
+200 basis points	(3.9)%	15.6%

The balance sheet shows an inverse relationship between changes in prevailing rates and Arrow's net interest income in the near term, suggesting that liabilities and sources of funds generally reprice more quickly than earning assets. However, when net interest income is simulated over a longer time frame, the balance sheet shows a relatively neutral profile with long-term asset sensitivity, as asset yields continue to reprice while the cost of funding reaches assumed ceilings or floors.

The hypothetical estimates underlying the sensitivity analysis are based upon numerous assumptions, including: the nature and timing of changes in interest rates including yield curve shape, prepayments on loans and securities, deposit decay rates, pricing decisions on loans and deposits, reinvestment/replacement of asset and liability cash flows, and others. While assumptions are developed based upon current economic and local market conditions, Arrow cannot make any assurance as to the predictive nature of these assumptions including how customer preferences or competitor influences might change.

Also, as market conditions vary from those assumed in the sensitivity analysis, actual results will differ due to: prepayment/refinancing levels likely deviating from those assumed, the varying impact of interest rate changes on caps or floors on adjustable rate assets, the potential effect of changing debt service levels on customers with adjustable rate loans, depositor early withdrawals and product preference changes, unanticipated shifts in the yield curve and other internal/external variables. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis does not reflect actions that ALCO might take in responding to or anticipating changes in interest rates.

Item 4.

CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Management, under the supervision and with the participation of the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") (who is our principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer ("CFO") (who is our principal financial officer), evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), as of June 30, 2024. The term "disclosure controls and procedures" means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that:

•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms; and

•information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including the principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons and committees performing similar functions, such as the Audit Committee, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

74

Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the following unremediated material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting, previously disclosed on the 2023 Form 10-K:

•We did not maintain effective monitoring controls related to 1) Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting, 2) the completeness and accuracy of information presented to the Audit Committee by Internal Audit, and 3) the related Audit Committee oversight over Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting.

•With regard to the conversion of our core banking information technology system, we did not effectively perform risk assessment procedures to identify the impact of the conversion on our internal control over financial reporting.

The material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements or previously released financial results. For additional information please refer to Part II - Item 9A. of the 2023 Form 10-K.

Prior to filing this Report, we performed relevant and responsive substantive procedures as of June 30, 2024, in order to complete our financial statements and related disclosures. Based on these procedures, management believes that our consolidated financial statements included in this Report have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. Our CEO and CFO have certified that, based on their knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this Report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows of the Company as of the dates, and for the periods presented in this Report.

Remediation Efforts to Address the Material Weaknesses

The aforementioned material weaknesses were previously disclosed in the 2023 and 2022 Forms 10-K. While the Company has improved its organizational capabilities and implemented necessary remediation measures, the remediation steps taken were not in place for a sufficient amount of time for the material weaknesses to be considered remediated as of June 30, 2024. Accordingly, the Company will continue to monitor its remediation measures in the remaining quarters of 2024 in order to confirm effective remediation of the identified material weaknesses.

During the year ended December 31, 2023 and through the six months ended June 30, 2024, management initiated and/or completed the following remedial actions:

•The Company evaluated the assignment of responsibilities of internal and external resources associated with the performance of internal controls over financial reporting and hired additional resources, contracted external resources, and/or provided additional training to existing resources as appropriate. In addition, we have initiated a process to identify and maintain the information required to support the functioning of internal control.

•Audit Committee and management implemented the following actions to improve the monitoring activities related to Audit Committee oversight over Internal Audit’s testing of management’s internal control over financial reporting:

◦Increased the frequency and depth of reporting to the Audit Committee through the creation of a sub-committee of Audit Committee members that meet in the months in which the full Audit Committee does not have scheduled meetings or as needed.

◦Instituted more frequent Audit Committee meetings to facilitate timely review of matters related to the results of the Company’s monitoring program and Internal Audit’s progress against their plan as well as status of control testing results.

◦Developed a comprehensive internal audit strategy and program to test management’s controls over financial reporting.

◦Developed a robust reporting mechanism to ensure the completeness, accuracy and improved effectiveness of information which is presented on a timely basis to the Audit Committee to help fulfill the Audit Committee's oversight responsibilities.

◦Utilized monthly dashboards to report status and results of internal audits as well as operations of internal controls over financial reporting.

◦Engaged a professional services firm to review the Company’s control program required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, and assist management with its overall Company-wide processes and with selecting and developing control activities designed to mitigate risks and support achievement of control objectives.

•Performed a thorough risk assessment to identify the impact of the core banking system conversion on our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, the company identified the need for additional controls to mitigate risks and support the achievement of control objectives. These controls are being implemented as part of the ongoing, overall remediation efforts.

The actions that we are taking are subject to ongoing management review and Audit Committee oversight to ensure they remain in place and continue to operate in order to be deemed effective.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except for the remediation measures in connection with the material weaknesses described above, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during the quarter ended June 30, 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

75

PART II - OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.

Legal Proceedings

Except as noted below, Arrow, including its subsidiary banks, is not currently the subject of any material pending legal proceedings, other than ordinary routine litigation occurring in the normal course of their business. On an ongoing basis, Arrow is often the subject of, or a party to, various legal claims by other parties against Arrow, by Arrow against other parties, or involving Arrow, which arise in the normal course of business. Except as noted below, the various pending legal claims against Arrow will not, in the opinion of management based upon consultation with counsel, result in any material liability. Legal expenses incurred in connection with loss contingencies are expensed as incurred.

As previously disclosed in certain of the Company’s filings with the SEC, on June 23, 2023, Robert C. Ashe filed a putative class action complaint (the "Ashe Lawsuit") against the Company in the United States District Court for the Northern District of New York. In addition to the Company, the complaint names as defendants Thomas J. Murphy, the Company’s former CEO and from September 30, 2022 to February 20, 2023, its interim CFO, Edward J. Campanella, the Company’s former CFO, and Penko Ivanov, the Company’s current CFO (“Individual Defendants” and, together with the Company, the "Defendants"). The complaint alleges that the Defendants made materially false and misleading statements regarding the Company’s business, operations and compliance policies in the Company’s public filings between March 12, 2022 and May 12, 2023. The complaint further alleges that the Individual Defendants are liable for these materially false and misleading statements as "controlling persons" of the Company. Based on these allegations, the complaint brings two claims for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 promulgated thereunder and of Section 20(a) of the Exchange Act. Mr. Ashe, on behalf of a purported class of shareholders, seeks compensatory damages as well as recovery of the costs and fees associated with the litigation. On December 5, 2023, plaintiff Ashe filed an amended complaint that changed the putative class period to the period from August 5, 2022 through May 12, 2023, but challenged substantially the same statements on the same basis. On February 9, 2024, the Company moved to dismiss the action in its entirety. On April 22, 2024, the parties reached an agreement in principle to settle the matter, subject to final documentation and court approval. Management believes that the terms of the proposed settlement will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial results. In the event that the parties are not able to finalize a settlement, the Company intends to continue to vigorously defend against the claims asserted in the Ashe Lawsuit.

On December 12, 2023 the Company become aware that Stephen Bull filed a complaint (the "Shareholder Derivative Complaint") on behalf of Arrow against the three individual defendants in the Ashe Lawsuit as well as against all members of Arrow’s board of directors during the class period in Ashe. The Company is named solely as a nominal defendant in the action and would be the beneficiary of any recovery. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint alleges breaches of fiduciary duty (i) by the Ashe individual defendants based on substantially the same allegedly misleading statements pleaded in the Ashe complaint; and (ii) the director defendants by failing adequately to oversee the individual defendants and maintain internal and disclosure controls. Plaintiffs seek (i) unspecified damages (which would be payable to the Company) for costs incurred as a result of the alleged misstatements, including costs of investigation, remediation, and litigation, (ii) repayment of the director defendants’ compensation on an unjust enrichment theory, and (iii) an order directing the Company to take all necessary actions to reform and improve its corporate governance, and (iv) the recovery of costs and fees associated with the litigation. The Shareholder Derivative Complaint also asserts various federal securities claims based on the same alleged misrepresentations as set forth in the Ashe Lawsuit. The Company is in active settlement negotiations in this matter and expects to reach a resolution in the not too distant future. Management believes that any settlement to be reached will not have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial results. In the event that the parties are not able to reach a settlement, the Company intends to continue to vigorously defend itself against the Shareholder Derivative Complaint.

Item 1.A.

Risk Factors

The Risk Factors identified in the 2023 Form 10-K continue to represent the most significant risks to Arrow's future results of operations and financial conditions, without further modification or amendment.

Item 2.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table presents information about purchases of common stock (our only class of equity securities registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act) by Arrow during the three months ended June 30, 2024. In October 2023, the Board of Directors expanded the 2022 Repurchase Program by $5 million, bringing the total availability under the repurchase program to $9.1 million, and removed the expiration date previously incorporated into the existing repurchase program. In the first quarter of 2024, Arrow repurchased approximately $6.0 million (244,000 shares of its common stock) under the 2022 Repurchase Program and additional purchases in April 2024 fully utilized the $9.1 million authorized program amount.

On April 24, 2024, the Board approved the 2024 Repurchase Program, under which the Board authorized management, in its discretion to repurchase from time to time, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, up to $5 million of Arrow common stock.

76

Second Quarter 2024 Calendar Month	(A) Total Number of Shares Purchased 1	(B) Average Price Paid Per Share 1		(C) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs 2	(D) Maximum Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs 3
April	18,924	$	24.22	18,924	$	5,000,000
May	42,244	24.80		—	5,000,000
June	63,105	24.85		—	5,000,000
Total	124,273	24.74		18,924

1 The total number of shares purchased and the average price paid per share listed in columns (A) and (B) consist of (i) any shares purchased in such periods in the open market under the ESOP on behalf of the participants under the ESOP by the administrator of the ESOP and (ii) shares repurchased by Arrow pursuant to the Company's 2022 Repurchase Program. In the months indicated, the listed number of shares purchased included the following number of shares purchased by Arrow and the ESOP through such methods: April - repurchased under the 2022 Repurchase Program (18,924 shares); May - purchased by the ESOP (42,244 shares); and June - purchased by the ESOP (63,105 shares.)

2 Includes only those shares acquired by Arrow pursuant to the 2022 Repurchase Program. No shares were acquired under the 2024 Repurchase Program in April, May or June.

3 Reflects the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the 2024 Repurchase Program, as the purchases in April under the 2022 Repurchase Program fully utilized the $9.1 million authorized program amount of the 2022 Repurchase Program.

Item 3.

Defaults Upon Senior Securities - None

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures - None

Item 5.

Other Information

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Arrangements

On May 13, 2024, Arrow Director Raymond F. O'Conor adopted a Rule 10b5-1 Sales Plan to sell up to 2,000 shares per month starting on August 15, 2024 and ending on May 31, 2025. The maximum number of shares that may be sold during the term of the plan is 20,000.

77

Item 6.

Exhibits

Exhibit Number	Exhibit
3.(i)	Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant as Amended through June 3, 2019, incorporated by reference from the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K filed June 5, 2019, Exhibit 3.1
3.(ii)	By-laws of the Registrant, as amended, incorporated herein by reference from the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed on February 1, 2024, Exhibit 3.1

The following exhibits are submitted herewith:

    

Exhibit Number	Exhibit
10.1*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement Form 2024 (Single Trigger At Will Employees)
10.2*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement Form 2024 (Double Trigger Contracted Employees)
10.3*	Restricted Stock Award Agreement Form 2024 (Non-Employee Directors)
31.1	Certification of Chief Executive Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
31.2	Certification of Chief Financial Officer under SEC Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a)
32	Certification of Chief Executive Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 and Certification of Chief Financial Officer under 18 U.S.C. Section 1350
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
	* Management contracts or compensation plans required to be filed as an exhibit.

78

SIGNATURES

    Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

ARROW FINANCIAL CORPORATION

Registrant

August 8, 2024	/s/ David S. DeMarco
Date	David S. DeMarco
	President and Chief Executive Officer
	(Principal Executive Officer)
August 8, 2024	/s/ Penko Ivanov
Date	Penko Ivanov
	Chief Financial Officer
	(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

79