Stock-Based Awards

As of December 27, 2015, the Company was authorized to grant stock-based compensation under its 2010 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2010 Incentive Plan”), which became effective April 27, 2010 and was amended and restated effective April 30, 2014. The 2010 Incentive Plan replaced the 1991 Executive Stock Incentive Plan (the “1991 Incentive Plan”). In addition, through April 30, 2014, the Company maintained its 2004 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Incentive Plan (the “2004 Directors’ Plan”).

In 2013, the Company redesigned its long-term incentive compensation program, eliminating annual grants of time-based stock options and restricted stock units and long-term performance awards payable solely in cash for executives. In their place, executives have the opportunity to earn cash and shares of Class A Common Stock at the end of three-year performance cycles based in part on the achievement of financial goals tied to a financial metric and in part on stock price performance relative to companies in the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index, with the majority of the target award to be settled in the Company’s Class A Common Stock.

We recognize stock-based compensation expense for these stock-settled long-term performance awards, as well as stock-settled restricted stock units, stock options and stock appreciation rights (together, “Stock-Based Awards”). Stock-based compensation expense was $10.6 million in 2015, $8.9 million in 2014 and $8.8 million in 2013.

Stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the period from the date of grant to the date when the award is no longer contingent on the employee providing additional service. Awards under the 1991 Incentive Plan and 2010 Incentive Plan generally vest over a stated vesting period or, with respect to awards granted prior to December 28, 2014, upon the retirement of an employee or director, as the case may be.

Prior to 2012, under our 2004 Directors’ Plan, each non-employee director of the Company received annual grants of non-qualified stock options with 10-year terms to purchase 4,000 shares of Class A Common Stock from the Company at the average market price of such shares on the date of grants. These grants were replaced with annual grants of cash-settled phantom stock units in 2012, and, accordingly, no grants of stock options have since been made under this plan. Under its terms, the 2004 Directors’ Plan terminated as of April 30, 2014.

In 2015, the annual grants of phantom stock units were replaced with annual grants of restricted stock units, granted under the 2010 Incentive Plan. Restricted stock units are awarded on the date of the annual meeting of stockholders and vest on the date of the subsequent year’s annual meeting, with the shares delivered upon a director’s cessation of membership on the Board of Directors. Each non-employee director is credited with additional restricted stock units with a value equal to the amount of all dividends paid on the Company’s Class A Common Stock.

Our pool of excess tax benefits (“APIC Pool”) available to absorb tax deficiencies was approximately $25 million as of December 27, 2015.

Stock Options

The 1991 Incentive Plan provided, and the 2010 Incentive Plan provides for grants of both incentive and non-qualified stock options at an exercise price equal to the fair market value (as defined in each plan, respectively) of our Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. Stock options have generally been granted with a 3-year vesting period and a 10-year term and vest in equal annual installments. Due to a change in the Company’s long-term incentive compensation, no grants of stock options were made in 2015, 2014 or 2013.

The 2004 Directors’ Plan provided for grants of stock options to non-employee directors at an exercise price equal to the fair market value (as defined in the 2004 Directors’ Plan) of our Class A Common Stock on the date of grant. Prior to 2012, stock options were granted with a 1-year vesting period and a 10-year term. No grants of stock options were made in 2015, 2014 or 2013. Our Company’s directors are considered employees for purposes of stock-based compensation.

Changes in our Company’s stock options in 2015 were as follows:



	December 27, 2015
(Shares in thousands)	Options		Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value $(000s)
Options outstanding at beginning of year	8,170		$	18	3	$	16,234
Granted	—		—
Exercised	(341	)	6
Forfeited/Expired	(1,439	)	27
Options outstanding at end of period	6,390		$	16	3	$	13,938
Options expected to vest at end of period	6,390		$	16	3	$	13,938
Options exercisable at end of period	6,390		$	16	3	$	13,938

The total intrinsic value for stock options exercised was $2.7 million in 2015, $1.5 million in 2014 and $5.3 million in 2013.

The fair value of the stock options granted was estimated on the date of grant using a Black-Scholes valuation model that uses the following assumptions. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. The expected life (estimated period of time outstanding) of stock options granted was determined using the average of the vesting period and term. Expected volatility was based on historical volatility for a period equal to the stock option’s expected life, ending on the date of grant, and calculated on a monthly basis. Dividend yield was based on expected Company dividends, if applicable on the date of grant. The fair value for stock options granted with different vesting periods and on different dates is calculated separately. There were no stock option grants in 2015, 2014 or 2013.

Restricted Stock Units

The 1991 Incentive Plan provided, and the 2010 Incentive Plan provides for grants of other stock-based awards, including restricted stock units.

Outstanding stock-settled restricted stock units have been granted with a stated vesting period up to 5 years. Each restricted stock unit represents our obligation to deliver to the holder one share of Class A Common Stock upon vesting. The fair value of stock-settled restricted stock units is the average market price on the grant date. Changes in our Company’s stock-settled restricted stock units in 2015 were as follows:



	December 27, 2015
(Shares in thousands)	Restricted Stock Units		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested stock-settled restricted stock units at beginning of period	1,059		$	10
Granted	574		14
Vested	(386	)	8
Forfeited	(88	)	13
Unvested stock-settled restricted stock units at end of period	1,159		$	13
Unvested stock-settled restricted stock units expected to vest at end of period	1,064		$	13

The intrinsic value of stock-settled restricted stock units vested was $5.5 million in 2015, $5.8 million in 2014 and $1.9 million in 2013.

Long-Term Incentive Compensation

The 1991 Incentive Plan provided, and the 2010 Incentive Plan provides, for grants of cash and stock-settled awards to key executives payable at the end of a multi-year performance period.

Cash-settled awards have been granted with three-year performance periods and are based on the achievement of specified financial performance measures. Cash-settled awards have been classified as a liability because we incurred a liability payable in cash. There were payments of approximately $3 million in 2015, $1 million in 2014 and $9 million in 2013.

Stock-settled awards have been granted with three-year performance periods and are based on relative Total Shareholder Return (“TSR”), which is calculated at stock appreciation plus deemed reinvested dividends and another performance measure. Stock-settled awards are payable in Class A Common Stock and are classified within equity. The fair value of TSR awards is determined at the date of grant using a market calculation simulation. The fair value of awards under the other performance measure is determined by the average market price on the grant date.

Compensation expense for TSR-based awards is recognized based on the fair value on grant date. Compensation expense for the other performance measure is based on the expected number of shares or cash to be delivered as of each reporting date.

Unrecognized Compensation Expense

As of December 27, 2015, unrecognized compensation expense related to the unvested portion of our Stock-Based Awards was approximately $15.7 million and is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.58 years.

Reserved Shares

We generally issue shares for the exercise of stock options and stock-settled restricted stock units from unissued reserved shares.

Shares of Class A Common Stock reserved for issuance were as follows:



(Shares in thousands)	December 27, 2015	December 28, 2014
Stock options, stock–settled restricted stock units and stock-settled performance awards
Stock options and stock-settled restricted stock units	7,549	9,228
Stock-settled performance awards⁽¹⁾	3,531	2,827
Outstanding	11,080	12,055
Available	7,282	8,408
Employee Stock Purchase Plan⁽²⁾
Available	6,410	6,410
401(k) Company stock match⁽³⁾
Available	3,045	3,045
Total Outstanding	11,080	12,055
Total Available	16,737	17,863


(1)	The number of shares actually earned at the end of the multi-year performance period will vary, based on actual performance, from 0% to 200% of the target number of performance awards granted. The maximum number of shares that could be issued is included in the table above.


(2)	We have not had an offering under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan since 2010.


(3)	Effective 2014, we no longer offer a Company stock match under the Company’s 401(k) plan.