REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.

Revenue Recognition

REVENUE (Entergy Corporation, Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, Entergy Texas, and System Energy)

Entergy implemented ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606),” effective January 1, 2018. Topic 606 requires entities to “recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” The ASU details a five-step model that should be followed to achieve the core principle. This accounting was applied to all contracts using the modified retrospective method, which requires an adjustment to retained earnings for the cumulative effect of adopting the standard as of the effective date. Because the standard did not result in any material change in Entergy’s revenue recognition no adjustment to retained earnings was required upon implementation. Similarly, there was no effect on revenues recognized under Topic 606 for the year ended December 31, 2018.

Revenues from electric service and the sale of natural gas are recognized when services are transferred to the customer in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer because this amount represents the value of services provided to customers.

Entergy’s total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018 are as follows:



	2019		2018
	(In Thousands)
Utility:
Residential		$3,531,500		$3,565,522
Commercial	2,475,586		2,426,477
Industrial	2,541,287		2,499,227
Governmental	228,470		225,882
Total billed retail	8,776,843		8,717,108

Sales for resale (a)	285,722		299,567
Other electric revenues (b)	343,143		326,910
Revenues from contracts with customers	9,405,708		9,343,585
Other revenues (c)	24,270		40,526
Total electric revenues	9,429,978		9,384,111

Natural gas	153,954		156,436

Entergy Wholesale Commodities:
Competitive businesses sales from contracts with customers (a)	1,164,552		1,547,994
Other revenues (c)	130,189		(79,089		)
Total competitive businesses revenues	1,294,741		1,468,905

Total operating revenues		$10,878,673		$11,009,452

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2019 were as follows:



2019	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans			Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$795,269		$1,270,478		$562,219		$245,081			$658,453
Commercial	538,850		947,412		444,173		202,138			343,013
Industrial	520,958		1,450,966		164,491		31,824			373,048
Governmental	20,795		71,046		44,300		70,865			21,464
Total billed retail	1,875,872		3,739,902		1,215,183		549,908			1,395,978
Sales for resale (a)	257,864		333,395		39,295		38,626			59,074
Other electric revenues (b)	112,618		135,783		58,269		9,842			32,424
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,246,354		4,209,080		1,312,747		598,376			1,487,476
Other revenues (c)	13,240		13,947		10,296		(3,959		)	1,479
Total electric revenues	2,259,594		4,223,027		1,323,043		594,417			1,488,955
Natural gas	—		62,148		—		91,806			—
Total operating revenues		$2,259,594		$4,285,175		$1,323,043		$686,223			$1,488,955

The Registrant Subsidiaries’ total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows:



2018	Entergy Arkansas		Entergy Louisiana		Entergy Mississippi		Entergy New Orleans		Entergy Texas
	(In Thousands)

Residential		$807,098		$1,244,413		$578,568		$261,585		$673,858
Commercial	425,523		941,321		461,832		217,182		380,619
Industrial	434,387		1,462,462		175,056		33,371		393,951
Governmental	16,537		68,587		43,747		72,058		24,953
Total billed retail	1,683,545		3,716,783		1,259,203		584,196		1,473,381
Sales for resale (a)	248,861		356,603		25,812		29,506		97,478
Other electric revenues (b)	111,875		144,978		39,897		4,718		31,413
Revenues from contracts with customers	2,044,281		4,218,364		1,324,912		618,420		1,602,272
Other revenues (c)	16,362		14,177		10,200		6,313		3,630
Total electric revenues	2,060,643		4,232,541		1,335,112		624,733		1,605,902
Natural gas	—		63,779		—		92,657		—
Total operating revenues		$2,060,643		$4,296,320		$1,335,112		$717,390		$1,605,902

(a)

Sales for resale and competitive businesses sales include day-ahead sales of energy in a market administered by an ISO. These sales represent financially binding commitments for the sale of physical energy the next day. These sales are adjusted to actual power generated and delivered in the real time market. Given the short duration of these transactions, Entergy does not consider them to be derivatives subject to fair value adjustments, and includes them as part of customer revenues.


(b)	Other electric revenues consist primarily of transmission and ancillary services provided to participants of an ISO-administered market and unbilled revenue.


(c)	Other revenues include the settlement of financial hedges, occasional sales of inventory, alternative revenue programs, provisions for revenue subject to refund, and late fees.

Electric Revenues

Entergy’s primary source of revenue is from retail electric sales sold under tariff rates approved by regulators in its various jurisdictions. Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, Entergy New Orleans, and Entergy Texas generate, transmit, and distribute electric power primarily to retail customers in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas. Entergy’s Utility operating companies provide power to customers on demand throughout the month, measured by a meter located at the customer’s property. Approved rates vary by customer class due to differing requirements of the customers and market factors involved in fulfilling those requirements. Entergy issues monthly bills to customers at rates approved by regulators for power and related services provided during the previous billing cycle.

To the extent that deliveries have occurred but a bill has not been issued, Entergy’s Utility operating companies record an estimate for energy delivered since the latest billings. The Utility operating companies calculate the estimate based upon several factors including billings through the last billing cycle in a month, actual generation in the month, historical line loss factors, and market prices of power in the respective jurisdiction. The inputs are revised as needed to approximate actual usage and cost. Each month, estimated unbilled amounts are recorded as unbilled revenue and accounts receivable, and the prior month’s estimate is reversed. Price and volume differences resulting from factors such as weather affect the calculation of unbilled revenues from one period to the other.

Entergy may record revenue based on rates that are subject to refund. Such revenues are reduced by estimated refund amounts when Entergy believes refunds are probable based on the status of rate proceedings as of the date financial statements are prepared. Because these refunds will be made through a reduction in future rates, and not as a reduction in bills previously issued, they are presented as other revenues in the table above.

System Energy’s only source of revenue is the sale of electric power and capacity generated from its 90% interest in the Grand Gulf nuclear plant to Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans. System Energy issues monthly bills to its affiliated customers equal to its actual operating costs plus a return on common equity approved by the FERC.

Entergy’s Utility operating companies also sell excess power not needed for its own customers, primarily through transactions with MISO, a regional transmission organization that maintains functional control over the combined transmission systems of its members and manages one of the largest energy markets in the U.S. In the MISO market, Entergy offers its generation and bids its load into the market. MISO settles these offers and bids based on locational marginal prices. These represent pricing for energy at a given location based on a market clearing price that takes into account physical limitations on the transmission system, generation, and demand throughout the MISO region. MISO evaluates each market participant’s energy offers and demand bids to economically and reliably dispatch the entire MISO system. Entergy nets purchases and sales within the MISO market and reports in operating revenues when in a net selling position and in operating expenses when in a net purchasing position.

Natural Gas

Entergy Louisiana and Entergy New Orleans also distribute natural gas to retail customers in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and New Orleans, Louisiana, respectively. Gas transferred to customers is measured by a meter at the customer’s property. Entergy issues monthly invoices to customers at rates approved by regulators for the volume of gas transferred to date.

Competitive Businesses Revenues

The Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment derives almost all of its revenue from sales of electric power and capacity produced by its operating plants to wholesale customers. The majority of Entergy Wholesale Commodities’ revenues are from Entergy’s nuclear power plants located in the northern United States. Entergy issues monthly invoices to the counterparties for these electric sales at the respective contracted or ISO market rate of electricity and related services provided during the previous month.

Most of the Palisades nuclear plant output is sold under a 15-year PPA with Consumers Energy, executed as part of the acquisition of the plant in 2007 and expiring in 2022. Prices under the PPA range from $43.50/MWh in 2007 to $61.50/MWh in 2022, and the average price under the PPA is $51/MWh. Entergy issues monthly invoices to Consumers Energy for electric sales based on the actual output of electricity and related services provided during the previous month at the contract price. The PPA was at below-market prices at the time of the acquisition and Entergy amortizes a liability to revenue over the life of the agreement. The amount amortized each period is based upon the present value, calculated at the date of acquisition, of each year’s difference between revenue under the agreement and revenue based on estimated market prices. Amounts amortized to revenue were $10 million in 2019, $6 million in 2018, and $28 million in 2017. Amounts to be amortized to revenue through the remaining life of the agreement will be approximately $11 million in 2020, $12 million in 2021, and $5 million in 2022.

Practical Expedients and Exceptions

Entergy has elected not to disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for contracts with an original expected term of one year or less, or for revenue recognized in an amount equal to what Entergy has the right to bill the customer for services performed.

Most of Entergy’s contracts, except in a few cases where there are defined minimums or stated terms, are on demand. This results in customer bills that vary each month based on an approved tariff and usage. Entergy imposes monthly or annual minimum requirements on some customers primarily as credit and cost recovery guarantees and not as pricing for unsatisfied performance obligations. These minimums typically expire after the initial term or when specified costs have been recovered. The minimum amounts are part of each month’s bill and recognized as revenue accordingly. Some of the subsidiaries within the Entergy Wholesale Commodities segment have operations and maintenance services contracts that have fixed components and terms longer than one year. The total fixed consideration related to these unsatisfied performance obligations, however, is not material to Entergy revenues.

Recovery of Fuel Costs

Entergy’s Utility operating companies’ rate schedules include either fuel adjustment clauses or fixed fuel factors, which allow either current recovery in billings to customers or deferral of fuel costs until the costs are billed to customers. Where the fuel component of revenues is based on a pre-determined fuel cost (fixed fuel factor), the fuel factor remains in effect until changed as part of a general rate case, fuel reconciliation, or fixed fuel factor filing. System Energy’s operating revenues are intended to recover from Entergy Arkansas, Entergy Louisiana, Entergy Mississippi, and Entergy New Orleans operating expenses and capital costs attributable to Grand Gulf. The capital costs are based on System Energy’s common equity funds allocable to its net investment in Grand Gulf, plus System Energy’s effective interest cost for its debt allocable to its investment in Grand Gulf.

Taxes Imposed on Revenue-Producing Transactions

Governmental authorities assess taxes that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer, including, but not limited to, sales, use, value added, and some excise taxes. Entergy presents these taxes on a net basis, excluding them from revenues.