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Investment Securities
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2024
Investments, Debt and Equity Securities [Abstract]  
Investment Securities Investment Securities
Equity Securities
Equity securities totaled $73.1 million and $64.5 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively. See Note 5 for further details on equity securities.
Trading Debt Securities
The fair value of trading debt securities totaled $4.0 million at both September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Net trading gains and losses are included in net gains and losses on securities transactions within non-interest income. We recorded net trading gains of $111 thousand and $673 thousand for the nine months ended September
30, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The net trading gains were immaterial for both three months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023.
Available for Sale Debt Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of AFS debt securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair Value
 (in thousands)
September 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities$318,090 $— $(22,029)$296,061 
U.S. government agency securities24,634 24 (1,446)23,212 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies47,235 — (504)46,731 
Municipal bonds180,001 — (24,886)155,115 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions227,236 — (25,390)201,846 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,943,569 17,293 (64,994)1,895,868 
Corporate and other debt securities202,591 54 (17,372)185,273 
Total $2,716,120 $17,371 $(131,231)$2,602,260 
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities$313,772 $— $(25,615)$288,157 
U.S. government agency securities25,967 19 (2,284)23,702 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies48,283 — (588)47,695 
Municipal bonds170,260 — (26,265)143,995 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions218,543 — (26,853)191,690 
Residential mortgage-backed securities703,875 728 (78,031)626,572 
Corporate and other debt securities192,282 — (25,827)166,455 
Total$1,454,439 $747 $(158,610)$1,296,576 

Accrued interest on investments, which is excluded from the amortized cost of AFS debt securities, totaled $10.1 million and $5.9 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is presented within total accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition.
The age of unrealized losses and fair value of the related AFS debt securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 
 Less than 12 MonthsMore than 12 MonthsTotal
 Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses		Fair
Value		Unrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
September 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $296,061 $(22,029)$296,061 $(22,029)
U.S. government agency securities— — 21,927 (1,446)21,927 (1,446)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
— — 6,631 (504)6,631 (504)
Municipal bonds— — 146,966 (24,886)146,966 (24,886)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
— — 153,597 (25,390)153,597 (25,390)
Residential mortgage-backed securities260,237 (514)537,074 (64,480)797,311 (64,994)
Corporate and other debt securities— — 175,220 (17,372)175,220 (17,372)
Total$260,237 $(514)$1,183,879 $(130,717)$1,444,116 $(131,231)
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $288,156 $(25,615)$288,156 $(25,615)
U.S. government agency securities— — 22,364 (2,284)22,364 (2,284)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
— — 8,276 (588)8,276 (588)
Municipal bonds1,019 (4)142,976 (26,261)143,995 (26,265)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
1,019 (4)151,252 (26,849)152,271 (26,853)
Residential mortgage-backed securities9,010 (3)569,629 (78,028)578,639 (78,031)
Corporate and other debt securities4,977 (23)161,478 (25,804)166,455 (25,827)
Total$15,006 $(30)$1,192,879 $(158,580)$1,207,885 $(158,610)
Within the AFS debt securities portfolio, the total number of security positions in an unrealized loss position was 656 and 687 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of AFS securities that were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, lines of credit, and for other purposes required by law, was $2.1 billion.
The contractual maturities of AFS debt securities at September 30, 2024 are set forth in the following table. Contractual maturities may differ from actual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Residential mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary as actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the underlying mortgages may be called or prepaid without penalties.
 September 30, 2024
 Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
 (in thousands)
Due in one year$349 $349 
Due after one year through five years293,486 286,672 
Due after five years through ten years185,908 167,814 
Due after ten years292,808 251,557 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,943,569 1,895,868 
Total $2,716,120 $2,602,260 
The weighted average remaining expected life for residential mortgage-backed securities AFS was 6.90 years at September 30, 2024.
Impairment Analysis of Available For Sale Debt Securities
Valley's AFS debt securities portfolio includes corporate bonds and revenue bonds, among other securities. These types of securities may pose a higher risk of future impairment charges by Valley as a result of the unpredictable nature of the U.S. economy and its potential negative effect on the future performance of the security issuers.
AFS debt securities in unrealized loss positions are evaluated for impairment related to credit losses on a quarterly basis. Valley also evaluated AFS debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position as of September 30, 2024 included in the tables above and has determined that the declines in fair value are mainly attributable to interest rates, credit spreads, market volatility and liquidity conditions, not credit quality or other factors. Based on a comparison of the present value of expected cash flows to the amortized cost, there was no impairment recognized during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. During the first quarter 2023, Valley recognized a credit related impairment of one corporate bond issued by Signature Bank resulting in both a provision for credit losses and full charge-off of the security totaling $5.0 million based on a comparison of the present value of expected cash flows to the amortized cost. The bond was subsequently sold and the sale resulted in a $869 thousand gain during the fourth quarter 2023.
Valley does not intend to sell any of its AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis, and it is more likely than not that Valley will not be required to sell any of its securities prior to recovery of their amortized cost basis. None of the AFS debt securities were past due as of September 30, 2024. As a result, there was no allowance for credit losses for AFS debt securities at September 30, 2024, December 31, 2023, and September 30, 2023.
Held to Maturity Debt Securities
The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of HTM debt securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 
Amortized
Cost		Gross
Unrealized
Gains		Gross
Unrealized
Losses		Fair ValueAllowance for Credit LossesNet Carrying Value
 (in thousands)
September 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities$25,671 $11 $— $25,682 $— $25,671 
U.S. government agency securities303,200 — (33,992)269,208 — 303,200 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies75,529 273 (3,536)72,266 389 75,140 
Municipal bonds305,124 42 (13,142)292,024 45 305,079 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions380,653 315 (16,678)364,290 434 380,219 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,742,188 6,946 (316,267)2,432,867 — 2,742,188 
Trust preferred securities37,076 — (7,302)29,774 440 36,636 
Corporate and other debt securities86,248 35 (3,608)82,675 202 86,046 
Total $3,575,036 $7,307 $(377,847)$3,204,496 $1,076 $3,573,960 
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities$26,232 $— $(254)$25,978 $— $26,232 
U.S. government agency securities305,996 — (44,441)261,555 — 305,996 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies
88,556 552 (4,155)84,953 395 88,161 
Municipal bonds316,914 40 (14,380)302,574 49 316,865 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions405,470 592 (18,535)387,527 444 405,026 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,885,303 6,059 (369,436)2,521,926 — 2,885,303 
Trust preferred securities37,062 — (6,412)30,650 506 36,556 
Corporate and other debt securities80,350 — (5,674)74,676 255 80,095 
Total $3,740,413 $6,651 $(444,752)$3,302,312 $1,205 $3,739,208 
Accrued interest on investments, which is excluded from the amortized cost of HTM debt securities, totaled $12.3 million and $13.9 million at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively, and is presented within total accrued interest receivable on the consolidated statements of financial condition. HTM debt securities are carried net of an allowance for credit losses.
The age of unrealized losses and fair value of related HTM debt securities at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 
 Less than 12 MonthsMore than 12 MonthsTotal
 Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses		Fair ValueUnrealized
Losses
 (in thousands)
September 30, 2024
U.S. government agency securities$24,075 $(12)$244,032 $(33,980)$268,107 $(33,992)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies6,656 (59)46,408 (3,477)53,064 (3,536)
Municipal bonds23,968 (258)208,824 (12,884)232,792 (13,142)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
30,624 (317)255,232 (16,361)285,856 (16,678)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
2,402 (22)2,071,415 (316,245)2,073,817 (316,267)
Trust preferred securities— — 28,774 (7,302)28,774 (7,302)
Corporate and other debt securities— — 63,640 (3,608)63,640 (3,608)
Total$57,101 $(351)$2,663,093 $(377,496)$2,720,194 $(377,847)
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities$— $— $25,978 $(254)$25,978 $(254)
U.S. government agency securities43,664 (151)216,759 (44,290)260,423 (44,441)
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies10,700 (102)48,149 (4,053)58,849 (4,155)
Municipal bonds11,958 (121)207,520 (14,259)219,478 (14,380)
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
22,658 (223)255,669 (18,312)278,327 (18,535)
Residential mortgage-backed securities
57,085 (505)2,164,704 (368,931)2,221,789 (369,436)
Trust preferred securities938 (63)29,712 (6,349)30,650 (6,412)
Corporate and other debt securities
12,575 (426)59,102 (5,248)71,677 (5,674)
Total$136,920 $(1,368)$2,751,924 $(443,384)$2,888,844 $(444,752)
Within the HTM securities portfolio, the total number of security positions in an unrealized loss position was 733 and 762 at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
As of September 30, 2024, the fair value of debt securities HTM that were pledged to secure public deposits, repurchase agreements, lines of credit, and for other purposes required by law was $2.7 billion.
The contractual maturities of investments in HTM debt securities at September 30, 2024 are set forth in the table below. Contractual maturities may differ from actual maturities as borrowers may have the right to call or repay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. Residential mortgage-backed securities are not included in the maturity categories in the following maturity summary as actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the underlying mortgages may be called or prepaid without penalties.
 September 30, 2024
 Amortized
Cost		Fair
Value
 (in thousands)
Due in one year$41,841 $41,814 
Due after one year through five years83,350 82,404 
Due after five years through ten years173,008 164,021 
Due after ten years534,649 483,390 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,742,188 2,432,867 
Total$3,575,036 $3,204,496 
The weighted-average remaining expected life for residential mortgage-backed securities HTM was 9.21 years at September 30, 2024.
Credit Quality Indicators
Valley monitors the credit quality of the HTM debt securities utilizing the most current credit ratings from external rating agencies. The following table summarizes the amortized cost of HTM debt securities by external credit rating at September 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
AAA/AA/A RatedBBB ratedNon-investment grade ratedNon-ratedTotal
 (in thousands)
September 30, 2024
U.S. Treasury securities$25,671 $— $— $— $25,671 
U.S. government agency securities303,200 — — — 303,200 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies54,810 — 5,190 15,529 75,529 
Municipal bonds278,339 — — 26,785 305,124 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
333,149 — 5,190 42,314 380,653 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,742,188 — — — 2,742,188 
Trust preferred securities— — — 37,076 37,076 
Corporate and other debt securities— 6,000 — 80,248 86,248 
Total $3,404,208 $6,000 $5,190 $159,638 $3,575,036 
December 31, 2023
U.S. Treasury securities$26,232 $— $— $— $26,232 
U.S. government agency securities305,996 — — — 305,996 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions:
Obligations of states and state agencies66,502 — 5,330 16,724 88,556 
Municipal bonds283,441 — — 33,473 316,914 
Total obligations of states and political subdivisions
349,943 — 5,330 50,197 405,470 
Residential mortgage-backed securities2,885,303 — — — 2,885,303 
Trust preferred securities— — 37,062 37,062 
Corporate and other debt securities— 6,000 — 74,350 80,350 
Total$3,567,474 $6,000 $5,330 $161,609 $3,740,413 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions include municipal bonds and revenue bonds issued by various municipal corporations. At September 30, 2024, most of the obligations of states and political subdivisions were rated investment grade and a large portion of the “non-rated” category included municipal bonds secured by Ginnie Mae securities. Trust preferred securities consist of non-rated single-issuer securities issued by bank holding companies. Corporate bonds consist of debt primarily issued by banks.
Allowance for Credit Losses for Held to Maturity Debt Securities
Valley has a zero loss expectation for certain securities within the HTM portfolio, and therefore it is not required to estimate an allowance for credit losses related to these securities under the CECL standard. After an evaluation of qualitative factors, Valley identified the following security types which it believes qualify for this exclusion: U.S. Treasury securities, U.S. government agency securities, residential mortgage-backed securities issued by Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and collateralized municipal bonds. To measure the expected credit losses on HTM debt securities that have loss expectations, Valley estimates the expected credit losses using a discounted cash flow model developed by a third-party.
The following table details the activity in the allowance for credit losses for HTM securities for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2024 and 2023: 
Three Months Ended
September 30,		Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2024202320242023
(in thousands)
Beginning balance$1,090 $1,351 $1,205 $1,646 
Credit for credit losses(14)(30)(129)(325)
Ending balance$1,076 $1,321 $1,076 $1,321