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Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities
 6 Months Ended
Jun. 30, 2024
Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]  
Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities Fair Value Measurement of Assets and Liabilities
ASC Topic 820, “Fair Value Measurement,” establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are described below:

•Level 1    - Unadjusted exchange quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities, or identical liabilities traded as assets that the reporting entity has the ability to access at the measurement date.
•Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly (i.e., quoted prices on similar assets) for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.
•Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported by little or no market activity).
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Non-Recurring Basis
The following tables present the assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring and non-recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy as reported on the consolidated statements of financial condition at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The assets presented under “non-recurring fair value measurements” in the tables below are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis but are subject to fair value adjustments under certain circumstances (e.g., when an impairment loss is recognized). 
 June 30,
2024		Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
 Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Assets
Investment securities:
Equity securities$23,094 $23,094 $— $— 
Equity securities at net asset value (NAV)
12,159 — — — 
Trading debt securities3,979 3,979 — — 
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities286,274 286,274 — — 
U.S. government agency securities22,766 — 22,766 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions188,688 — 188,688 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities1,535,690 — 1,535,690 — 
Corporate and other debt securities178,674 — 178,674 — 
Total available for sale debt securities2,212,092 286,274 1,925,818 — 
Loans held for sale (1)
11,137 — 11,137 — 
Other assets (2)
514,661 — 514,661 — 
Total assets$2,777,122 $313,347 $2,451,616 $— 
Liabilities
Other liabilities (2)
$531,746 $— $531,746 $— 
Total liabilities$531,746 $— $531,746 $— 
Non-recurring fair value measurements:
Non-performing loan held for sale (3)
$8,750 $— $8,750 $— 
Collateral dependent loans 112,575 — — 112,575 
Foreclosed assets 9,666 — — 9,666 
Total$130,991 $— $8,750 $122,241 
  Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using:
 December 31,
2023		Quoted Prices
in Active Markets
for Identical
Assets (Level 1)		Significant
Other
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)		Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 (in thousands)
Recurring fair value measurements:
Assets
Investment securities:
Equity securities $23,307 $23,307 $— $— 
Equity securities at net asset value (NAV)
12,126 — — — 
Trading debt securities3,973 3,973 — — 
Available for sale debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securities288,157 288,157 — — 
U.S. government agency securities23,702 — 23,702 — 
Obligations of states and political subdivisions191,690 — 191,690 — 
Residential mortgage-backed securities626,572 — 626,572 — 
Corporate and other debt securities166,455 — 166,455 — 
Total available for sale debt securities1,296,576 288,157 1,008,419 — 
Loans held for sale (1)
20,640 — 20,640 — 
Other assets (2)
466,227 — 466,227 — 
Total assets$1,822,849 $315,437 $1,495,286 $— 
Liabilities
Other liabilities (2)
$488,103 $— $488,103 $— 
Total liabilities$488,103 $— $488,103 $— 
Non-recurring fair value measurements:
Non-performing loan held for sale (3)
$10,000 $— $10,000 $— 
Collateral dependent loans 90,580 — — 90,580 
Foreclosed assets 1,444 — — 1,444 
Total$102,024 $— $10,000 $92,024 
(1)Represents residential mortgage loans held for sale that are carried at fair value and had contractual unpaid principal balances totaling $11.0 million and $20.1 million at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.
(2)Derivative financial instruments are included in this category.
(3)Reported at lower of cost or fair value.

Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
The following valuation techniques were used for financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis. All the valuation techniques described below apply to the unpaid principal balance, excluding any accrued interest or dividends at the measurement date. Interest income and expense are recorded within the consolidated statements of income depending on the nature of the instrument using the effective interest method based on acquired discount or premium.
Equity securities. The equity securities consisted of two publicly traded mutual funds, CRA investments and several other equity investments we have made in companies that develop new financial technologies and in partnerships that invest in such companies. These investments are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs.
Equity securities at NAV. Valley also has privately held CRA funds at fair value measured at NAV using the most recently available financial information from the investee. Certain equity investments without readily determinable
fair values are measured at NAV per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient, which are excluded from fair value hierarchy levels in the tables above.
Trading debt securities. The fair value of trading debt securities, consisting of U.S. Treasury securities, are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Management reviews the data and assumptions used in pricing the securities by its third-party provider to ensure the highest level of significant inputs are derived from market observable data.
Available for sale debt securities. U.S. Treasury securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. The majority of other investment securities are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The prices for these instruments are obtained through an independent pricing service or dealer market participants with whom Valley has historically transacted both purchases and sales of investment securities. Prices obtained from these sources include prices derived from market quotations and matrix pricing. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things. Management reviews the data and assumptions used in pricing the securities by its third-party provider to ensure the highest level of significant inputs are derived from market observable data. In addition, Valley reviews the volume and level of activity for all AFS debt securities and attempts to identify transactions which may not be orderly or reflective of a significant level of activity and volume.
Loans held for sale. Residential mortgage loans originated for sale are reported at fair value using Level 2 inputs. The fair values were calculated utilizing quoted prices for similar assets in active markets. The market prices represent a delivery price, which reflects the underlying price each institution would pay Valley for an immediate sale of an aggregate pool of mortgages. Non-performance risk did not materially impact the fair value of mortgage loans held for sale at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 based on the short duration these assets were held and their credit quality.
Derivatives. Derivatives are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The fair values of Valley’s derivatives are determined using third-party prices that are based on discounted cash flow analysis using observed market inputs, such as the SOFR curve at June 30, 2024. The fair value of mortgage banking derivatives, consisting of interest rate lock commitments to fund residential mortgage loans and forward commitments for the future delivery of such loans (including certain loans held for sale at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023), is determined based on the current market prices for similar instruments. The fair value of a credit default swap related to a portion of Valley's automobile loan portfolio is based on estimated discounted cash flows that incorporate market data for auto credit loss forecasts and anticipated cash outflows for the instrument's premium payments. The fair value of most of the derivatives incorporate credit valuation adjustments, which consider the impact of any credit enhancements to the contracts, to account for potential nonperformance risk of Valley and its counterparties. The credit valuation adjustments were not significant to the overall valuation of Valley’s derivatives at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023. See Note 12 for additional details on Valley's derivatives.
Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis
The following valuation techniques were used for certain non-financial assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis, including collateral dependent loans reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral and foreclosed assets, which are reported at fair value upon initial recognition or subsequent impairment as described below.
Non-performing loan held for sale. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Valley transferred a non-performing construction loan totaling $10.0 million, net of charge-offs, to loans held for sale. The transfer at the loan's fair value resulted in a $4.2 million charge-off to the allowance of loan losses. The fair value of the loan was determined using Level 2 inputs, including bids from a third-party broker engaged to solicit interest from potential purchasers. The broker coordinated loan level due diligence with interested parties and established a formal bidding process in which each participant was required to provide an indicative non-binding bid. Fair value was determined based on a non-binding sale agreement selected by Valley during the bidding process. During the second quarter
ended June 30, 2024, an additional $1.2 million write-down was recorded to reflect the loan's current estimated fair value of $8.8 million at June 30, 2024.
Collateral dependent loans. Collateral dependent loans are loans where foreclosure of the collateral is probable, or where the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty and substantially all of the repayment is expected from the collateral. Collateral dependent loans are reported at the fair value of the underlying collateral. Collateral values are estimated using Level 3 inputs, consisting of individual third-party appraisals that may be adjusted based on certain discounting criteria. Certain real estate appraisals may be discounted based on specific market data by location and property type. At June 30, 2024, collateral dependent loans were individually re-measured and reported at fair value through direct loan charge-offs to the allowance for loan losses based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. At June 30, 2024, collateral dependent loans with a total amortized cost of $196.2 million, including taxi medallion loans totaling $41.6 million, were reduced by specific allowance for loan losses allocations totaling $83.6 million to a reported total net carrying amount of $112.6 million.
Foreclosed assets. Certain foreclosed assets (consisting of other real estate owned and other repossessed assets included in other assets), upon initial recognition and transfer from loans, are re-measured and reported at fair value using Level 3 inputs, consisting of a third-party appraisal less estimated cost to sell. When an asset is acquired, the excess of the loan balance over fair value, less estimated selling costs, is charged to the allowance for loan losses. If further declines in the estimated fair value of an asset occur, the asset is re-measured and reported at fair value through a write-down recorded in non-interest expense. There were no adjustments to the appraisals of foreclosed assets at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Other Fair Value Disclosures
ASC Topic 825, “Financial Instruments,” requires disclosure of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis.
The fair value estimates presented in the following table were based on pertinent market data and relevant information on the financial instruments available as of the valuation date. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the entire portfolio of financial instruments. Because no market exists for a portion of the financial instruments, fair value estimates may be based on judgments regarding future expected loss experience, current economic conditions, risk characteristics of various financial instruments and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.
Fair value estimates are based on existing balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. For instance, Valley has certain fee-generating business lines (e.g., its mortgage servicing operations, trust and investment management departments) that were not considered in these estimates since these activities are not financial instruments. In addition, the tax implications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in any of the estimates.
The carrying amounts and estimated fair values of financial instruments not measured and not reported at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition at June 30, 2024 and December 31, 2023 were as follows: 
 Fair Value
Hierarchy		June 30, 2024December 31, 2023
 Carrying
Amount		Fair ValueCarrying
Amount		Fair Value
 (in thousands)
Financial assets
Cash and due from banksLevel 1$478,006 $478,006 $284,090 $284,090 
Interest bearing deposits with banksLevel 1531,067 531,067 607,135 607,135 
Equity securities (1)
Level 333,852 33,852 29,031 29,031 
Held to maturity debt securities:
U.S. Treasury securitiesLevel 125,861 25,579 26,232 25,978 
U.S. government agency securitiesLevel 2304,308 257,457 305,996 261,555 
Obligations of states and political subdivisionsLevel 2393,163 366,611 405,470 387,527 
Residential mortgage-backed securitiesLevel 22,804,769 2,379,255 2,885,303 2,521,926 
Trust preferred securitiesLevel 237,071 29,848 37,062 30,650 
Corporate and other debt securitiesLevel 286,282 81,198 80,350 74,676 
Total held to maturity debt securities (2)
3,651,454 3,139,948 3,740,413 3,302,312 
Net loans 
Level 349,792,392 48,010,633 49,764,215 47,981,499 
Accrued interest receivableLevel 1251,167 251,167 245,498 245,498 
FRB and FHLB stock (3)
Level 2327,561 327,561 320,727 320,727 
Financial liabilities
Deposits without stated maturitiesLevel 135,828,829 35,828,829 36,066,105 36,066,105 
Deposits with stated maturitiesLevel 214,283,348 14,251,483 13,176,724 13,103,381 
Short-term borrowingsLevel 263,770 47,379 917,834 901,617 
Long-term borrowingsLevel 23,264,530 3,209,974 2,328,375 2,256,997 
Junior subordinated debentures issued to capital trusts
Level 257,282 48,130 57,108 47,374 
Accrued interest payable (4)
Level 1135,049 135,049 159,496 159,496 
(1)Represents equity securities without a readily determinable fair value, which are measured based on the price at which the investment was acquired plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar investments. Total changes in the valuation of equity securities for the six months ended June 30, 2024 and for the year ended December 31, 2023 were immaterial.
(2)The carrying amount is presented gross without the allowance for credit losses.
(3)Included in other assets.
(4)Included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.