Note 6. Loans and the Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans Receivable: Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are reported at the principal balance outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs, premiums and discounts related to purchase accounting, and an allowance for loan losses. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Loan segments are defined as a group of loans, which share similar initial measurement attributes, risk characteristics, and methods for monitoring and assessing credit risk. Management has determined that the Company has five segments of loans: commercial, commercial real estate, commercial construction, residential real estate (including home equity) and consumer.

The recognition of interest income on commercial, commercial real estate, commercial construction and residential loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the loan is well-secured and in process of collection. Past due status is based on the contractual terms of the loan. In all cases, loans are placed on nonaccrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Nonaccrual loans and loans past due 90 days still on accrual include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and individually classified impaired loans. A loan is moved to nonaccrual status in accordance with the Company’s policy, typically after 90 days of non-payment.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on nonaccrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.

The policy of the Company is to generally grant commercial, residential and consumer loans to residents and businesses within our market area. The borrowers’ abilities to repay their obligations are dependent upon various factors including the borrowers’ income and net worth, cash flows generated by the borrowers’ underlying collateral, value of the underlying collateral, and priority of the lender’s lien on the property. Such factors are dependent upon various economic conditions and individual circumstances beyond the control of the Company. The Company is therefore subject to risk of loss. The Company believes its lending policies and procedures adequately minimize the potential exposure to such risks and that adequate provisions for loan losses are provided for all known and inherent risks. Collateral and/or personal guarantees are required for a large majority of the Company’s loans.

Loans Held-for-Sale: Residential mortgage loans, originated and intended for sale in the secondary market, are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value as determined by outstanding commitments from investors. For these loans originated and intended for sale, gains and losses on loan sales (sale proceeds minus carrying value) are recorded in other income and direct loan origination costs and fees are deferred at origination of the loan and are recognized in other income upon sale of the loan.

Other loans held-for-sale are carried at the lower of aggregate cost or estimated fair value. Fair value of these loans is determined based on the terms of the loan, such as interest rate, maturity date, reset term, as well as sales of similar assets.

Net unrealized losses, if any, are recorded as a valuation allowance and charged to earnings.

Allowance for Loan Losses: The allowance for loan losses is a valuation allowance for probable incurred credit losses. Losses are charged against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of a loan balance is confirmed. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. Management estimates the allowance balance required using past loan loss experience, the nature and volume of the portfolio, information about specific borrower situations and estimated collateral values, economic conditions, and other factors. Allocations of the allowance may be made for specific loans, but the entire allowance is available for any loan that, in management’s judgment, should be charged off. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are individually classified as impaired.

A loan is impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Loans, for which the terms have been modified, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, are considered troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) and classified as impaired. As part of the evaluation of impaired loans, the Company individually reviews for impairment all non-homogeneous loans internally classified as substandard or below. Generally, smaller impaired non-homogeneous loans and impaired homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment.

Factors considered by management in determining impairment include payment status, collateral value, and the probability of collecting scheduled principal and interest payments when due. Loans that experience insignificant payment delays and payment shortfalls generally are not classified as impaired. Management determines the significance of payment delays and payment shortfalls on a case-by-case basis, taking into consideration all of the circumstances surrounding the loan and the borrower, including the length of the delay, the reasons for the delay, the borrower’s prior payment record, and the amount of the shortfall in relation to the principal and interest owed.

TDRs are separately identified for impairment disclosures and are measured at the present value of estimated future cash flows using the loan’s effective rate at inception. If a TDR is considered to be a collateral dependent loan, impairment of the loan is measured using the fair value of the collateral. For TDRs that subsequently default, the Company determines the amount of reserve in accordance with the accounting policy for the allowance for loan losses.

The general component covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for current factors. The historical loss experience, the primary factor, is determined by loan class and is based on the actual loss history experienced by the Bank over an actual three-year rolling calculation. This actual loss experience is supplemented with other economic factors based on the risks present for each portfolio category and with the exogenous factor adjustments based on the risks present for each loan category. These exogenous factors include consideration of the following: concentrations of credit; delinquency & nonaccrual trends; economic & business conditions including evaluation of the national and regional economies and industries with significant loan concentrations; external factors including legal, regulatory or competitive pressures that may impact the loan portfolio; changes in the experience, ability, or size of the lending staff, management, or board of directors that may impact the loan portfolio; changes in underwriting standards, collection procedures, charge-off practices, or other changes in lending policies and procedures that may impact the loan portfolio; loss and recovery trends; changes in portfolio size and mix; and trends in problem loans.

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans: The Company acquires groups of loans in conjunction with mergers, some of which have shown evidence of credit deterioration since origination. These purchased credit-impaired loans are recorded at their estimated fair value, such that there is no carryover of the seller’s allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”). After acquisition, probable incurred credit losses are recognized by an increase in the ALLL.

Such purchased credit-impaired loans (“PCI”) are identified on an individual basis. The Company estimates the amount and timing of expected cash flows for each loan and the expected cash flows in excess of amount paid is recorded as interest income over the remaining life of the loan (accretable yield). The excess of the loan’s contractual principal and interest over expected cash flows is not recorded (nonaccretable difference).

A PCI loan may be resolved either through a sale of the loan, by working with the customer and obtaining partial or full repayment, by short sale of the collateral, or by foreclosure. A gain or loss on resolution would be recognized based on the difference between the proceeds received and the carrying amount of the loan.

PCI loans that met the criteria for nonaccrual may be considered performing, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent, if management can reasonably estimate the timing and amount of the expected cash flows on such loans and if management expects to fully collect the new carrying value of the loans. As such, management may no longer consider the loans to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount.

Loans receivable - The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s loan portfolio, including net deferred loan fees, at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	September 30,			December 31,
	2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	933,169		$	824,082
Commercial real estate		2,739,943			2,592,909
Commercial construction		494,206			483,216
Residential real estate		295,948			271,795
Consumer		2,508			2,808
Gross loans		4,465,774			4,174,810
Net deferred loan fees		(3,287	)		(3,354	)
Total loans receivable	$	4,462,487		$	4,171,456

At September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, loan balances of approximately $2.2 billion and $1.9 billion, respectively, were pledged to secure borrowings from the FHLB of New York.

Loans held-for-sale - The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s loans held-for-sale portfolio at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	24,475
Residential real estate		270		370
Total carrying amount	$	270	$	24,845

Valuation allowance - The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s valuation allowance within the loans held-for-sale portfolio during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017:

	Three Months		Three Months
	Ended		Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2018		2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at July 1,	$	-	$	12,325
Reduction from loans paid off		-		(38	)
Increase in valuation allowance		-		3,000
Balance at September 30,	$	-	$	15,287

	Nine Months		Nine Months
	Ended		Ended
	September 30,		September 30,
	2018		2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at January 1,	$	-	$	-
Reduction from loans paid off		-		(38	)
Increase in valuation allowance		-		15,325
Balance at September 30,	$	-	$	15,287

Purchased Credit-Impaired Loans: The Company holds purchased loans for which there was, at their acquisition date, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since their origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. The recorded investment of those loans is as follows at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	2,524	$	2,683

For those purchased loans disclosed above, the Company did not increase the allowance for loan losses during either the three or nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017. There were no reversals from the allowance for loan losses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017.

The following table presents interest income expected to be recognized on the purchased credit-impaired loans and the related activity for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and September 30, 2017:

	Three Months			Three Months
	Ended			Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
	2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at July 1,	$	1,259		$	2,496
Accretion of income		(63	)		(180	)
Balance at September 30,	$	1,196		$	2,316

	Nine Months			Nine Months
	Ended			Ended
	September 30,			September 30,
	2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at January 1,	$	1,387		$	2,860
Accretion of income		(191	)		(544	)
Balance at September 30,	$	1,196		$	2,316

Loans Receivable on Nonaccrual Status - The following table sets forth the composition of the Company’s nonaccrual loans as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	September 30,		December 31,
	2018		2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	29,562	$	47,363
Commercial real estate		15,927		12,757
Commercial construction		2,934		-
Residential real estate		4,592		5,493
Total nonaccrual loans	$	53,015	$	65,613

Nonaccrual loans and loans 90 days or greater past due and still accruing include both smaller balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment and loans individually evaluated for impairment.

The decrease in nonaccruals from the year-end 2017 was mainly attributable to a $17.0 million charge-off, related to the taxi medallion loan portfolio (which is included in the Commercial loan category) that took place during the first quarter of 2018. The taxi medallion loan portfolio was classified as substandard and impaired as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

The Company continuously monitors the credit quality of its loans receivable. In addition to its internal monitoring, the Company utilizes the services of a third-party loan review firm to periodically validate the credit quality of its loans receivable on a sample basis. Credit quality is monitored by reviewing certain credit quality indicators. Assets classified “Pass” are deemed to possess average to superior credit quality, requiring no more than normal attention. Assets classified as “Special Mention” have generally acceptable credit quality yet possess higher risk characteristics/circumstances than satisfactory assets. Such conditions include strained liquidity, slow pay, stale financial statements, or other conditions that require more stringent attention from the lending staff. These conditions, if not corrected, may weaken the loan quality or inadequately protect the Company’s credit position at some future date. Assets are classified “Substandard” if the asset has a well-defined weakness that requires management’s attention to a greater degree than for loans classified special mention. Such weakness, if left uncorrected, could possibly result in the compromised ability of the loan to perform to contractual requirements. An asset is classified as “Doubtful” if it is inadequately protected by the net worth and/or paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral, if any, that secures the obligation. Assets classified as doubtful include assets for which there is a “distinct possibility” that a degree of loss will occur if the inadequacies are not corrected. All loans past due 90 days or greater and all impaired loans are included in the appropriate category below.

Credit Quality Indicators - The following table presents information, excluding loans held-for-sale and net deferred loan fees, about the Company’s loan credit quality at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	September 30, 2018
			Special
	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial ⁽¹⁾	$	887,024	$	12,639	$	33,506	$	-	$	933,169
Commercial real estate		2,699,338		10,651		29,954		-		2,739,943
Commercial construction		481,226		5,458		7,522		-		494,206
Residential real estate		291,223		-		4,725		-		295,948
Consumer		2,484		-		24		-		2,508
Gross loans	$	4,361,295	$	28,748	$	75,731	$	-	$	4,465,774

	December 31, 2017
			Special
	Pass		Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	767,020	$	3,764	$	53,298	$	-	$	824,082
Commercial real estate		2,534,973		34,335		23,601		-		2,592,909
Commercial construction		475,066		5,521		2,629		-		483,216
Residential real estate		266,163		-		5,632		-		271,795
Consumer		2,767		-		41		-		2,808
Gross loans	$	4,045,989	$	43,620	$	85,201	$	-	$	4,174,810

⁽¹⁾

Reflects a $17.0 million charge-off related to the taxi medallion loans classified as “substandard”.

The following table provides an analysis of the impaired loans by category as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

	September 30, 2018
			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Related
	Investment		Balance		Allowance
No related allowance recorded	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	31,471	$	92,452
Commercial real estate		21,483		21,636
Commercial construction		10,428		10,429
Residential real estate		2,237		2,533
Consumer		-		-
Total (no related allowance)	$	65,619	$	127,050

With an allowance recorded
Commercial real estate	$	8,529	$	8,529	$	709
Residential real estate		263		266		32
Total (with allowance)	$	8,792	$	8,795	$	741

Total
Commercial	$	31,471	$	92,452	$	-
Commercial real estate		30,012		30,165		709
Commercial construction		10,428		10,429		-
Residential real estate		2,500		2,799		32
Consumer		-		-		-
Total	$	74,411	$	135,845	$	741

	December 31, 2017
			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Related
	Investment		Balance		Allowance
No related allowance recorded	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	49,761	$	101,066
Commercial real estate		23,905		23,976
Commercial construction		6,662		6,662
Residential real estate		3,203		3,442
Consumer		-		-
Total (no related allowance)	$	83,531	$	135,146

With an allowance recorded
Commercial real estate	$	1,133	$	1,133	$	39

Total
Commercial	$	49,761	$	101,066	$	-
Commercial real estate		25,038		25,109		39
Commercial construction		6,662		6,662		-
Residential real estate		3,203		3,442		-
Consumer		-		-		-
Total	$	84,664	$	136,279	$	39

The following table provides an analysis related to the average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired loans by category as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

	Three Months Ended September 30,								Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018				2017				2018				2017
	Average		Interest		Average		Interest		Average		Interest		Average		Interest
	Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income		Recorded		Income
	Investment		Recognized		Investment		Recognized		Investment		Recognized		Investment		Recognized
	(dollars in thousands)
Impaired loans (no allowance):
Commercial ⁽¹⁾	$	31,769	$	36	$	3,100	$	34	$	39,132	$	102	$	3,149	$	115
Commercial real estate		21,557		105		19,302	221			21,714		475		18,813		424
Commercial construction		10,297		92		4,285		63		11,718		387		4,273		215
Residential real estate		2,249		-		2,529		2		2,304		-		2,551		6
Consumer		-		-		48		1		-		-		54		2
Total	$	65,872	$	233	$	29,264	$	321	$	74,868	$	964	$	28,840	$	762
Impaired loans (allowance):
Commercial real estate	$	8,534	$	11	$	1,645	$	2	$	8,544	$	34	$	1,654	$	39
Residential real estate		264		-		-		-		267		-		-		-
Total	$	8,798	$	11	$	1,645	$	2	$	8,811	$	34	$	1,654	$	39
Total impaired loans:
Commercial ⁽¹⁾	$	31,769	$	36	$	3,100	$	34	$	39,132	$	102	$	3,149	$	115
Commercial real estate		30,091		116		20,947		223		30,258		509		20,467		463
Commercial construction		10,297		92		4,285		63		11,718		387		4,273		215
Residential real estate		2,513		-		2,259		2		2,571		-		2,551		6
Consumer		-		-		48		1		-		-		54		2
Total	$	74,670	$	244	$	30,909	$	323	$	83,679	$	998	$	30,494	$	801

⁽¹⁾

Reflects the entire taxi medallion portfolio moving back to the loans held-for-investment category from the loans held-for-sale category in November 2017.

Included in impaired loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are loans that are deemed troubled debt restructurings. The recorded investment in loans include accrued interest receivable and other capitalized costs such as real estate taxes paid on behalf of the borrower and loan origination fees, net, when applicable. Cash basis interest and interest income recognized on accrual basis approximate each other.

The following table provides an analysis of the aging of gross loans (excluding loans held-for-sale) that are past due at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 by segment:

Aging Analysis

	September 30, 2018
					90 Days or
					Greater Past				Total Past
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		Due and Still				Due and
	Past Due		Past Due		Accruing		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual		Current		Gross Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	233	$	246	$	1,648	$	29,562	$	31,689	$	901,480	$	933,169
Commercial real estate		-		3,190		-		15,927		19,117		2,720,826		2,739,943
Commercial construction		-		-		-		2,934		2,934		491,272		494,206
Residential real estate		6		-		-		4,592		4,598		291,350		295,948
Consumer		288		-		-		-		288		2,220		2,508
Total	$	527	$	3,436	$	1,648	$	53,015	$	58,626	$	4,407,148	$	4,465,774

Included in the 90 days or greater past due and still accruing category as of September 30, 2018 are purchased credit-impaired loan, net of its fair value marks, which accretes income per its valuation at date of acquisition.

	December 31, 2017
					90 Days or
					Greater Past				Total Past
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		Due and Still				Due and
	Past Due		Past Due		Accruing		Nonaccrual		Nonaccrual		Current		Gross Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	$	1,708	$	183	$	1,664	$	47,363	$	50,918	$	773,164	$	824,082
Commercial real estate		545		1,475		-		12,757		14,777		2,578,132		2,592,909
Commercial construction		-		-		-		-		-		483,216		483,216
Residential real estate		1,578		-		-		5,493		7,071		264,724		271,795
Consumer		18		-		-		-		18		2,790		2,808
Total	$	3,849	$	1,658	$	1,664	$	65,613	$	72,784	$	4,102,026	$	4,174,810

Included in the 90 days or greater past due and still accruing category as of December 31, 2017 are purchased credit-impaired loan, net of its fair value marks, which accretes income per its valuation at date of acquisition.

The following tables detail, at the period-end presented, the amount of gross loans (excluding loans held-for-sale) that are evaluated individually, and collectively, for impairment, those acquired with deteriorated credit quality, and the related portion of the allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) that are allocated to each loan portfolio segment:

	September 30, 2018
			Commercial		Commercial		Residential
	Commercial		real estate		construction		real estate		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
ALLL
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	709	$	-	$	32	$	-	$	-	$	741
Collectively evaluated for impairment		9,749		16,569		4,790		1,183		3		564		32,858
Acquired portfolio		200		950		-		-		-		-		1,150
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	9,949	$	18,228	$	4,790	$	1,215	$	3	$	564	$	34,749

Gross loans
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	31,471	$	30,012	$	10,428	$	2,500	$	-			$	74,411
Collectively evaluated for impairment		891,514		2,438,638		483,778		247,211		2,123				4,063,264
Acquired portfolio		7,660		271,293		-		46,237		385				325,575
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality		2,524		-		-		-		-				2,524
Total	$	933,169	$	2,739,943	$	494,206	$	295,948	$	2,508			$	4,465,774

	December 31, 2017
			Commercial		Commercial		Residential
	Commercial		real estate		construction		real estate		Consumer		Unallocated		Total
	(dollars in thousands)
ALLL
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	39	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	39
Collectively evaluated for impairment		8,032		15,472		4,747		1,051		2		605		29,909
Acquired portfolio		200		1,600		-		-		-		-		1,800
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Total	$	8,232	$	17,111	$	4,747	$	1,051	$	2	$	605	$	31,748

Gross loans
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	49,761	$	25,038	$	6,662	$	3,203	$	-			$	84,664
Collectively evaluated for impairment		757,923		2,190,686		476,554		212,350		2,338				3,639,851
Acquired portfolio		13,715		377,185		-		56,242		470				447,612
Acquired with deteriorated credit quality		2,683		-		-		-		-				2,683
Total	$	824,082	$	2,592,909	$	483,216	$	271,795	$	2,808			$	4,174,810

The Company’s allowance for loan losses is analyzed quarterly. Many factors are considered, including growth in the portfolio, delinquencies, nonaccrual loan levels, and other factors inherent in the extension of credit. There have been no material changes to the allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) methodology as disclosed in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

A summary of the activity in the ALLL is as follows:

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
			Commercial		Commercial			Residential
	Commercial		real estate		construction			real estate		Consumer			Unallocated			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	8,960	$	18,221	$	4,812		$	1,167	$	3		$	431		$	33,594

Charge-offs		-		-		-			-		(6	)		-			(6	)

Recoveries		56		-		-			-		5			-			61

Provision for loan losses		933		7		(22	)		48		1			133			1,100

Balance at September 30, 2018	$	9,949	$	18,228	$	4,790		$	1,215	$	3		$	564		$	34,749

	Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
			Commercial		Commercial			Residential
	Commercial		real estate		construction			real estate		Consumer			Unallocated			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at June 30, 2017	$	7,238	$	15,389	$	4,241		$985		$	2		$	546		$	28,401

Charge-offs		-		-		-			-		(1	)		-			(1	)

Recoveries		17		2		-			-		1			-			20

Provision for loan losses		461		1,443		(301	)		67		-			(220	)		1,450

Balance at September 30, 2017	$	7,716	$	16,834	$	3,940		$	1,052	$	2		$	326		$	29,870

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
				Commercial		Commercial		Residential
	Commercial			real estate		construction		real estate			Consumer			Unallocated			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2017	$	8,233		$	17,112	$	4,747	$	1,050		$	1		$	605		$	31,748

Charge-offs		(17,066	)		-		-		(18	)		(7	)		-			(17,091	)

Recoveries		87			-		-		-			5			-			92

Provision		18,695			1,116		43		183			4			(41	)		20,000

Balance at September 30, 2018	$	9,949		$	18,228	$	4,790	$	1,215		$	3		$	564		$	34,749

	Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
			Commercial			Commercial			Residential
	Commercial		real estate			construction			real estate		Consumer			Unallocated			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	6,632	$	12,583		$	4,789		$	958	$	3		$	779		$	25,744

Charge-offs		-		(71	)		-			-		(12	)		-			(83	)

Recoveries		158		50			-			-		1			-			209

Provision for loan losses		926		4,272			(849	)		94		10			(453	)		4,000

Balance at September 30, 2017	$	7,716	$	16,834		$	3,940		$	1,052	$	2		$	326		$	29,870

Troubled Debt Restructurings: Loans are considered to have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring (“TDRs”) when due to a borrower’s financial difficulties, the Company makes certain concessions to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Modifications may include interest rate reductions, principal or interest forgiveness, forbearance, and other actions intended to minimize economic loss and to avoid foreclosure or repossession of collateral. Generally, a nonaccrual loan that has been modified in a TDR remains on nonaccrual status for a period of nine months to demonstrate that the borrower is able to meet the terms of the modified loan. However, performance prior to the modification, or significant events that coincide with the modification, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual status at the time of loan modification or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is uncertain, the loan remains on nonaccrual status.

The following table presents a rollforward of TDRs and the related changes to the allowance for loan losses (“ALLL”) that occurred for the periods presented:

	Nine Months Ended					Year Ended
	September 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
	(dollars in thousands)
	Recorded					Recorded
	Investment			ALLL		Investment			ALLL
TDRs
Beginning balance	$	20,518		$	-	$	13,818		$	-
Net additions		18,913			11		10,378			-
Payoffs/paydowns		(7,094	)		-		(3,098	)		-
Transfers		-			-		(580	)		-
Ending balance	$	32,337		$	11	$	20,518		$	-

TDRs totaled $32.3 million at September 30, 2018, of which $21.1 million were on nonaccrual status and $11.2 million were performing under restructured terms. At December 31, 2017, TDRs totaled $20.5 million, of which $5.6 million were on nonaccrual status and $14.9 million were performing under restructured terms. TDRs as of September 30, 2018 increased the ALLL during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 by $-0- and $147 thousand, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, one commercial construction loan and one commercial real estate loan showed collateral improvement, resulting in approximately $136 thousand reduction in specific reserve allocations. There were no charge-offs in connection with a loan modification at the time of modification during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. There were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.

The following table presents loans by class modified as TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

		Pre-Modification		Post-Modification
		Outstanding		Outstanding
	Number of	Recorded		Recorded
	Loans	Investment		Investment
TDRs	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial	31	$	15,737	$	15,737
Commercial real estate	2		209		209
Commercial construction	2		1,839		1,839
Residential real estate	2		454		454
Total	37	$	18,239	$	18,239

Included in the commercial loan segment of the troubled debt restructurings are 27 taxi medallion loans totaling $11.2 million. All 27 taxi medallion loans included above were on nonaccrual status prior to modification, and remain on nonaccrual status post-modification. All loan modifications during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 included interest rate reductions and maturity extensions.

TDRs totaled $17.6 million at September 30, 2017, of which $4.8 million were on nonaccrual status and $12.8 million were performing under restructured terms. At December 31, 2016, TDRs totaled $13.8 million, of which $0.5 million were on nonaccrual status and $13.3 million were performing under restructured terms. TDRs as of September 30, 2017 did not increase the ALLL during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were no charge-offs in connection with a loan modification at the time of modification during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2017. There were no TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017.

The following table presents loans by segment modified as troubled debt restructurings that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2017:

		Pre-Modification		Post-Modification
		Outstanding		Outstanding
	Number of	Recorded		Recorded
	Loans	Investment		Investment
TDRs	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial real estate	2	$	3,042	$	3,042
Commercial construction	1		2,589		2,589
Residential real estate	1		17		17
Total	4	$	5,648	$	5,648