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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses
9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Loans and Leases Receivable Disclosure [Abstract]  
Loans, Notes, Trade and Other Receivables Disclosure Loans and Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses
Loans and leases are presented in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition net of deferred fees and costs, and discounts related to purchased loans. Net deferred fees were $7.4 million and $5.9 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and discounts on purchased loans from acquisitions were $27.6 million and $5.4 million as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. The following table provides outstanding balances related to each of our loan types:
 
September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,496,021 $1,211,706 
Time and demand1,189,604 1,023,824 
Commercial credit cards12,934 13,920 
Equipment finance190,116 79,674 
Time and demand other103,367 94,288 
Real estate construction575,547 513,101 
Construction other508,875 395,439 
Construction residential66,672 117,662 
Residential real estate2,414,781 2,194,669 
Residential first lien1,737,203 1,547,192 
Residential junior lien/home equity677,578 647,477 
Commercial real estate3,050,084 2,425,012 
Multifamily537,565 431,151 
Nonowner occupied1,806,738 1,510,347 
Owner occupied705,781 483,514 
Loans to individuals1,365,292 1,297,655 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,285,380 1,210,451 
Consumer credit cards9,997 10,657 
Consumer other69,915 76,547 
Total loans and leases$8,901,725 $7,642,143 
First Commonwealth’s loan portfolio includes five primary loan categories. When calculating the allowance for credit losses these categories are classified into fourteen portfolio segments. The composition of loans by portfolio segment includes:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other
Time & Demand - Consists primarily of commercial and industrial loans. This category consists of loans that are typically cash flow dependent and therefore have different risk and loss characteristics than other commercial loans. Loans in this category include revolving and term structures with fixed and variable interest rates. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP. At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, this category includes $0.9 million and $4.3 million in Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans for small businesses. Because PPP loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, there is no allowance for credit losses recognized for these loans.
Commercial Credit Cards - Consists of unsecured credit cards for commercial customers. These commercial credit cards have separate characteristics outside of normal commercial non-real estate loans, as they tend to have shorter overall duration. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Equipment Finance - Consists of loans and leases to finance the purchase of equipment for commercial customers. The risk and loss characteristics are unique for this group due to the type of collateral. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Time & Demand Other - Consists primarily of loans to state and political subdivisions and other commercial loans that have different characteristics than loans in the Time and Demand category. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of household debt to income and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Real estate construction
Construction Other - Consists of construction loans to commercial builders and developers and are secured by the properties under development.
Construction Residential - Consists of loans to finance the construction of residential properties during the construction period. Borrowers are typically individuals who will occupy the completed single family property.
The risk and loss characteristics of these two construction categories are different than other real estate secured categories due to the collateral being at various stages of completion. The nature of the project and type of borrower of the two construction categories provides for unique risk and loss characteristics for each category. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for construction loans include forecasts of national unemployment and measures of completed construction projects.
Residential real estate
Residential first lien - Consists of loans with collateral of 1-4 family residencies with a senior lien position. The risk and loss characteristics are unique for this group because the collateral for these loans are the borrower’s primary residence. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and residential property values.
Residential Junior Lien/Home Equity - Consists of loans with collateral of 1-4 family residencies with an open end line of credit or junior lien position. The junior lien position for the majority of these loans provides a higher risk of loss than other residential real estate loans. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and residential property values.
Commercial real estate
Multifamily - Consists of loans secured by commercial multifamily properties. Real estate related to rentals to consumers provide unique risk and loss characteristics. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of commercial real estate values and national unemployment.
Nonowner Occupied - Consists of loans secured by non-owner occupied commercial real estate and provides different loss characteristics than other real estate categories. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Owner Occupied - Consists of loans secured by owner occupied commercial real estate properties. The risk and loss characteristics of this category were considered different than other real estate categories because it is owner occupied and would impact the ability to conduct business. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of national unemployment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Loans to individuals
Automobile and Recreational Vehicles - Consists of both direct and indirect loans with automobiles and recreational vehicles held as collateral. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of consumer sentiment and automobile retention value.
Consumer Credit Cards – Consists of unsecured consumer credit cards. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of consumer sentiment and economic conditions measured by GDP.
Other Consumer - Consists of lines of credit, student loans and other consumer loans, not secured by real estate or autos. The primary macroeconomic drivers for estimating credit losses for this category include forecasts of consumer sentiment and retail sales.
The allowance for credit losses is calculated by pooling loans of similar credit risk characteristics and applying a discounted cash flow methodology after incorporating probability of default and loss given default estimates. Probability of default represents an estimate of the likelihood of default, and loss given default measures the expected loss upon default. Inputs impacting the expected losses include a forecast of macroeconomic factors, using a weighted forecast from a nationally
recognized firm. Our model incorporates a one-year forecast of macroeconomic factors, after which the factors revert back to the historical mean over a one-year period. The most significant macroeconomic factor used in estimating credit losses is the national unemployment rate. The forecasted value for national unemployment at the beginning of the forecast period was 3.78% and during the one-year forecast period it was projected to average 4.59%, with a peak of 4.86%.
Credit Quality Information
As part of the on-going monitoring of credit quality within the loan portfolio, the following credit worthiness categories are used in grading our loans:
Pass  Acceptable levels of risk exist in the relationship. Includes all loans not classified as OAEM, substandard or doubtful.
Other Assets Especially Mentioned (OAEM)Potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. The potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects or weaken the Company’s credit position at some future date. The credit risk may be relatively minor, yet constitute an undesirable risk in light of the circumstances surrounding the specific credit. No loss of principal or interest is expected.
SubstandardWell-defined weakness or a weakness that jeopardizes the repayment of the debt. A loan may be classified as substandard as a result of deterioration of the borrower’s financial condition and repayment capacity. Loans for which repayment plans have not been met or collateral equity margins do not protect the Company may also be classified as substandard.
DoubtfulLoans with the characteristics of substandard loans with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of presently existing facts and conditions, is highly improbable.

The Company’s internal creditworthiness grading system provides a measurement of credit risk based primarily on an evaluation of the borrower’s cash flow and collateral. Category ratings are reviewed each quarter, at which time management analyzes the results, as well as other external statistics and factors related to loan performance.
The following tables represent our credit risk profile by creditworthiness:
 September 30, 2023
Non-Pass
PassOAEMSubstandardDoubtfulLossTotal Non-PassTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,417,177 $46,843 $32,001 $ $ $78,844 $1,496,021 
Time and demand1,111,155 46,843 31,606 — — 78,449 1,189,604 
Commercial credit cards12,934 — — — — — 12,934 
Equipment finance189,735 — 381 — — 381 190,116 
Time and demand other103,353 — 14 — — 14 103,367 
Real estate construction570,581 1,678 3,288   4,966 575,547 
Construction other503,909 1,678 3,288 — — 4,966 508,875 
Construction residential66,672 — — — — — 66,672 
Residential real estate2,404,117 2,581 8,083   10,664 2,414,781 
Residential first lien1,730,461 2,581 4,161 — — 6,742 1,737,203 
Residential junior lien/home equity673,656 — 3,922 — — 3,922 677,578 
Commercial real estate2,951,568 75,818 22,698   98,516 3,050,084 
Multifamily537,000 461 104 — — 565 537,565 
Nonowner occupied1,738,117 50,807 17,814 — — 68,621 1,806,738 
Owner occupied676,451 24,550 4,780 — — 29,330 705,781 
Loans to individuals1,365,090  202   202 1,365,292 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,285,180 — 200 — — 200 1,285,380 
Consumer credit cards9,997 — — — — — 9,997 
Consumer other69,913 — — — 69,915 
Total loans and leases$8,708,533 $126,920 $66,272 $ $ $193,192 $8,901,725 
 
 December 31, 2022
Non-Pass
PassOAEMSubstandardDoubtfulLossTotal Non-PassTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,164,193 $35,389 $12,124 $ $ $47,513 $1,211,706 
Time and demand976,346 35,389 12,089 — — 47,478 1,023,824 
Commercial credit cards13,920 — — — — — 13,920 
Equipment finance79,674 — — — — — 79,674 
Time and demand other94,253 — 35 — — 35 94,288 
Real estate construction513,101      513,101 
Construction other395,439 — — — — — 395,439 
Construction residential117,662 — — — — — 117,662 
Residential real estate2,187,780 736 6,153   6,889 2,194,669 
Residential first lien1,542,854 675 3,663 — — 4,338 1,547,192 
Residential junior lien/home equity644,926 61 2,490 — — 2,551 647,477 
Commercial real estate2,347,000 52,291 25,721   78,012 2,425,012 
Multifamily430,613 488 50 — — 538 431,151 
Nonowner occupied1,439,478 49,037 21,832 — — 70,869 1,510,347 
Owner occupied476,909 2,766 3,839 — — 6,605 483,514 
Loans to individuals1,297,206  449   449 1,297,655 
Automobile and recreational vehicles1,210,090 — 361 — — 361 1,210,451 
Consumer credit cards10,657 — — — — — 10,657 
Consumer other76,459 — 88 — — 88 76,547 
Total loans and leases$7,509,280 $88,416 $44,447 $ $ $132,863 $7,642,143 

The following table summarizes the loan risk rating category by loan type including term loans on an amortized cost basis by origination year:
September 30, 2023
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Time and demand$140,075 $201,945 $123,174 $76,068 $52,514 $76,227 $519,601 $1,189,604 
Pass137,708 193,983 112,478 71,311 40,027 69,936 485,712 1,111,155 
OAEM1,784 2,653 2,983 1,980 10,517 780 26,146 46,843 
Substandard583 5,309 7,713 2,777 1,970 5,511 7,743 31,606 
Gross charge-offs— (6)(6)— (2,363)(1,112)(3,937)(7,424)
Gross recoveries— — — 96 107 214 
Commercial credit cards      12,934 12,934 
Pass— — — — — — 12,934 12,934 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (63)(63)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 13 13 
September 30, 2023
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Equipment finance122,806 67,310      190,116 
Pass122,806 66,929 — — — — — 189,735 
Substandard— 381 — — — — — 381 
Gross charge-offs— (45)— — — — — (45)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Time and demand other3,214 6,482 17,867 20,272 3,219 48,542 3,771 103,367 
Pass3,214 6,482 17,867 20,272 3,219 48,528 3,771 103,353 
Substandard— — — — — 14 — 14 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (1,570)(1,570)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 125 125 
Construction other60,546 174,511 193,450 43,890 21,676 14,105 697 508,875 
Pass60,546 171,223 191,772 43,890 21,676 14,105 697 503,909 
OAEM— — 1,678 — — — — 1,678 
Substandard— 3,288 — — — — — 3,288 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Construction residential17,883 36,866 2,290 5,596 3,559  478 66,672 
Pass17,883 36,866 2,290 5,596 3,559 — 478 66,672 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Residential first lien100,354 372,352 537,574 326,371 99,473 299,027 2,052 1,737,203 
Pass100,349 371,775 535,103 326,218 98,655 296,386 1,975 1,730,461 
OAEM— — 2,059 — 124 321 77 2,581 
Substandard577 412 153 694 2,320 — 4,161 
Gross charge-offs— (2)(1)(4)(1)(116)— (124)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 65 — 65 
Residential junior lien/home equity49,611 72,616 46,038 2,118 2,554 5,299 499,342 677,578 
Pass49,611 72,616 46,038 2,118 2,552 5,227 495,494 673,656 
Substandard— — — — 72 3,848 3,922 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (260)(260)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 63 63 
Multifamily5,960 156,540 141,101 97,027 32,940 101,828 2,169 537,565 
Pass5,960 156,540 141,101 97,027 32,940 101,263 2,169 537,000 
OAEM— — — — — 461 — 461 
Substandard— — — — — 104 — 104 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — — — 
Gross recoveries— — — — — — — — 
Nonowner occupied142,431 418,600 170,408 163,124 232,990 670,243 8,942 1,806,738 
Pass142,431 418,118 170,408 158,484 224,009 615,790 8,877 1,738,117 
OAEM— — — 4,640 8,823 37,344 — 50,807 
Substandard— 482 — — 158 17,109 65 17,814 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — (172)— (172)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 126 — 126 
September 30, 2023
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20232022202120202019PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Owner occupied79,093 165,825 139,993 82,204 61,033 166,516 11,117 705,781 
Pass79,093 165,137 134,769 77,517 45,192 163,742 11,001 676,451 
OAEM— 688 4,133 3,683 14,253 1,760 33 24,550 
Substandard— — 1,091 1,004 1,588 1,014 83 4,780 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — (1,517)— (1,517)
Gross recoveries— — — — — 16 — 16 
Automobile and recreational vehicles356,253 495,340 254,706 127,614 42,439 9,028  1,285,380 
Pass356,253 495,312 254,681 127,591 42,370 8,973 — 1,285,180 
Substandard— 28 25 23 69 55 — 200 
Gross charge-offs(153)(1,370)(794)(714)(350)(88)— (3,469)
Gross recoveries259 255 224 246 129 — 1,114 
Consumer credit cards      9,997 9,997 
Pass— — — — — — 9,997 9,997 
Gross charge-offs— — — — — — (205)(205)
Gross recoveries— — — — — — 63 63 
Consumer other5,387 4,741 14,055 1,651 1,613 3,799 38,669 69,915 
Pass5,387 4,741 14,055 1,651 1,613 3,799 38,667 69,913 
Substandard— — — — — — 
Gross charge-offs— (24)(49)(30)(136)(17)(719)(975)
Gross recoveries— 32 55 113 211 
Total loans and leases$1,083,613 $2,173,128 $1,640,656 $945,935 $554,010 $1,394,614 $1,109,769 $8,901,725 
Total charge-offs(153)(1,447)(850)(748)(2,850)(3,022)(6,754)(15,824)
Total recoveries1 260 257 328 282 498 384 2,010 
December 31, 2022
Term LoansRevolving Loans
20222021202020192018PriorTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Time and demand$180,134 $165,064 $66,006 $88,959 $57,030 $57,907 $408,724 $1,023,824 
Pass180,134 154,542 56,592 79,935 56,718 56,309 392,116 976,346 
OAEM— 10,489 8,387 1,846 250 895 13,522 35,389 
Substandard— 33 1,027 7,178 62 703 3,086 12,089 
Commercial credit cards      13,920 13,920 
Pass— — — — — — 13,920 13,920 
Equipment finance79,674       79,674 
Pass79,674 — — — — — — 79,674 
Time and demand other7,172 20,281 19,626 3,823 2,885 36,197 4,304 94,288 
Pass7,172 20,281 19,626 3,823 2,885 36,162 4,304 94,253 
Substandard— — — — — 35 — 35 
Construction other81,870 179,919 85,264 23,001 24,005 1,011 369 395,439 
Pass81,870 179,919 85,264 23,001 24,005 1,011 369 395,439 
Construction residential82,829 34,783  31 18  1 117,662 
Pass82,829 34,783 — 31 18 — 117,662 
Residential first lien272,136 507,573 337,995 102,870 69,890 255,573 1,155 1,547,192 
Pass272,136 507,042 337,979 102,097 69,212 253,310 1,078 1,542,854 
OAEM— 164 — 133 51 250 77 675 
Substandard— 367 16 640 627 2,013 — 3,663 
Residential junior lien/home equity77,016 49,273 1,499 2,584 1,683 4,396 511,026 647,477 
Pass77,016 49,273 1,499 2,517 1,683 4,263 508,675 644,926 
OAEM— — — — — 51 10 61 
Substandard— — — 67 — 82 2,341 2,490 
Multifamily140,004 90,868 60,699 39,848 19,914 78,483 1,335 431,151 
Pass140,004 90,868 60,699 39,848 19,914 77,945 1,335 430,613 
OAEM— — — — — 488 — 488 
Substandard— — — — — 50 — 50 
Nonowner occupied298,751 153,918 115,947 214,068 141,814 581,060 4,789 1,510,347 
Pass298,751 153,918 115,947 212,588 113,638 541,007 3,629 1,439,478 
OAEM— — — 1,480 20,349 26,207 1,001 49,037 
Substandard— — — — 7,827 13,846 159 21,832 
Owner occupied113,010 105,513 56,977 44,430 26,456 131,432 5,696 483,514 
Pass113,010 105,309 55,468 43,014 26,294 128,230 5,584 476,909 
OAEM— 182 745 791 92 923 33 2,766 
Substandard— 22 764 625 70 2,279 79 3,839 
Automobile and recreational vehicles613,513 330,298 172,530 68,996 20,589 4,525  1,210,451 
Pass613,513 330,252 172,435 68,865 20,524 4,501 — 1,210,090 
Substandard— 46 95 131 65 24 — 361 
Consumer credit cards      10,657 10,657 
Pass— — — — — — 10,657 10,657 
Consumer other6,561 17,177 2,489 3,798 1,656 4,085 40,781 76,547 
Pass6,561 17,177 2,489 3,775 1,652 4,085 40,720 76,459 
Substandard— — — 23 — 61 88 
Total loans and leases$1,952,670 $1,654,667 $919,032 $592,408 $365,940 $1,154,669 $1,002,757 $7,642,143 
Portfolio Risks
The credit quality of our loan portfolio can potentially represent significant risk to our earnings, capital and liquidity. First Commonwealth devotes substantial resources to managing this risk primarily through our credit administration department that develops and administers policies and procedures for underwriting, maintaining, monitoring and collecting loans. Credit administration is independent of lending departments and oversight is provided by the Credit Committee of the First Commonwealth Board of Directors.
Total net charge-offs for the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022 were $13.8 million and $5.1 million, respectively.
Age Analysis of Past Due Loans by Segment
The following tables delineate the aging analysis of the recorded investments in past due loans as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Also included in these tables are loans that are 90 days or more past due and still accruing because they are well-secured and in the process of collection.
 September 30, 2023
 30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greater and still accruingNonaccrualTotal past due and nonaccrualCurrentTotal
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,112 $956 $532 $17,900 $21,500 $1,474,521 $1,496,021 
Time and demand1,630 737 531 17,519 20,417 1,169,187 1,189,604 
Commercial credit cards97 18 — — 115 12,819 12,934 
Equipment finance384 201 — 381 966 189,150 190,116 
Time and demand other— — 103,365 103,367 
Real estate construction 1,678  3,288 4,966 570,581 575,547 
Construction other— 1,678 — 3,288 4,966 503,909 508,875 
Construction residential— — — — — 66,672 66,672 
Residential real estate4,905 1,709 1,203 7,750 15,567 2,399,214 2,414,781 
Residential first lien2,665 1,306 599 3,883 8,453 1,728,750 1,737,203 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,240 403 604 3,867 7,114 670,464 677,578 
Commercial real estate2,436 294 300 18,784 21,814 3,028,270 3,050,084 
Multifamily117 — — 68 185 537,380 537,565 
Nonowner occupied592 49 — 16,176 16,817 1,789,921 1,806,738 
Owner occupied1,727 245 300 2,540 4,812 700,969 705,781 
Loans to individuals4,260 1,607 449 202 6,518 1,358,774 1,365,292 
Automobile and recreational vehicles3,890 1,067 99 200 5,256 1,280,124 1,285,380 
Consumer credit cards37 45 — — 82 9,915 9,997 
Consumer other333 495 350 1,180 68,735 69,915 
Total loans and leases$13,713 $6,244 $2,484 $47,924 $70,365 $8,831,360 $8,901,725 
 
 December 31, 2022
 30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greater and still accruingNonaccrualTotal past due and nonaccrual CurrentTotal
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$1,233 $279 $355 $2,374 $4,241 $1,207,465 $1,211,706 
Time and demand1,121 270 352 2,374 4,117 1,019,707 1,023,824 
Commercial credit cards27 — — 36 13,884 13,920 
Equipment finance— — — — — 79,674 79,674 
Time and demand other85 — — 88 94,200 94,288 
Real estate construction502    502 512,599 513,101 
Construction other— — — — — 395,439 395,439 
Construction residential502 — — — 502 117,160 117,662 
Residential real estate3,023 1,178 811 5,683 10,695 2,183,974 2,194,669 
Residential first lien1,547 771 214 3,369 5,901 1,541,291 1,547,192 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,476 407 597 2,314 4,794 642,683 647,477 
Commercial real estate7,870 25 93 20,539 28,527 2,396,485 2,425,012 
Multifamily202 — — — 202 430,949 431,151 
Nonowner occupied7,547 — 92 19,575 27,214 1,483,133 1,510,347 
Owner occupied121 25 964 1,111 482,403 483,514 
Loans to individuals3,268 571 732 449 5,020 1,292,635 1,297,655 
Automobile and recreational vehicles2,694 368 295 361 3,718 1,206,733 1,210,451 
Consumer credit cards53 29 — 87 10,570 10,657 
Consumer other521 174 432 88 1,215 75,332 76,547 
Total loans and leases$15,896 $2,053 $1,991 $29,045 $48,985 $7,593,158 $7,642,143 
Nonaccrual Loans
The previous tables summarize nonaccrual loans by loan segment. The Company generally places loans on nonaccrual status when the full and timely collection of interest or principal becomes uncertain, when part of the principal balance has been charged off and no restructuring has occurred, or the loans reach a certain number of days past due. Generally, loans 90 days or more past due are placed on nonaccrual status, except for consumer loans, which are placed on nonaccrual status at 150 days past due.
When a loan is placed on nonaccrual, the accrued unpaid interest receivable is reversed against interest income and all future payments received are applied as a reduction to the loan principal. Generally, the loan is returned to accrual status when (a) all delinquent interest and principal becomes current under the terms of the loan agreement or (b) the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection and collectability is no longer in doubt.
Nonperforming Loans
Management considers loans to be nonperforming when, based on current information and events, it is determined that the Company will not be able to collect all amounts due according to the loan contract, including scheduled interest payments. When management identifies a loan as nonperforming, the credit loss is measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, except when the sole source for repayment of the loan is the operation or liquidation of collateral. When the loan is collateral dependent, the appraised value less estimated cost to sell is utilized. If management determines that the value of the loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan, a credit loss is recognized through an allowance estimate or a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses.
When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of a nonperforming loan is in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, all payments are applied to principal, under the cost recovery method. When the ultimate collectability of the total principal of a
nonperforming loan is not in doubt and the loan is on nonaccrual status, contractual interest is credited to interest income when received under the cash basis method.
At September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, there were no nonperforming loans held for sale. During both the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, there were no gains recognized on the sale of nonperforming loans.
The following tables include the recorded investment and unpaid principal balance for nonperforming loans with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Also presented are the average recorded investment in nonperforming loans and the related amount of interest recognized while the loan was considered nonperforming. Average balances are calculated using month-end balances of the loans for the period reported and are included in the table below based on their period-end allowance position. The increase in nonperforming loans is primarily a result of $22.0 million in loans acquired from Centric, offset by the removal of $6.4 million in accruing troubled debt restructurings ("TDR's"). The TDR's were eliminated as a result of our adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). This standard was adopted on January 1, 2023 and eliminates the accounting guidance for TDR's while enhancing disclosure requirements for loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 Recorded
investment
Unpaid
principal
balance
Related
allowance
Recorded
investment
Unpaid
principal
balance
Related
allowance
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,671 $11,142 $3,141 $9,555 
Time and demand2,290 10,761 3,141 9,555 
Equipment finance381 381 — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction3,288 3,288   
Construction other3,288 3,288 — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate6,514 8,328 9,145 11,010 
Residential first lien3,883 4,970 5,754 6,848 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,631 3,358 3,391 4,162 
Commercial real estate5,114 5,847 21,505 24,119 
Multifamily68 68 — — 
Nonowner occupied3,575 4,553 20,155 22,565 
Owner occupied1,471 1,226 1,350 1,554 
Loans to individuals202 353 528 563 
Automobile and recreational vehicles200 351 440 475 
Consumer other88 88 
Subtotal17,789 28,958 34,319 45,247 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other15,229 16,562 $11,994 1,168 1,186 $711 
Time and demand15,229 16,562 11,994 1,168 1,186 711 
Equipment finance      
Time and demand other      
Real estate construction      
Construction other      
Construction residential      
Residential real estate1,236 1,406 70    
Residential first lien— — — — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,236 1,406 70 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,670 14,459 4,162    
Multifamily— — — — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,601 13,369 4,099 — — — 
Owner occupied1,069 1,090 63 — — — 
Loans to individuals      
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — — — 
Consumer other— — — — — — 
Subtotal30,135 32,427 16,226 1,168 1,186 711 
Total$47,924 $61,385 $16,226 $35,487 $46,433 $711 
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20232022
 Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$3,974 $141 $3,762 $88 
Time and demand3,786 141 3,762 88 
Equipment finance188 —   
Time and demand other— —   
Real estate construction365    
Construction other365 —   
Construction residential— —   
Residential real estate6,224 75 8,984 190 
Residential first lien3,602 74 5,120 139 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,622 3,864 51 
Commercial real estate9,253 170 16,663 89 
Multifamily30 — 230 — 
Nonowner occupied7,313 57 14,869 69 
Owner occupied1,910 113 1,564 20 
Loans to individuals428 7 435 13 
Automobile and recreational vehicles341 363 13 
Consumer other87 — 72 — 
Subtotal20,244 393 29,844 380 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other10,190 (16)195  
Time and demand10,190 (16)195 — 
Equipment finance    
Time and demand other    
Real estate construction    
Construction other    
Construction residential    
Residential real estate1,099    
Residential first lien— — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,099 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,134  6,795  
Multifamily— — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,763 — 6,795 — 
Owner occupied371 — — — 
Loans to individuals    
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal24,423 (16)6,990  
Total$44,667 $377 $36,834 $380 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
Income
Recognized
(dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,509 $135 $3,518 $30 
Time and demand2,269 135 3,518 30 
Equipment finance240 — — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction1,096    
Construction other1,096 — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate6,290 35 8,981 48 
Residential first lien3,784 34 5,200 33 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,506 3,781 15 
Commercial real estate7,908 213 16,124 27 
Multifamily68 — — — 
Nonowner occupied6,498 53 14,637 18 
Owner occupied1,342 160 1,487 
Loans to individuals401 6 443 5 
Automobile315 369 
Consumer other86 — 74 — 
Subtotal18,204 389 29,066 110 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other14,980  584  
Time and demand14,980 — 584 — 
Equipment finance— — — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction    
Construction other— — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate1,236    
Residential first lien— — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,236 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,514  6,336  
Multifamily— — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,601 — 6,336 — 
Owner occupied913 — — — 
Loans to individuals    
Automobile— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal29,730  6,920  
Total$47,934 $389 $35,986 $110 
Unfunded commitments related to nonperforming loans were $0.1 million at both September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. After consideration of the requirements to draw and available collateral related to these commitments, it was determined that no reserve was required for these commitments at September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022.
Loan Modifications Made to Borrowers Experiencing Financial Difficulty
The Company adopted ASU 2022-02 on January 1, 2023 on a prospective basis. Disclosures for years prior to adoption continue to reflect TDR's as nonperforming loans and include TDR disclosures required under the previous guidance. Upon adoption of this guidance, the Company no longer establishes a specific reserve for modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty. Instead, these modifications are included in their respective loan segment and an allowance is determined by a loss given default and probability of default methodology.
Modifications to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty may include interest rate reductions, principal forgiveness, other- than-insignificant payment delay, term extensions or any combination thereof.
The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loan modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPrincipal ForgivenessTerm Extension and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate$22 $305 $ $305 $632 0.03 %
Residential first lien22 305 — 305 632 0.04 
Total$22 $305 $ $305 $632 0.01 %
 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Rate ReductionTerm ExtensionPrincipal ForgivenessTerm Extension and Payment DeferralTotalPercentage of Total Loans and Leases
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate$ $144 $ $63 $207 0.01 %
Residential first lien— 144 — 63 207 0.01 
Total$ $144 $ $63 $207  %

The following tables describe the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate2.25 %2.8$ 0.5
Residential first lien2.25 2.8— 0.5
Total2.25 %2.8$ 0.5
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Rate ReductionTerm Extension (Years)Principal ForgivenessPayment Deferral (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate %2.2$ 0.5
Residential first lien— 2.2— 0.5
Total %2.2$ 0.5
A modification is considered to be in default when the loan is 90 days or more past due. For the nine months ended September 30, 2023, there were no modified loans that were considered to be in default. The following table shows the payment status of loans that have been modified on or after January 1, 2023, the date we adopted ASU 2022-02:
September 30, 2023
Current30 - 59 days past due60 - 89 days past due90 days or greater and still accruingTotal
(dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate$632 $ $ $ $632 
Residential first lien632 — — — 632 
Total loans and leases$632 $ $ $ $632 
Troubled Debt Restructurings Disclosures Prior to Adoption of ASU 2022-02
Troubled debt restructured loans are those loans whose terms have been renegotiated to provide a reduction or deferral of principal or interest as a result of the financial difficulties experienced by the borrower, who could not obtain comparable terms from alternative financing sources. Troubled debt restructured loans are considered to be nonperforming loans.
The following tables provide detail, including specific reserves and reasons for modification, related to loans identified as troubled debt restructurings:
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
  Type of Modification   
 Number
of
Contracts
Extend
Maturity
Modify
Rate
Modify
Payments
Total
Pre-Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Post-
Modification
Outstanding
Recorded
Investment
Specific
Reserve
 (dollars in thousands)
Residential real estate2 $ $10 $59 $69 $68 $ 
Residential first lien— 10 59 69 68 — 
Total2 $ $10 $59 $69 $68 $ 
The troubled debt restructurings included in the above tables are also included in the nonperforming loan tables provided earlier in this note. Loans defined as modified due to a change in rate may include loans that were modified for a change in rate as well as a re-amortization of the principal and an extension of the maturity. For the nine months ended September 30, 2022, $10 thousand in rate modifications represent loans with modifications to the rate as well as payment as a result of re-amortization. The changes in loan balances between the pre-modification balance and the post-modification balance are due to customer payments.
A troubled debt restructuring is considered to be in default when a restructured loan is 90 days or more past due. For both the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022, there were no loans restructured within the past twelve months that were considered to be in default.
The following tables provide detail related to the allowance for credit losses:
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2023
Beginning balanceAllowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loansCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$22,650 $19,417 $(9,102)$352 $4,088 $37,405 
Time and demand20,040 19,417 (7,424)214 804 33,051 
Commercial credit cards335 — (63)13 22 307 
Equipment finance1,086 — (45)— 1,586 2,627 
Time and demand other1,189 — (1,570)125 1,676 1,420 
Real estate construction8,822 287   (605)8,504 
Construction other6,360 227 — — 765 7,352 
Construction residential2,462 60 — — (1,370)1,152 
Residential real estate21,412 527 (384)128 2,257 23,940 
Residential first lien14,822 197 (124)65 2,071 17,031 
Residential junior lien/home equity6,590 330 (260)63 186 6,909 
Commercial real estate28,804 6,971 (1,689)142 8,871 43,099 
Multifamily4,726 234 — — 861 5,821 
Nonowner occupied16,426 2,739 (172)126 6,373 25,492 
Owner occupied7,652 3,998 (1,517)16 1,637 11,786 
Loans to individuals21,218 3 (4,649)1,388 3,429 21,389 
Automobile and recreational vehicles18,819 (3,469)1,114 2,823 19,290 
Consumer credit cards412 — (205)63 100 370 
Consumer other1,987 — (975)211 506 1,729 
Total loans and leases$102,906 $27,205 $(15,824)$2,010 $18,040 $134,337 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here includes the day 1 provision on non-PCD loans acquired from Centric and excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2022
 Beginning balanceCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$18,093 $(1,836)$313 $5,902 $22,472 
Time and demand15,283 (604)155 5,712 20,546 
Commercial credit cards247 (209)68 194 300 
Equipment finance— — — 569 569 
Time and demand other2,563 (1,023)90 (573)1,057 
Real estate construction4,220  9 2,682 6,911 
Construction other3,278 — 1,736 5,023 
Construction residential942 — — 946 1,888 
Residential real estate12,625 (263)143 6,798 19,303 
Residential first lien7,459 (124)112 5,562 13,009 
Residential junior lien/home equity5,166 (139)31 1,236 6,294 
Commercial real estate33,376 (1,887)351 (3,941)27,899 
Multifamily3,561 (411)1,273 4,424 
Nonowner occupied24,838 (1,236)340 (7,940)16,002 
Owner occupied4,977 (240)10 2,726 7,473 
Loans to individuals24,208 (3,113)1,160 (2,747)19,508 
Automobile and recreational vehicles21,392 (1,515)699 (3,416)17,160 
Consumer credit cards496 (415)53 255 389 
Consumer other2,320 (1,183)408 414 1,959 
Total loans and leases$92,522 $(7,099)$1,976 $8,694 $96,093 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2023
Beginning balanceAllowance for credit loss on PCD acquired loansCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
(dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$41,714 $ $(1,762)$98 $(2,645)$37,405 
Time and demand37,873 — (954)46 (3,914)33,051 
Commercial credit cards320 — (28)307 
Equipment finance2,074 — — — 553 2,627 
Time and demand other1,447 — (780)46 707 1,420 
Real estate construction7,728    776 8,504 
Construction other6,145 — — — 1,207 7,352 
Construction residential1,583 — — — (431)1,152 
Residential real estate23,740  (304)57 447 23,940 
Residential first lien16,563 — (107)22 553 17,031 
Residential junior lien/home equity7,177 — (197)35 (106)6,909 
Commercial real estate38,927  (172)6 4,338 43,099 
Multifamily5,775 — — — 46 5,821 
Nonowner occupied21,710 — (172)3,952 25,492 
Owner occupied11,442 — — 340 11,786 
Loans to individuals21,437  (2,360)461 1,851 21,389 
Automobile and recreational vehicles19,258 — (1,883)412 1,503 19,290 
Consumer credit cards375 — (59)16 38 370 
Consumer other1,804 — (418)33 310 1,729 
Total loans and leases$133,546 $ $(4,598)$622 $4,767 $134,337 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
 For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2022
 Beginning balanceCharge-offsRecoveries
Provision (credit)a
Ending balance
 (dollars in thousands)
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$21,989 $(852)$154 $1,181 $22,472 
Time and demand19,921 (321)77 869 20,546 
Commercial credit cards387 (132)42 300 
Equipment finance272 — — 297 569 
Time and demand other1,409 (399)35 12 1,057 
Real estate construction5,529  9 1,373 6,911 
Construction other3,600 — 1,414 5,023 
Construction residential1,929 — — (41)1,888 
Residential real estate17,747 (119)83 1,592 19,303 
Residential first lien11,860 (79)67 1,161 13,009 
Residential junior lien/home equity5,887 (40)16 431 6,294 
Commercial real estate31,387 (1,335)332 (2,485)27,899 
Multifamily3,555 — 868 4,424 
Nonowner occupied20,953 (1,095)330 (4,186)16,002 
Owner occupied6,879 (240)833 7,473 
Loans to individuals16,951 (1,064)331 3,290 19,508 
Automobile and recreational vehicles14,563 (538)156 2,979 17,160 
Consumer credit cards312 (182)15 244 389 
Consumer other2,076 (344)160 67 1,959 
Total loans and leases$93,603 $(3,370)$909 $4,951 $96,093 
a) The provision expense (credit) shown here excludes the provision for off-balance sheet credit exposure included in the income statement.
Recorded Investment and Unpaid Principal Balance for Impaired Loans with Associated Allowance The following tables include the recorded investment and unpaid principal balance for nonperforming loans with the associated allowance amount, if applicable, as of September 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022. Also presented are the average recorded investment in nonperforming loans and the related amount of interest recognized while the loan was considered nonperforming. Average balances are calculated using month-end balances of the loans for the period reported and are included in the table below based on their period-end allowance position. The increase in nonperforming loans is primarily a result of $22.0 million in loans acquired from Centric, offset by the removal of $6.4 million in accruing troubled debt restructurings ("TDR's"). The TDR's were eliminated as a result of our adoption of ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures ("ASU 2022-02"). This standard was adopted on January 1, 2023 and eliminates the accounting guidance for TDR's while enhancing disclosure requirements for loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty.
 September 30, 2023December 31, 2022
 Recorded
investment
Unpaid
principal
balance
Related
allowance
Recorded
investment
Unpaid
principal
balance
Related
allowance
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,671 $11,142 $3,141 $9,555 
Time and demand2,290 10,761 3,141 9,555 
Equipment finance381 381 — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction3,288 3,288   
Construction other3,288 3,288 — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate6,514 8,328 9,145 11,010 
Residential first lien3,883 4,970 5,754 6,848 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,631 3,358 3,391 4,162 
Commercial real estate5,114 5,847 21,505 24,119 
Multifamily68 68 — — 
Nonowner occupied3,575 4,553 20,155 22,565 
Owner occupied1,471 1,226 1,350 1,554 
Loans to individuals202 353 528 563 
Automobile and recreational vehicles200 351 440 475 
Consumer other88 88 
Subtotal17,789 28,958 34,319 45,247 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other15,229 16,562 $11,994 1,168 1,186 $711 
Time and demand15,229 16,562 11,994 1,168 1,186 711 
Equipment finance      
Time and demand other      
Real estate construction      
Construction other      
Construction residential      
Residential real estate1,236 1,406 70    
Residential first lien— — — — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,236 1,406 70 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,670 14,459 4,162    
Multifamily— — — — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,601 13,369 4,099 — — — 
Owner occupied1,069 1,090 63 — — — 
Loans to individuals      
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — — — 
Consumer other— — — — — — 
Subtotal30,135 32,427 16,226 1,168 1,186 711 
Total$47,924 $61,385 $16,226 $35,487 $46,433 $711 
 For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 20232022
 Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
 (dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$3,974 $141 $3,762 $88 
Time and demand3,786 141 3,762 88 
Equipment finance188 —   
Time and demand other— —   
Real estate construction365    
Construction other365 —   
Construction residential— —   
Residential real estate6,224 75 8,984 190 
Residential first lien3,602 74 5,120 139 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,622 3,864 51 
Commercial real estate9,253 170 16,663 89 
Multifamily30 — 230 — 
Nonowner occupied7,313 57 14,869 69 
Owner occupied1,910 113 1,564 20 
Loans to individuals428 7 435 13 
Automobile and recreational vehicles341 363 13 
Consumer other87 — 72 — 
Subtotal20,244 393 29,844 380 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other10,190 (16)195  
Time and demand10,190 (16)195 — 
Equipment finance    
Time and demand other    
Real estate construction    
Construction other    
Construction residential    
Residential real estate1,099    
Residential first lien— — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,099 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,134  6,795  
Multifamily— — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,763 — 6,795 — 
Owner occupied371 — — — 
Loans to individuals    
Automobile and recreational vehicles— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal24,423 (16)6,990  
Total$44,667 $377 $36,834 $380 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
20232022
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
income
recognized
Average
recorded
investment
Interest
Income
Recognized
(dollars in thousands)
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other$2,509 $135 $3,518 $30 
Time and demand2,269 135 3,518 30 
Equipment finance240 — — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction1,096    
Construction other1,096 — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate6,290 35 8,981 48 
Residential first lien3,784 34 5,200 33 
Residential junior lien/home equity2,506 3,781 15 
Commercial real estate7,908 213 16,124 27 
Multifamily68 — — — 
Nonowner occupied6,498 53 14,637 18 
Owner occupied1,342 160 1,487 
Loans to individuals401 6 443 5 
Automobile315 369 
Consumer other86 — 74 — 
Subtotal18,204 389 29,066 110 
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial, financial, agricultural and other14,980  584  
Time and demand14,980 — 584 — 
Equipment finance— — — — 
Time and demand other— — — — 
Real estate construction    
Construction other— — — — 
Construction residential— — — — 
Residential real estate1,236    
Residential first lien— — — — 
Residential junior lien/home equity1,236 — — — 
Commercial real estate13,514  6,336  
Multifamily— — — — 
Nonowner occupied12,601 — 6,336 — 
Owner occupied913 — — — 
Loans to individuals    
Automobile— — — — 
Consumer other— — — — 
Subtotal29,730  6,920  
Total$47,934 $389 $35,986 $110