Income Taxes	3 Months Ended
Mar. 31, 2019
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]
Income Taxes	11. Income Taxes For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded an income tax expense of $10.6 million on income before taxes of $10.0 million, for an effective rate of 106.0%. The high effective tax rate for the quarter is primarily due to the Company increasing its reserves for uncertain tax positions in connection with the Brazil Tax Assessments (see Brazil Tax Assessments below) in the amount of $5.6 million, the recording of deferred state taxes on unremitted non-U.S. earnings in the amount of $0.8 million and other reserves related to various tax contingencies. Immaterial Out-of-Period Adjustment The $5.6 million increase in tax expense resulting from the increase in the reserve related to uncertain tax positions in connection with the Brazil Tax Assessments that was recorded in the first quarter of 2019 should properly have been recorded in 2018 when the Company decided to appeal the administrative decision to the judicial level. The impact of recording this out-of-period adjustment to our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is a $5.6 million increase in our income tax expense and a $5.6 million decrease to our Net Income, resulting in a Net Loss; the Company has concluded that this amount would not have been material to its Net Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 or its expected Net Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. Further, the impact of the correction was not material to either our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets or our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This amount is not expected to be paid in cash in the foreseeable future, and would only be paid in the event that we do not ultimately prevail in the case. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit of $4.3 million on income before taxes of $6.1 million. The tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily due to the excess tax benefit resulting from the realization of stock-based compensation related tax deductions, the partial release of the reserve for the Brazil Tax Assessments resulting from the expiration of the statute of limitation for the 2011 tax year, the positive impacts attributable to the U.S. Tax Act and foreign tax refunds. This was partially offset by the revaluation of the deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the decrease in the Swedish corporate tax rate. The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2015 and forward. Foreign and U.S. state jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from 2 to 5 years. Years still open to examination by foreign tax authorities in major jurisdictions include Australia (2014 forward), Brazil (2013 forward), Canada (2014 forward), Germany (2014 forward), Sweden (2013 forward) and the U.K. (2017 forward). We are currently under examination in certain foreign jurisdictions. Brazil Tax Assessments In connection with our May 1, 2012 acquisition of the Mead Consumer and Office Products business ("Mead C&OP"), we assumed all of the tax liabilities for the acquired foreign operations including Tilibra Produtos de Papelaria Ltda. ("Tilibra"). In December of 2012, the Federal Revenue Department of the Ministry of Finance of Brazil ("FRD") issued a tax assessment against Tilibra, challenging the tax deduction of goodwill from Tilibra's taxable income for the year 2007 (the "First Assessment"). A second assessment challenging the deduction of goodwill from Tilibra's taxable income for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 was issued by FRD in October 2013 (the "Second Assessment" and together with the First Assessment, the "Brazil Tax Assessments"). Tilibra is disputing both of the tax assessments. The final administrative appeal of the Second Assessment was decided against the Company in 2017. In 2018, the Company decided to appeal this decision to the judicial level. In the event we do not prevail at the judicial level, the Company will be required to pay an additional amount representing attorneys' costs and fees. Accordingly, in March 2019, the Company recorded an additional reserve in the amount of $5.6 million reflecting the increased liability bringing the total reserve to $27.5 million for the Second Assessment. In connection with the judicial challenge, we were required to provide security to guarantee payment of the Second Assessment, should we not prevail. The First Assessment is still being challenged through established administrative procedures. We believe we have meritorious defenses and intend to vigorously contest both of the assessments; however, there can be no assurances that we will ultimately prevail. The ultimate outcome will not be determined until the Brazilian tax appeal process is complete, which is expected to take a number of years. If the FRD's initial position is ultimately sustained, payment of the amount assessed would materially and adversely affect our cash flow in the year of settlement. Because there is no settled legal precedent on which to base a definitive opinion as to whether we will ultimately prevail, we consider the outcome of these disputes to be uncertain. Since it is not more likely than not that we will prevail, in 2012, we recorded a reserve in the amount of $44.5 million (at December 31, 2012 exchange rates) in consideration of this contingency, of which $43.3 million was recorded as an adjustment to the purchase price and which included the 2007-2012 tax years plus penalties and interest through December 2012. Included in this reserve is an assumption of penalties at 75%, which is the standard penalty. While there is a possibility that a penalty of 150% could be imposed in connection with the First Assessment, based on the facts in our case and existing precedent, we believe the likelihood of a 150% penalty is not more likely than not as of March 31, 2019. We will continue to actively monitor administrative and judicial court decisions and evaluate their impact, if any, on our legal assessment of the ultimate outcome of our disputes. In addition, we will continue to accrue interest related to this contingency until such time as the outcome is known or until evidence is presented that we are more likely than not to prevail. The time limit for issuing an assessment for 2011 expired in January 2018 and we did not receive an assessment; we therefore reversed $5.6 million of reserves related to 2011 in the first quarter of 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, we accrued additional interest as a charge to current income tax expense of $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively. At current exchange rates, our accrual through March 31, 2019, including tax, penalties and interest is $35.1 million.

11. Income Taxes

For the three months ended March 31, 2019, we recorded an income tax expense of $10.6 million on income before taxes of $10.0 million, for an effective rate of 106.0%. The high effective tax rate for the quarter is primarily due to the Company increasing its reserves for uncertain tax positions in connection with the Brazil Tax Assessments (see Brazil Tax Assessments below) in the amount of $5.6 million, the recording of deferred state taxes on unremitted non-U.S. earnings in the amount of $0.8 million and other reserves related to various tax contingencies.

Immaterial Out-of-Period Adjustment

The $5.6 million increase in tax expense resulting from the increase in the reserve related to uncertain tax positions in connection with the Brazil Tax Assessments that was recorded in the first quarter of 2019 should properly have been recorded in 2018 when the Company decided to appeal the administrative decision to the judicial level. The impact of recording this out-of-period adjustment to our Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three months ended March 31, 2019 is a $5.6 million increase in our income tax expense and a $5.6 million decrease to our Net Income, resulting in a Net Loss; the Company has concluded that this amount would not have been material to its Net Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018 or its expected Net Income for the twelve months ended December 31, 2019. Further, the impact of the correction was not material to either our Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets or our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. This amount is not expected to be paid in cash in the foreseeable future, and would only be paid in the event that we do not ultimately prevail in the case.

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recorded an income tax benefit of $4.3 million on income before taxes of $6.1 million. The tax benefit for the three months ended March 31, 2018 was primarily due to the excess tax benefit resulting from the realization of stock-based compensation related tax deductions, the partial release of the reserve for the Brazil Tax Assessments resulting from the expiration of the statute of limitation for the 2011 tax year, the positive impacts attributable to the U.S. Tax Act and foreign tax refunds. This was partially offset by the revaluation of the deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the decrease in the Swedish corporate tax rate.

The U.S. federal statute of limitations remains open for the years 2015 and forward. Foreign and U.S. state jurisdictions have statutes of limitations generally ranging from 2 to 5 years. Years still open to examination by foreign tax authorities in major jurisdictions include Australia (2014 forward), Brazil (2013 forward), Canada (2014 forward), Germany (2014 forward), Sweden (2013 forward) and the U.K. (2017 forward). We are currently under examination in certain foreign jurisdictions.

Brazil Tax Assessments

In connection with our May 1, 2012 acquisition of the Mead Consumer and Office Products business ("Mead C&OP"), we assumed all of the tax liabilities for the acquired foreign operations including Tilibra Produtos de Papelaria Ltda. ("Tilibra"). In December of 2012, the Federal Revenue Department of the Ministry of Finance of Brazil ("FRD") issued a tax assessment against Tilibra, challenging the tax deduction of goodwill from Tilibra's taxable income for the year 2007 (the "First Assessment"). A second assessment challenging the deduction of goodwill from Tilibra's taxable income for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010 was issued by FRD in October 2013 (the "Second Assessment" and together with the First Assessment, the "Brazil Tax Assessments"). Tilibra is disputing both of the tax assessments.

The final administrative appeal of the Second Assessment was decided against the Company in 2017. In 2018, the Company decided to appeal this decision to the judicial level. In the event we do not prevail at the judicial level, the Company will be required to pay an additional amount representing attorneys' costs and fees. Accordingly, in March 2019, the Company recorded an additional reserve in the amount of $5.6 million reflecting the increased liability bringing the total reserve to $27.5 million for the Second Assessment. In connection with the judicial challenge, we were required to provide security to guarantee payment of the Second Assessment, should we not prevail. The First Assessment is still being challenged through established administrative procedures.

We believe we have meritorious defenses and intend to vigorously contest both of the assessments; however, there can be no assurances that we will ultimately prevail. The ultimate outcome will not be determined until the Brazilian tax appeal process is complete, which is expected to take a number of years. If the FRD's initial position is ultimately sustained, payment of the amount assessed would materially and adversely affect our cash flow in the year of settlement.

Because there is no settled legal precedent on which to base a definitive opinion as to whether we will ultimately prevail, we consider the outcome of these disputes to be uncertain. Since it is not more likely than not that we will prevail, in 2012, we recorded a reserve in the amount of $44.5 million (at December 31, 2012 exchange rates) in consideration of this contingency, of which $43.3 million was recorded as an adjustment to the purchase price and which included the 2007-2012 tax years plus penalties and interest through December 2012. Included in this reserve is an assumption of penalties at 75%, which is the standard penalty. While there is a possibility that a penalty of 150% could be imposed in connection with the First Assessment, based on the facts in our case and existing precedent, we believe the likelihood of a 150% penalty is not more likely than not as of March 31, 2019. We will continue to actively monitor administrative and judicial court decisions and evaluate their impact, if any, on our legal assessment of the ultimate outcome of our disputes. In addition, we will continue to accrue interest related to this contingency until such time as the outcome is known or until evidence is presented that we are more likely than not to prevail. The time limit for issuing an assessment for 2011 expired in January 2018 and we did not receive an assessment; we therefore reversed $5.6 million of reserves related to 2011 in the first quarter of 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2019 and 2018, we accrued additional interest as a charge to current income tax expense of $0.3 million and $0.3 million, respectively. At current exchange rates, our accrual through March 31, 2019, including tax, penalties and interest is $35.1 million.