Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

3 Months Ended

Mar. 31, 2024

Fair Value Disclosures [Abstract]

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Fair Value of Financial Instruments and Fair Value Measurements

Generally accepted accounting standards in the U.S. require disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized on the face of the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The assumptions used in the estimation of the fair value of the Company and the Bank’s financial instruments are detailed hereafter. Where quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using discounted cash flows and other valuation techniques. The use of discounted cash flows can be significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows.

Generally accepted accounting principles related to Fair Value Measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, establish a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

•Level 1          inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

•Level 2          inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial instrument.

•Level 3          inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and represent the Company’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The following disclosures should not be considered a surrogate of the liquidation value of the Company, but rather a good-faith estimate of the increase or decrease in value of financial instruments held by the Company since purchase, origination or issuance.

Cash and short-term investments – For cash, due from banks, bank-owned deposits and federal funds sold, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value and is classified as Level 1.

Investment securities – Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices where available and classified as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments and classified as Level 2. If a comparable is not available, the investment securities are classified as Level 3.

Other investments– The fair value of other bank stock approximates carrying value and is classified as Level 2. Fair values for investment funds are based on quoted market prices where available and classified as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments and classified as Level 2. If a comparable is not available, the investment securities are classified as Level 3.

Loans held for sale – The fair value of loans held for sale is determined on outstanding commitments from third party investors in the secondary markets and is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Loans, net – The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. For variable rate loans, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Most loans are classified as Level 3.

Derivative instruments – The fair values of interest rate swaps are determined using the market standard methodology of netting the discounted future fixed cash receipts and the discounted expected variable cash payments. The variable cash payments are based on an expectation of future interest rates (forward curves) derived from observable market interest rate curves. The interest rate swaps are classified as Level 2.

Deposit liabilities – The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date and is classified as Level 2. The fair value of deposits is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities and is classified as Level 2.

Federal funds purchased – The carrying amounts of Federal funds purchased approximate fair value and are classified as Level 2.

Federal Home Loan Bank advances– The fair value of Federal Home Loan Bank advances is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar advances would be obtained. Federal Home Loan Bank advances are classified as Level 2.

Other borrowings – The fair value of other borrowings is calculated by discounting contractual cash flows using an estimated interest rate based on current rates available to the Company for debt of similar remaining maturities and collateral terms. Other borrowings is classified as Level 2 due to their expected maturities.

Disclosures of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis, are required in the financial statements.

The carrying amount, estimated fair values, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 are as follows:

	Fair Value Measurements
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
March 31, 2024
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	94,669	$	94,669	$	94,669	$	—	$	—
Investment securities available for sale	382,953		382,953		—		375,808		7,145
Investment securities held to maturity	447,157		398,852		—		398,852		—
Other investments	16,034		16,034		—		16,034		—
Loans held for sale	31,102		31,102		—		31,102		—
Loans, net	1,840,361		1,674,467		—		—		1,674,467
Derivative instruments	361		361		—		361		—
Liabilities
Deposits	2,522,748		2,516,381		—		2,516,381		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	155,000		157,599		—		157,599		—
Other borrowings	62,969		50,078		—		50,078		—

	Fair Value Measurements
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Estimated Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
December 31, 2023
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	83,322	$	83,322	$	83,322	$	—	$	—
Investment securities available for sale	407,382		407,382		—		396,568		10,814
Investment securities held to maturity	449,031		405,576		—		405,576		—
Other investments	16,868		16,868		—		16,868		—
Loans held for sale	27,958		27,958		—		27,958		—
Loans, net	1,865,099		1,699,870		—		—		1,699,870
Liabilities
Deposits	2,544,790		2,538,477		—		2,538,477		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	175,000		176,022		—		176,022		—
Other borrowings	63,445		51,056		—		51,056		—
Derivative instruments	438		438		—		438		—

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on many judgments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments include deferred income taxes and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

Securities – Where quoted prices are available in an active market, securities are classified within level 1 of the valuation hierarchy. Level 1 inputs include securities that have quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. If quoted market prices are not available, then fair values are estimated by using pricing models, quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, or discounted cash flow. Examples of such instruments, which would generally be classified within level 2 of the valuation hierarchy, include certain collateralized mortgage and debt obligations and certain high-yield debt securities. In certain cases where there is limited activity or less transparency around inputs to the valuation, securities are classified within level 3 of the valuation hierarchy. When measuring fair value, the valuation techniques available under the market approach, income approach and/or cost approach are used. The Company’s evaluations are based on market data and the Company employs combinations of these approaches for its valuation methods depending on the asset class.

Collateral dependent loans – Loans which the Company has measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

Other Real Estate Owned – Other real estate owned assets are adjusted to fair value less estimated selling costs upon transfer of the loans to other real estate owned. Typically, an external, third-party appraisal is performed on the collateral upon transfer into the other real estate owned account to determine the asset’s fair value. Subsequent adjustments to the collateral’s value may be based upon either updated third-party appraisals or management’s knowledge of the collateral and the current real estate market conditions. Appraised amounts used in determining the asset’s fair value, whether internally or externally prepared, are discounted 10% to account for selling and marketing costs. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Because of the high degree of judgment required in estimating the fair value of other real estate owned assets and because of the relationship between fair value and general economic conditions, we consider the fair value of other real estate owned assets to be highly sensitive to changes in market conditions.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis – The following tables present the recorded amount of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall. The tables below include collateral dependent impaired loans and other real estate properties at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. Those collateral dependent impaired loans and other real estate properties are shown net of the related specific reserves and valuation allowances.

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands)	Total Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
March 31, 2024
Nonrecurring
Collateral dependent loans	$	1,768	$	—	$	—	$	1,768
Other real estate owned	562		—		—		562
Total nonrecurring assets	$	2,330	$	—	$	—	$	2,330

			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands)	Total Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
December 31, 2023
Nonrecurring
Collateral dependent loans	$	1,410	$	—	$	—	$	1,410
Other real estate owned	448		—		—		448
Total nonrecurring assets	$	1,858	$	—	$	—	$	1,858

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following table presents quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements for assets in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy measured on a nonrecurring basis at March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. This table is comprised primarily of collateral dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned:

(dollars in thousands)	March 31, 2024		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range Weighted Avg
Collateral dependent loans	$	1,768	Appraised Value	Discounts to reflect current market conditions, ultimate collectability, and estimated costs to sell	—	%	50	%
Other real estate owned	562		Appraised Value/Comparable Sales	Discounts to reflect current market conditions and estimated costs to sell	—	%	20	%

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2023		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range Weighted Avg
Collateral dependent loans	$	1,410	Appraised Value	Discounts to reflect current market conditions, ultimate collectability, and estimated costs to sell	25	%	50	%
Other real estate owned	448		Appraised Value/Comparable Sales	Discounts to reflect current market conditions and estimated costs to sell	—	%	20	%

The following table presents quantitative information about recurring level 3 fair value measurements as of March 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

	As of March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range (Weighted Avg)
Available for sale securities	$	7,145	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate or Yield	N/A*

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range (Weighted Avg)
Available for sale securities	$	10,814	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount Rate or Yield	N/A*

* The Company relies on a third-party pricing service to value its securities. The details of the unobservable inputs and other adjustments used by the third-party pricing service were not readily available to the Company.

The table below presents a reconciliation and statement of income classification of gains and losses for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (level 3) for the three months ended March 31, 2024.

	Three Months Ended
	March 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Available for sale securities
Balance, Beginning	$	10,814
Redemptions/Payments	(2,913)
Fair value adjustments	1,669
Transfers between levels	(2,425)
Balance, Ending	$	7,145

The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of levels 1, 2 and 3 as of the end of a reporting period. There were $2.4 million in transfers between levels for the three months ended March 31, 2024 and no transfers of securities between levels for the three months ended March 31, 2023.