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FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2022

FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

Generally accepted accounting standards in the U.S. require disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized on the face of the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value. The assumptions used in the estimation of the fair value of Colony Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries financial instruments are detailed hereafter. Where quoted prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using discounted cash flows and other valuation techniques. The use of discounted cash flows can be significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows.

Generally accepted accounting principles related to Fair Value Measurements define fair value, establish a framework for measuring fair value, establish a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement and enhance disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The three levels are defined as follows:

• Level 1 inputs to the valuation methodology are quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

• Level 2 inputs to the valuation methodology include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the financial

instrument.

• Level 3 inputs to the valuation methodology are unobservable and represent the Company’s own assumptions about the

assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the assets or liabilities.

The following disclosures should not be considered a surrogate of the liquidation value of the Company, but rather a good-faith estimate of the increase or decrease in value of financial instruments held by the Company since purchase, origination or issuance.

Cash and short-term investments - For cash, due from banks, bank-owned deposits and federal funds sold, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value and is classified Level 1.

Investment securities - Fair values for investment securities are based on quoted market prices where available and classified as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments and classified as Level 2. If a comparable is not available, the investment securities are classified as Level 3.

Other investments - The fair value of other bank stock approximates carrying value and is classified as Level 2. Fair values for investment funds are based on quoted market prices where available and classified as Level 1. If quoted market prices are not available, estimated fair values are based on quoted market prices of comparable instruments and classified as Level 2 If a comparable is not available, the investment securities are classified as Level 3.

Loans held for sale – The fair value of loans held for sale is determined on outstanding commitments from third party investors in the secondary markets and is classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

Loans - The fair value of fixed rate loans is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar loans would be made to borrowers with similar credit ratings. For variable rate loans, the carrying amount is a reasonable estimate of fair value. Loans are classified as Level 3.

Deposit liabilities - The fair value of demand deposits, savings accounts and certain money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date and is classified as Level 1. The fair value of fixed maturity certificates of deposit is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the rates currently offered for deposits of similar remaining maturities and is classified as Level 2.

Federal Home Loan Bank advances – The fair value of Federal Home Loan Bank advances is estimated by discounting the future cash flows using the current rates at which similar advances would be obtained. Federal Home Loan Bank advances are classified as Level 2.

Other borrowings – The fair value of other borrowings is calculated by discounting contractual cash flows using an estimated interest rate based on current rates available to the Company for debt of similar remaining maturities and collateral terms. Other borrowings is classified as Level 2 due to their expected maturities.

Disclosures of the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including those financial assets and financial liabilities that are not measured and reported at fair value on a recurring basis or non-recurring basis, are required in the financial statements.

The carrying amount, estimated fair values, and placement in the fair value hierarchy of the Company’s financial instruments are as follows:


	Carrying		Estimated		Level
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Fair Value		1		2		3
December 31, 2022
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	80,678	$	80,678	$	80,678	$	—	$	—
Investment securities available for sale	432,553		432,553		—		416,957		15,596
Investment securities held to maturity	465,858		411,264		—		411,264		—
Other investments	13,793		13,793		—		13,003		790
Loans held for sale	17,743		17,743		—		17,743		—
Loans, net	1,720,978		1,469,707		—		—		1,469,707

Liabilities
Deposits	2,490,997		2,489,481		—		2,489,481		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	125,000		125,163		—		125,163		—
Other borrowed money	78,352		69,930		—		69,930		—

December 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and short-term investments	$	197,232	$	197,232	$	197,232	$	—	$	—
Investment securities available for sale	938,164		938,164		87,551		850,613		—
Other investments	14,012		14,012		5,574		4,183		4,255
Loans held for sale	38,150		38,150		—		38,150		—
Loans, net	1,325,067		1,328,853		—		—		1,328,853

Liabilities
Deposits	2,374,608		2,375,385		—		2,375,385		—
Federal Home Loan Bank advances	51,656		51,162		—		51,162		—

Other borrowed money	36,792		36,796		—		36,796		—

Fair value estimates are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information and information about the financial instrument. These estimates do not reflect any premium or discount that could result from offering for sale at one time the Company’s entire holdings of a particular financial instrument. Because no market exists for a significant portion of the Company’s financial instruments, fair value estimates are based on many judgments. These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment and therefore cannot be determined with precision. Changes in assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

Fair value estimates are based on existing on- and off-balance sheet financial instruments without attempting to estimate the value of anticipated future business and the value of assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments. Significant assets and liabilities that are not considered financial instruments include deferred income taxes and premises and equipment. In addition, the tax ramifications related to the realization of the unrealized gains and losses can have a significant effect on fair value estimates and have not been considered in the estimates.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis, as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the valuation hierarchy:

Impaired Loans - Impaired loans are those loans which the Company has measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are included as level 3 fair values, based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

Other Real Estate - Other real estate owned assets are adjusted to fair value less estimated selling costs upon transfer of the loans to other real estate owned. Typically, an external, third-party appraisal is performed on the collateral upon transfer into the other real estate owned account to determine the asset’s fair value. Subsequent adjustments to the collateral’s value may be based upon either updated third-party appraisals or management’s knowledge of the collateral and the current real estate market conditions. Appraised amounts used in determining the asset’s fair value, whether internally or externally prepared, are discounted 10 percent to account for selling and marketing costs. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process by the appraisers to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments are typically significant and result in a level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Because of the high degree of judgment required in estimating the fair value of other real estate owned assets and because of the relationship between fair value and general economic conditions, we consider the fair value of other real estate owned assets to be highly sensitive to changes in market conditions.

Assets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring and Nonrecurring Basis - The following table presents the recorded amount of the Company’s assets measured at fair value on a recurring and nonrecurring basis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, aggregated by the level in the fair value hierarchy within which those measurements fall. The table below includes only impaired loans with a specific reserve and only other real estate properties with a valuation allowance at December 31, 2022 and 2021. Those impaired loans and other real estate properties are shown net of the related specific reserves and valuation allowances.


			Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
(dollars in thousands)	Total Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
December 31, 2022
Nonrecurring
Impaired loans	$	521	$	—	$	—	$	521
Other real estate	651		—		—		651

December 31, 2021
Nonrecurring
Impaired loans	$	1,837	$	—	$	—	$	1,837
Other real estate	281		—		—		281

Fair Value Measurements Using Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

The following tables present quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements for assets in level 3 of the fair value hierarchy measured on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2022 and 2021. These tables are comprised primarily of collateral dependent impaired loans and other real estate owned:


(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2022		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range Weighted Avg

Impaired Loans	$	521	Appraised Value	Discounts to reflect current market conditions, ultimate collectability, and estimated costs to sell	25	%	-	50%

Other Real Estate	$	651	Appraised Value/ Comparable Sales	Discounts to reflect current market conditions and estimated costs to sell	0	%	-	20%


	December 31, 2021		Valuation Techniques	Unobservable Inputs	Range Weighted Avg

Impaired Loans	$	1,837	Appraised Value	Discounts to reflect current market conditions, ultimate collectability, and estimated costs to sell	25	%	-	100%

Other Real Estate	$	281	Appraised Value/ Comparable Sales	Discounts to reflect current market conditions and estimated costs to sell	0	%	-	20%

The following table presents quantitative information about recurring level 3 fair value measurements as of December 31, 2022.

December 31, 2022

(dollars in thousands)

Fair Value

Valuation
Techniques

Unobservable
Inputs

Range
(Weighted Avg)

Available for sale securities

15,596

Discounted Cash Flow

Discount Rate or Yield

N/A*

Other investments

790

Discounted Cash Flow

Discount Rate or Yield

N/A*

* The Company relies on a third-party pricing service to value its securities. The details of the unobservable inputs and other adjustments used by the third-party pricing service were not readily available to the Company.

The following table presents a reconciliation and statement of income classification of gains and losses for all assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (level 3) for the year ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:


	Other Investments				Available for sale securities
(dollars in thousands)	2022		2021		2022

Beginning balance	$	4,255	$	—	$	—
Additions	—		4,107		—
Redemptions	(3,306)		—		—
Total unrealized/realized gains included in earnings	(159)		148		—

Transfer to Level 3	—		—		15,596
Ending balance	$	790	$	4,255	$	15,596

The Company’s policy is to recognize transfers in and transfers out of levels 1, 2 and 3 as of the end of a reporting period. There were $15.6 million in transfers between levels for the period ended December 31, 2022 and no transfers for the period ended December 31, 2021 .

- Definition

The entire disclosure for the fair value of financial instruments (as defined), including financial assets and financial liabilities (collectively, as defined), and the measurements of those instruments as well as disclosures related to the fair value of non-financial assets and liabilities. Such disclosures about the financial instruments, assets, and liabilities would include: (1) the fair value of the required items together with their carrying amounts (as appropriate); (2) for items for which it is not practicable to estimate fair value, disclosure would include: (a) information pertinent to estimating fair value (including, carrying amount, effective interest rate, and maturity, and (b) the reasons why it is not practicable to estimate fair value; (3) significant concentrations of credit risk including: (a) information about the activity, region, or economic characteristics identifying a concentration, (b) the maximum amount of loss the entity is exposed to based on the gross fair value of the related item, (c) policy for requiring collateral or other security and information as to accessing such collateral or security, and (d) the nature and brief description of such collateral or security; (4) quantitative information about market risks and how such risks are managed; (5) for items measured on both a recurring and nonrecurring basis information regarding the inputs used to develop the fair value measurement; and (6) for items presented in the financial statement for which fair value measurement is elected: (a) information necessary to understand the reasons for the election, (b) discussion of the effect of fair value changes on earnings, (c) a description of [similar groups] items for which the election is made and the relation thereof to the balance sheet, the aggregate carrying value of items included in the balance sheet that are not eligible for the election; (7) all other required (as defined) and desired information.

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