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Income Taxes
9 Months Ended
Jul. 31, 2017
Components of Income Tax Expense (Benefit), Continuing Operations [Abstract]  
Income Taxes
Income Taxes
Our effective tax rate (ETR) (provision for income taxes divided by pretax income) for the first nine months of fiscal 2017 was 4.4%. Our year-to-date results reflect the projected fiscal year ETR, plus any discrete items. The ETR used to record the provision for income taxes for the first nine months of fiscal 2016 was 5.4%. The decrease in the effective tax rate in the first nine months of fiscal 2017 reflects a shift in our geographic mix of income as well as the benefit from adopting ASU 2016-09 (Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation).
We recognize the benefit from a tax position only if it is more likely than not that the position would be sustained upon audit based solely on the technical merits of the tax position. At November 1, 2016, Cooper had unrecognized tax benefits of $39.9 million, of which, if recognized, $29.7 million would impact our ETR. For the first nine months of fiscal 2017, there were no material changes to the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits.
We have accrued $3.7 million of interest and penalties as of November 1, 2016. It is our policy to recognize the items of interest and penalties directly related to income taxes as additional income tax expense.
Included in the balance of unrecognized tax benefits at November 1, 2016, is $1.6 million related to tax positions for which it is reasonably possible that the total amounts could significantly change during the next twelve months. This amount represents a decrease in unrecognized tax benefits related to expiring statutes in various jurisdictions worldwide and relates primarily to transfer pricing matters.
At July 31, 2017, the tax years for which Cooper remains subject to United States Federal income tax assessment upon examination are 2014 through 2016. Cooper remains subject to income tax examinations in other significant tax jurisdictions including the United Kingdom, Japan, France and Australia for the tax years 2013 through 2016.