General—Due to the nature of our business, we and our affiliates are, from time to time, involved in litigation or subject to disputes, governmental investigations or claims related to our business activities, including, among other things:

Based upon our prior experience, we do not expect that any of these other litigation proceedings, disputes, investigations and claims will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows; however, because of the inherent uncertainty of litigation and other dispute resolution proceedings and, in some cases, the availability and amount of potentially applicable insurance, we can provide no assurance the resolution of any particular claim or proceeding to which we are a party will not have a material effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows for the fiscal period in which that resolution occurs.

Project Arbitration Matters—We are in arbitration (governed by the arbitration rules of the International Chamber of Commerce) entitled Refineria de Cartagena S.A. v. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V., et al which was commenced on March 8, 2016 in connection with a large, cost reimbursable refinery construction project in Colombia completed by CB&I in 2015. Refineria de Cartagena, the customer on the project, is alleging that we are responsible for certain cost overruns, delays and consequential damages on the project. The customer is claiming total damages in excess of $4.5 billion. We have asserted a counterclaim against the customer for approximately $250 million. The parties are currently preparing witness statements, expert reports and other filings that are scheduled to be submitted to the tribunal in February 2019, though the parties are currently seeking an extension to that date. While the arbitration hearings were scheduled to being in April 2019, it is now expected that the hearings will not take place until the first or second quarter of 2020. The venue for the arbitration hearings is New York, New York. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to this matter, and accordingly, our reserves for this matter were not significant as of December 31, 2018. While it is possible that a loss may be incurred, we are unable to estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

In addition, we are in arbitration (governed by the arbitration rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) entitled CBI Constructors Pty & Kentz Pty Ltd and Chevron Australia Pty Ltd., which was commenced on or about May 17, 2017, with the customer for one of CB&I’s previously completed consolidated joint venture projects, regarding differing interpretations of the contract related to reimbursable billings. We and our joint venture counterparty have asserted claims against the customer of approximately $114 million and the customer has asserted that it has overpaid the joint venture by $292 million, less the amounts owed to the joint venture. The matter has been bifurcated, with hearings on entitlement held in November 2018 and hearings on the amount of damages scheduled for September 2019. In December 2018, the tribunal issued an interim award on entitlement, finding that the joint venture was not overpaid for its craft labor but that certain overpayments were made to the joint venture for its staff. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2018, we have established a reserve of approximately $55 million in the acquired balance sheet from the Combination, which equates to $85 million at the joint venture level.

Dispute Related to Sale of Nuclear Operations—On December 31, 2015, we sold our Nuclear Operations to Westinghouse Electric Company LLC (“WEC”). In connection with the transaction, a post-closing purchase price adjustment mechanism was negotiated between CB&I and WEC to account for any difference between target working capital and actual working capital as finally determined pursuant to the terms of the purchase agreement. On April 28, 2016, WEC delivered to us a purported closing statement that estimated closing working capital was negative $976.5 million, which was $2.1 billion less than the target working capital amount. In contrast, we calculated closing working capital to be $1.6 billion, which was $427.8 million greater than the target working capital amount. On July 21, 2016, we filed a complaint against WEC in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware seeking a declaration that WEC has no remedy for the vast majority of its claims, and we requested an injunction barring WEC from bringing such claims. On December 2, 2016, the Court of Chancery granted WEC’s motion for judgment on the pleadings and dismissed our complaint, stating that the dispute should follow the dispute resolution process set forth in the purchase agreement, which includes the use of an independent auditor to resolve the working capital dispute. We appealed that ruling to the Delaware Supreme Court. Due to WEC’s bankruptcy filing on March 29, 2017, all claim resolution proceedings were automatically stayed pursuant to the Bankruptcy Code. At the parties’ request, the Bankruptcy Court lifted the automatic stay to permit the appeal and dispute resolution process to continue. Oral argument before the Delaware Supreme Court was held on May 3, 2017, and on June 27, 2017, the Delaware Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Court of Chancery and instructed the Court of Chancery to issue an order enjoining WEC from submitting certain claims to the independent auditor. The parties have discussed those matters still subject to the dispute resolution process and the selection of a new independent auditor to replace the previous auditor, who had resigned. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to this matter, and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018. While it is possible that a loss may be incurred, we are unable to estimate the range of potential loss, if any. We believe the Delaware Supreme Court ruling significantly improved our position on this matter and intend to continue pursuing our rights under the purchase agreement.

Asbestos Litigation—We are a defendant in numerous lawsuits wherein plaintiffs allege exposure to asbestos at various locations. We review and defend each case on its own merits and make accruals based on the probability of loss and best estimates of potential loss. We do not believe any unresolved asserted claim will have a material adverse effect on our future results of operations, financial position or cash flow. With respect to unasserted asbestos claims, we cannot identify a population of potential claimants with sufficient certainty to determine the probability of loss or estimate future losses. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to these matters, and, accordingly, our reserves were not significant as of December 31, 2018. While we continue to pursue recovery for recognized and unrecognized contingent losses through insurance, indemnification arrangements and other sources, we are unable to quantify the amount that we may recover because of the variability in coverage amounts, limitations and deductibles or the viability of carriers, with respect to our insurance policies for the years in question.

Mercury Litigation—Certain of our subsidiaries are co-defendants in a group of consolidated “toxic exposure” claims, involving 54 plaintiffs who allege that they were exposed to mercury while working in a chlorine manufacturing facility located in Muscle Shoals, Alabama. The matter was commenced on December 14, 2011 and is captioned Aretha Abernathy, et al. v. Occidental Chemical Corp., et al., CV 11-900266, Circuit Court of Colbert County, Alabama. The plaintiffs consist of former employees of subsidiaries of CB&I, as well as other defendants. No trial date has been set. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to this matter, and accordingly, our reserves were not significant as of December 31, 2018. While it is possible that a loss may be incurred (absent insurance coverage), we are unable at this time, to estimate the range of potential loss, if any. Further, we believe we are entitled to coverage under various insurance policies, though certain carriers have issued letters reserving their rights to contest their obligations to indemnify us. Discussions between us and the carriers continue over coverage for these matters.

In addition, under the terms of certain insurance policies, additional deductible amounts may be due upon a resolution of these matters, either by settlement or judgment. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable for additional deductible amounts due upon resolution of these matters, and accordingly, our reserves for this matter were not significant as of December 31, 2018.

Labor Litigation—A former employee of one of our subsidiaries commenced a class action lawsuit under the Fair Labor Standards ACT (“FLSA”) entitled Cantrell v. Lutech Resources, Inc., (S.D. Texas 2017) Case No. 4:17-CV-2679 on or about September 5, 2017, alleging that he and his fellow class members were not paid one and one half times their normal hourly wage rates for hours worked that exceeded 40 hours in a work week. Our subsidiary has yet to answer the allegations in the complaint, as agreed by the parties, in order to allow mediation to take place. The first mediation session commenced in October 2018 and is ongoing. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to this matter, and, accordingly, our reserves for this matter were not significant as of December 31, 2018. While it is possible that a loss may be incurred, we are unable at this time, to estimate the range of potential loss, if any.

Pre-Combination CB&I Securities Litigations—On March 2, 2017, a complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York seeking class action status on behalf of purchasers of CB&I common stock and alleging damages on their behalf arising from alleged false and misleading statements made during the class period from October 30, 2013 to June 23, 2015. The case is captioned: In re Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V. Securities Litigation, No. 1:17-cv-01580-LGS (the “Securities Litigation”). The defendants in the case are: CB&I; a former chief executive officer of CB&I; a former chief financial officer of CB&I; and a former controller and chief accounting officer of CB&I. On June 14, 2017, the court named ALSAR Partnership Ltd. as lead plaintiff. On August 14, 2017, a consolidated amended complaint was filed alleging violations of Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, arising out of alleged misrepresentations about CB&I’s accounting for the acquisition of The Shaw Group, CB&I’s accounting with respect to the two nuclear projects being constructed by The Shaw Group, and CB&I’s financial reporting and public statements with respect to those two projects. On May 24, 2018, the court denied defendants’ motion to dismiss and the parties are currently engaged in the discovery process. We are not able at this time to determine the likelihood of loss, if any, arising from this matter and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018. We believe the claims are without merit and intend to defend against them vigorously.

On October 26, 2018, two actions were filed by individual plaintiffs based on allegations similar to those alleged in the Securities Litigation. Both actions were filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York and are captioned Gotham Diversified Neutral Master Fund, LP, et al. v. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V. et al., Case No. 1:18-cv-09927 and Appaloosa Investment L.P., et al., v. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company N.V., et al., Case No. 1:18-cv-09928. Besides CB&I, the other defendants are the same individual defendants as in the Securities Litigation described above. Plaintiffs assert causes of action based on alleged violations of Sections 10(b), 18 and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder, along with common law causes of action. On January 25, 2019, the defendants filed partial motions to dismiss the causes of actions asserted under Section 18 of the Exchange Act, which are currently pending. We are not able at this time to determine the likelihood of loss, if any, arising from these matters and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018. We believe the claims are without merit and intend to defend against them vigorously.

On or about November 2, 2017, a complaint was filed in the District Court of Montgomery County, Texas by Daniel Cohen and associated individuals and corporations, alleging causes of action under both common and state law for alleged false and misleading statements related to CB&I’s acquisition of The Shaw Group in 2013, particularly with regard to two nuclear projects being constructed by Shaw in South Carolina and Georgia. The case is captioned Daniel Cohen, et al. v. Chicago Bridge & Iron Company, N.V., et al., No. 17-10-12820. The other defendants are the same individual defendants as in the Securities Litigation described above. The plaintiffs alleged that the individual defendants made, or had authority over the content and method of communicating information to the public, including the alleged misstatements and omissions detailed in the complaint, resulting in a financial loss on shares of stock purchased by the plaintiffs. Discovery in this matter is proceeding. We are not able at this time to determine the likelihood of loss, if any, arising from this matter and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018. We believe the claims are without merit and intend to defend against them vigorously.

Trade Secrets Dispute—We are in litigation in a matter entitled TechnipFMC plc v. Mukherjee, et al., Cause No. 2018-53084, 164th Judicial District, Harris County, Texas, which was commenced on August 9, 2018. The plaintiff alleges that one of our executive officers misappropriated certain confidential information and trade secrets when he left the plaintiff’s employ for employment with McDermott. The plaintiff also asserts claims for lost profits or, in the alternative, the disgorgement of profits that we may earn under certain contracts which the plaintiff claims would not have been awarded to us but for the use of such confidential information and trade secrets, along with other damages. The court issued an order prohibiting the use of any such information in our possession or the possession of the executive officer, requiring the return of all such documents to the plaintiff and requiring compliance with other terms of the order. McDermott and its executive officer fully complied. The trial of this matter is currently scheduled for April 1, 2019 in Houston, Texas. We do not believe a risk of material loss is probable related to this matter. While it is possible that a loss may be incurred, we are unable to estimate the range of potential loss, if any, arising from this matter and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018.

Post-Combination McDermott Securities Litigation—On November 15, 2018, a complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas seeking class action status on behalf of purchasers of McDermott common stock and alleging damages on their behalf arising from allegedly false and misleading statements made during the class period from January 24, 2018 to October 30, 2018. The case is captioned: Edwards v. McDermott International, Inc., et al., No. 4:18-cv-04330. The defendants in the case are: McDermott; David Dickson, our president and chief executive officer; and Stuart Spence, our chief financial officer. The plaintiff has alleged that the defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions about the integration of the CB&I business, certain CB&I projects and their fair values, and our business, prospects and operations. The plaintiff asserts claims under Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. On January 14, 2019, a related action was filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas seeking class action status on behalf of all shareholders of McDermott common stock as of April 4, 2018 who had the right to vote on the CB&I merger. Before being consolidated with the Edwards action, the case was pending in the same court as the Edwards action and captioned: The Public Employees Retirement System of Mississippi v. McDermott International, Inc., et al., No. 4:19-cv-00135. The plaintiff has alleged the defendants made material misrepresentations and omissions in the proxy statement we used in connection with the Combination. The plaintiff asserted claims under Section 14(a) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act. This action was filed shortly before the statutory deadline to apply to be the lead plaintiff for the claims asserted in the Edwards action. We filed a motion to consolidate the two actions, and the court granted that motion on February 22, 2019. The court has not yet appointed a lead plaintiff for either set of claims. We expect to file a motion to dismiss all of the claims. We are not able at this time to determine the likelihood of loss, if any, arising from these matters and, accordingly, no amounts have been accrued as of December 31, 2018. We believe the claims are without merit and we intend to defend against them vigorously.

We have been identified as a potentially responsible party at various cleanup sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (“CERCLA”). CERCLA and other environmental laws can impose liability for the entire cost of cleanup on any of the potentially responsible parties, regardless of fault or the lawfulness of the original conduct.

In connection with the historical operation of our facilities, including those associated with acquired operations, substances which currently are or might be considered hazardous were used or disposed of at some sites that will or may require us to make expenditures for remediation. In addition, we have agreed to indemnify parties from whom we have purchased or to whom we have sold facilities for certain environmental liabilities arising from acts occurring before the dates those facilities were transferred. Generally, however, where there are multiple responsible parties, a final allocation of costs is made based on the amount and type of wastes disposed of by each party and the number of financially viable parties, although this may not be the case with respect to any particular site. We have not been determined to be a major contributor of waste to any of these sites. On the basis of our relative contribution of waste to each site, we expect our share of the ultimate liability for the various sites will not have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows in any given year.

We believe we are in compliance, in all material respects, with applicable environmental laws and regulations and maintain insurance coverage to mitigate our exposure to environmental liabilities. We do not anticipate we will incur material capital expenditures for environmental matters or for the investigation or remediation of environmental conditions during the remainder of 2018 or 2019. As of December 31, 2018, we had no environmental reserve recorded.

At some sites, we are contractually obligated to decommission our fabrication facilities upon site exit. Currently, we are unable to estimate any asset retirement obligations (“AROs”) due to the indeterminate life of our fabrication facilities. We regularly review the optimal future alternatives for our facilities. Any decision to retire one or more facilities will result in recording the present value of such obligations.

AROs would be recorded at the present value of the estimated costs to retire the asset at the time the obligation is incurred. As of December 31, 2018, we had no AROs recorded.

Some of our contracts contain provisions that require us to pay liquidated damages if we are responsible for the failure to meet specified contractual milestone dates and the applicable customer asserts a claim under those provisions. Those contracts define the conditions under which our customers may make claims against us for liquidated damages. In many cases in which we have historically had potential exposure for liquidated damages, such damages ultimately were not asserted by our customers. As of December 31, 2018, we determined that we had approximately $300 million of potential liquidated damages exposure, based on performance under contracts to date, and included $183 million as a reduction in transaction prices related to such exposure. We believe we will be successful in obtaining schedule extensions or other customer-agreed changes that should resolve the potential for the liquidated damages where we have not made a reduction in transaction prices. However, we may not achieve relief on some or all of the issues involved and, as a result, could be subject to liquidated damages being imposed on us in the future.

Future minimum payments required under operating leases that have initial or remaining non-cancellable lease terms in excess of one year at December 31, 2018 are as follows (in millions):

Fiscal Year Ending December 31,	Amount
2019	$	72
2020	58
2021	57
2022	52
2023	45
Thereafter	353

Total rental expense in 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $76 million, $45 million and $36 million, respectively. These expense amounts include contingent rentals and are net of sublease income, neither of which is material.