Income Taxes

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]

Income Taxes

Income Taxes

The components of income tax expense for 2023, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the table below.

Income Tax Expense
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022		2021
Current income tax expense
U.S. federal	$	1,361	$	1,157	$	1,076
U.S. state and local	559		389		775
Non-U.S.	1,918		1,156		985
Total current expense	3,838		2,702		2,836
Deferred income tax expense
U.S. federal	(2,241)		110		962
U.S. state and local	(53)		254		491
Non-U.S.	283		375		(2,291)
Total deferred expense	(2,011)		739		(838)
Total income tax expense	$	1,827	$	3,441	$	1,998

Total income tax expense does not reflect the tax effects of items that are included in OCI each period. For more information, see Note 14 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss). Other tax effects included in OCI each period resulted in an expense of $892 million in 2023 and a benefit of $4.9 billion and $877 million in 2022 and 2021. The increase in the federal deferred tax benefit was primarily driven by increased tax attribute carryforwards related to the Corporation’s tax-advantaged investments.

Income tax expense for 2023, 2022 and 2021 varied from the amount computed by applying the statutory income tax rate to income before income taxes. The Corporation’s federal statutory tax rate was 21 percent for 2023, 2022 and 2021. A reconciliation of the expected U.S. federal income tax expense, calculated by applying the federal statutory tax rate, to the Corporation’s actual income tax expense, and the effective tax rates for 2023, 2022 and 2021 are presented in the following table.

Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense
	Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent		Amount		Percent
(Dollars in millions)	2023				2022				2021
Expected U.S. federal income tax expense	$	5,952	21.0	%	$	6,504	21.0	%	$	7,135	21.0	%
Increase (decrease) in taxes resulting from:
State tax expense, net of federal benefit	475		1.7		756		2.4		1,087		3.2
Affordable housing/energy/other credits	(4,920)		(17.4)		(3,698)		(11.9)		(3,795)		(11.2)
Tax-exempt income, including dividends	(373)		(1.3)		(273)		(0.9)		(352)		(1.0)
Tax law changes	(137)		(0.5)		186		0.6		(2,050)		(6.0)
Changes in prior-period UTBs, including interest	(26)		(0.1)		(273)		(0.9)		(155)		(0.5)
Rate differential on non-U.S. earnings	601		2.1		368		1.2		45		0.1
Nondeductible expenses	367		1.3		352		1.1		206		0.6
Other	(112)		(0.4)		(481)		(1.5)		(123)		(0.3)
Total income tax expense	$	1,827	6.4	%	$	3,441	11.1	%	$	1,998	5.9	%

Tax Law changes reflect the impact of certain state legislative enactments in 2023 of approximately $137 million and the 2022 and 2021 U.K. enacted corporate income tax rate changes, which resulted in a negative tax adjustment of approximately $186 million in 2022 and a positive income tax adjustment of approximately $2.0 billion in 2021, with corresponding adjustments of U.K. net deferred tax assets. The U.K. net deferred tax assets are primarily net operating losses (NOLs), incurred by the Corporation’s U.K. broker-dealer entity in historical periods, which do not expire under U.K. tax law and are assessed regularly for impairment. If further U.K. tax law changes are enacted, a corresponding income tax adjustment will be made based on the amount of available net deferred tax assets and applicable tax rate changes.

Tax credits originate from investments in affordable housing and renewable energy partnerships and similar entities. Significant increases in the tax credits recognized over the last three annual periods have been primarily driven by the Corporation’s continued growth in the volume of investments in wind and solar energy production facilities, consistent with the Corporation’s commitment to support the transition to a lower carbon economy. For more information, see Note 6 – Securitizations and Other Variable Interest Entities.

The reconciliation of the beginning unrecognized tax benefits (UTB) balance to the ending balance is presented in the table below.

Reconciliation of the Change in Unrecognized Tax Benefits
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022		2021
Balance, January 1	$	1,056	$	1,322	$	1,340
Increases related to positions taken during the current year	76		121		208
Increases related to positions taken during prior years (1)	139		167		265
Decreases related to positions taken during prior years (1)	(32)		(289)		(413)
Settlements	(380)		(99)		(23)
Expiration of statute of limitations	(48)		(166)		(55)
Balance, December 31	$	811	$	1,056	$	1,322

(1)    The sum of the positions taken during prior years differs from the $(26) million, $(273) million and $(155) million in the Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense table due to temporary items, state items and jurisdictional offsets, as well as the inclusion of interest in the Reconciliation of Income Tax Expense table.

At December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the balance of the Corporation’s UTBs which would, if recognized, affect the Corporation’s effective tax rate was $671 million, $709 million and $959 million, respectively. Included in the UTB balance are some items the recognition of which would not affect the effective tax rate, such as the tax effect of certain temporary differences, the portion of gross state UTBs that would be offset by the tax benefit of the associated federal deduction and the portion of gross non-U.S. UTBs that would be offset by tax reductions in other jurisdictions.

It is reasonably possible that the UTB balance may decrease by as much as $109 million during the next 12 months, since resolved items will be removed from the balance whether their resolution results in payment or recognition.

The Corporation recognized an interest expense of $35 million in 2023 and interest benefit of $50 million in 2022 and interest expense of $32 million in 2021. At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Corporation’s accrual for interest and penalties that related to income taxes, net of taxes and remittances, was $134 million and $107 million.

The Corporation files income tax returns in more than 100 states and non-U.S. jurisdictions each year. The IRS and other tax authorities in countries and states in which the Corporation has significant business operations examine tax returns periodically (continuously in some jurisdictions). The table below summarizes the status of examinations by major jurisdiction for the Corporation and various subsidiaries at December 31, 2023.

Tax Examination Status
	Years under Examination (1)	Status at December 31, 2023
United States	2017-2021	Field Examination
California	2015-2017	Field Examination
California	2018-2021	To begin in 2024
New York	2019-2021	Field Examination
United Kingdom (2)	2021	Field Examination

(1)    All tax years subsequent to the years shown remain subject to examination.

(2) Field examination for tax year 2022 to begin in 2024.

Significant components of the Corporation’s net deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2023 and 2022 are presented in the following table.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities
	December 31
(Dollars in millions)	2023		2022
Deferred tax assets
Tax attribute carryforwards (1)	$	11,084	$	9,798
Security, loan and debt valuations (2)	3,991		5,748
Allowance for credit losses	3,518		3,503
Lease liability	2,328		2,443
Employee compensation and retirement benefits	1,698		1,625
Accrued expenses	1,640		1,143
Other	1,475		1,371
Gross deferred tax assets	25,734		25,631
Valuation allowance	(2,108)		(2,133)
Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation    allowance	23,626		23,498
Deferred tax liabilities
Equipment lease financing	2,488		2,432
Right-of-use asset	2,180		2,303
Tax credit investments	1,884		1,759
Fixed Assets	789		1,200
Other	1,913		2,459
Gross deferred tax liabilities	9,254		10,153
Net deferred tax assets	$	14,372	$	13,345

(1)Includes both net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.

(2)Includes AFS debt securities.

The table below summarizes the deferred tax assets and related valuation allowances recognized for the net operating loss (NOL) and tax credit carryforwards at December 31, 2023.

Net Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforward Deferred Tax Assets
(Dollars in millions)	Deferred Tax Asset		Valuation Allowance		Net Deferred Tax Asset		First Year Expiring
Net operating losses - U.K. (1)	$	7,588	$	—	$	7,588	None
Net operating losses - other non-U.S.	235		(44)		191		Various
Net operating losses - U.S. states (2)	807		(471)		336		Various
General business credits	1,557		—		1,557		Various
Foreign tax credits	897		(897)		—		After 2028

(1)Represents U.K. broker-dealer net operating losses that may be carried forward indefinitely.

(2)The net operating losses and related valuation allowances for U.S. states before considering the benefit of federal deductions were $1.0 billion and $597 million.

Management concluded that no valuation allowance was necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets related to the U.K. NOL carryforwards and U.S. federal and certain state NOL carryforwards since estimated future taxable income will be sufficient to utilize these assets prior to their expiration. The majority of the Corporation’s U.K. net deferred tax assets, which consist primarily of NOLs, are expected to be realized by certain subsidiaries over an extended number of years. Management’s conclusion is supported by financial results, profit forecasts for the relevant entities and the indefinite period to carry forward NOLs. However, a material change in those estimates could lead management to reassess such valuation allowance conclusions.

At December 31, 2023, U.S. federal income taxes had not been provided on approximately $5.0 billion of temporary differences associated with investments in non-U.S. subsidiaries that are essentially permanent in duration. If the Corporation were to record the associated deferred tax liability, the amount would be approximately $1.0 billion.