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Employee Benefit Plans
 12 Months Ended
Dec. 31, 2017
Retirement Benefits [Abstract]  
Employee Benefit Plans
Employee Benefit Plans

The Company provides substantially all U.S. employees and employees at certain foreign subsidiaries with retirement benefits including defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans.  The Company provides certain eligible U.S. employees who retire under qualifying conditions with subsidized postretirement health care coverage or Health Care Reimbursement Accounts.

On July 31, 2017, the Company announced that all participants in the Company’s U.S. salaried pension plan and the Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (SERP) will begin accruing benefits under the cash balance formula effective January 1, 2022. Benefits for participants who were accruing under the final average pay formula will be frozen as of December 31, 2021, including pay and service through that date. This change, along with other changes in participation associated with divestitures and restructuring, triggered a remeasurement of the salaried pension plan and the SERP resulting in decreases in the fiscal 2017 pension expense, accumulated other comprehensive loss, and underfunded status by $18 million, $164 million, and $182 million, respectively.

The Company also changed the method used to estimate the service and interest cost components of the net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs for its U.S., Canadian, and U.K. plans. The new method uses the spot rate yield curve approach to estimate the service and interest costs. Previously, those costs were determined using a single weighted-average discount rate applied to all future cash outflows. The change does not affect the measurement of the Company’s benefit obligations and was accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with the guidance of ASC Topic 250, Accounting Estimates and Error Corrections, thereby impacting the current and future periods. The impact of this change on after-tax earnings and diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2017 was immaterial.

In December 2016, the Company announced a change to the U.S. retiree medical program which affected employees with less than 30 years of service at January 1, 2017. The change resulted in a curtailment gain of $38 million for the year ended December 31, 2016.





The Company maintains 401(k) plans covering substantially all U.S. employees.  The Company contributes cash to the plans to match qualifying employee contributions, and also provides a non-matching employer contribution of 1% of pay to eligible participants.  Under an employee stock ownership component of the 401(k) plans, employees may choose to invest in the Company's stock as part of their own investment elections.  The employer contributions are expensed when paid.  Assets of the Company’s 401(k) plans consist primarily of listed common stocks and pooled funds.  The Company’s 401(k) plans held 11 million shares of Company common stock at December 31, 2017, with a market value of $422 million.  Cash dividends received on shares of Company common stock by these plans during the year ended December 31, 2017 were $14 million.

 
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement Benefits
(In millions) 
Year Ended December 31
 
Year Ended December 31
 
2017
2016
2015
 
2017
2016
2015
Retirement plan expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Defined benefit plans:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service cost (benefits earned during the period)
$
78

$
82

$
92

 
$
2

$
3

$
5

Interest cost
106

113

112

 
6

8

8

Expected return on plan assets
(145
)
(137
)
(129
)
 
—

—

—

Settlement charges
—

(5
)
60

 
—

—

—

Curtailments
—

—

—

 
—

(38
)
—

Amortization of actuarial loss
65

56

69

 
4

3

7

Amortization of prior service cost (credit)
(7
)
2

2

 
(13
)
(17
)
(17
)
Net periodic defined benefit plan expense
97

111

206

 
(1
)
(41
)
3

Defined contribution plans
57

57

52

 
—

—

—

Total retirement plan expense
$
154

$
168

$
258

 
$
(1
)
$
(41
)
$
3


 
The following tables set forth changes in the defined benefit obligation and the fair value of defined benefit plan assets for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016:
 
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement Benefits
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
 
(In millions)
 
(In millions)
Benefit obligation, beginning
$
2,992

 
$
2,880

 
$
171

 
$
199

Service cost
78

 
82

 
2

 
3

Interest cost
106

 
113

 
6

 
8

Actuarial loss (gain)
129

 
132

 
(4
)
 
5

Employee contributions
2

 
1

 
—

 
—

Curtailments
—

 
—

 
—

 
(38
)
Acquisitions
3

 
—

 
—

 
—

Settlements
(6
)
 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

Divestitures
—

 
(8
)
 
—

 
—

Benefits paid
(86
)
 
(142
)
 
(11
)
 
(9
)
Plan amendments
(180
)
 
—

 
(10
)
 
3

Actual expenses
(2
)
 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

Foreign currency effects
73

 
(54
)
 
—

 
—

Benefit obligation, ending
$
3,109

 
$
2,992

 
$
154

 
$
171

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value of plan assets, beginning
$
2,131

 
$
1,922

 
$
—

 
$
—

Actual return on plan assets
340

 
232

 
—

 
—

Employer contributions
29

 
183

 
11

 
9

Employee contributions
2

 
1

 
—

 
—

Settlements
(6
)
 
(10
)
 
—

 
—

Divestitures
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

Benefits paid
(86
)
 
(142
)
 
(11
)
 
(9
)
Actual expenses
(2
)
 
(2
)
 
—

 
—

Foreign currency effects
40

 
(51
)
 
—

 
—

Fair value of plan assets, ending
$
2,448

 
$
2,131

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Funded status
$
(661
)
 
$
(861
)
 
$
(154
)
 
$
(171
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Prepaid benefit cost
$
55

 
$
30

 
$
—

 
$
—

Accrued benefit liability – current
(17
)
 
(16
)
 
(12
)
 
(13
)
Accrued benefit liability – long-term
(699
)
 
(875
)
 
(142
)
 
(158
)
Net amount recognized in the balance sheet
$
(661
)
 
$
(861
)
 
$
(154
)
 
$
(171
)

 
Included in AOCI for pension benefits at December 31, 2017, are the following amounts that have not yet been recognized in net periodic pension cost: unrecognized prior service credit of $171 million and unrecognized actuarial loss of $706 million. The prior service credit and actuarial loss included in AOCI expected to be recognized in net periodic pension cost during 2018 is $19 million and $60 million, respectively.

Included in AOCI for postretirement benefits at December 31, 2017, are the following amounts that have not yet been recognized in net periodic postretirement benefit cost: unrecognized prior service credit of $46 million and unrecognized actuarial loss of $35 million.  Prior service credit of $15 million and actuarial loss of $3 million included in AOCI are expected to be recognized in net periodic benefit cost during 2018.
The following table sets forth the principal assumptions used in developing net periodic pension cost:
 
 
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement Benefits
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
Discount rate
3.7%
 
4.0%
 
3.9%
 
4.0%
Expected return on plan assets
6.8%
 
7.1%
 
N/A
 
N/A
Rate of compensation increase
4.6%
 
4.7%
 
N/A
 
N/A


The following table sets forth the principal assumptions used in developing the year-end actuarial present value of the projected benefit obligations:

 
Pension Benefits
 
Postretirement Benefits
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
 
December 31
2017
 
December 31
2016
Discount rate
3.4
%
 
3.7
%
 
3.7%
 
3.9%
Rate of compensation increase
4.7
%
 
4.6
%
 
N/A
 
N/A


The projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for the pension plans with projected benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were $2.7 billion, $2.6 billion, and $2.0 billion, respectively as of December 31, 2017, and $2.7 billion, $2.3 billion, and $1.8 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.  The projected benefit obligation, accumulated benefit obligation, and fair value of plan assets for the pension plans with accumulated benefit obligations in excess of plan assets were $2.7 billion, $2.5 billion, and $1.9 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2017 and $2.6 billion, $2.3 billion, and $1.7 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2016.  The accumulated benefit obligation for all pension plans as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, was $3.0 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively.

For postretirement benefit measurement purposes, a 7.70% annual rate of increase in the per capita cost of covered health care benefits was assumed for the year ended December 31, 2017.  The rate was assumed to decrease gradually to 4.5% by 2026 and remain at that level thereafter.

A 1% change in assumed health care cost trend rates would have the following effects:
 
 
1% Increase
 
1% Decrease
 
(In millions)
Effect on accumulated postretirement benefit obligations
$
5

 
$
(5
)


The effect on combined service and interest cost components is immaterial.











Plan Assets

The Company’s employee benefit plan assets are principally comprised of the following types of investments:

Common stock:
Equity securities are valued based on quoted exchange prices and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Mutual funds:
Mutual funds are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which they are traded and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

Common collective trust (CCT) funds:
The fair values of the CCTs are valued using net asset value (NAV). The investments in CCTs are comprised of international equity and short-term investments. The investments are valued at NAV provided by administrators of the funds.

Corporate debt instruments:
Corporate debt instruments are valued using third-party pricing services and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.

U.S.  Treasury instruments:
U.S. Treasury instruments are valued at the closing price reported on the active market on which they are traded and are classified within Level 1 of the valuation hierarchy.

U.S. government agency, state, and local government bonds:
U.S. government agency obligations and state and municipal debt securities are valued using third-party pricing services and are classified within Level 2 of the valuation hierarchy.  

The methods described above may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants’ methods, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.






















The following tables set forth, by level within the fair value hierarchy, the fair value of plan assets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016.
 
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2017
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Total
 
(In millions)
Common stock
$
261

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
261

Mutual funds
750

 
—

 
—

 
750

Corporate bonds
—

 
601

 
—

 
601

U.S. Treasury instruments
98

 
—

 
—

 
98

U.S. government agency, state and local government bonds
—

 
29

 
—

 
29

Other
—

 
19

 
—

 
19

Total assets
$
1,109

 
$
649

 
$
—

 
$
1,758

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common collective trust funds at NAV
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
327

International equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
363

Total assets at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
2,448



 
Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2016
 
Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
 
Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
 
Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 
Total
 
(In millions)
Common stock
$
224

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
224

Mutual funds
646

 
—

 
—

 
646

Corporate bonds
—

 
492

 
—

 
492

U.S. Treasury instruments
150

 
—

 
—

 
150

U.S. government agency, state and local government bonds
—

 
22

 
—

 
22

Other
—

 
4

 
—

 
4

Total assets
$
1,020

 
$
518

 
$
—

 
$
1,538

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common collective trust funds at NAV
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
287

International equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
306

Total assets at fair value
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
2,131



Level 3 Gains and Losses:
There are no Plan assets classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy; therefore there are no gains or losses associated with Level 3 assets.

The following table sets forth the actual asset allocation for the Company’s global pension plan assets as of the measurement date:
 
 
December 31 2017(1)(2)
 
December 31
2016(2)
Equity securities
58%
 
59%
Debt securities
40%
 
40%
Other
2%
 
1%
Total
100%
 
100%

(1) 
The Company’s U.S. pension plans contain approximately 78% of the Company’s global pension plan assets.  The actual asset allocation for the Company’s U.S. pension plans as of the measurement date consists of 60% equity securities and 40% debt securities.  The target asset allocation for the Company’s U.S. pension plans is approximately the same as the actual asset allocation.  The actual asset allocation for the Company’s foreign pension plans as of the measurement date consists of 56% equity securities, 43% debt securities, and 1% in other investments.  The target asset allocation for the Company’s foreign pension plans is approximately the same as the actual asset allocation.

(2) 
The Company’s pension plans did not directly hold any shares of Company common stock as of the December 31, 2017 and 2016 measurement dates. 

Investment objectives for the Company’s plan assets are to:

•
Optimize the long-term return on plan assets at an acceptable level of risk.
•
Maintain a broad diversification across asset classes and among investment managers.
•
Maintain careful control of the risk level within each asset class.

Asset allocation targets promote optimal expected return and volatility characteristics given the long-term time horizon for fulfilling the obligations of the pension plans.  Selection of the targeted asset allocation for plan assets was based upon a review of the expected return and risk characteristics of each asset class, as well as the correlation of returns among asset classes.  The U.S. pension plans target asset allocation is also based on an asset and liability study that is updated periodically.

Investment guidelines are established with each investment manager.  These guidelines provide the parameters within which the investment managers agree to operate, including criteria that determine eligible and ineligible securities, diversification requirements, and credit quality standards, where applicable.  In some countries, derivatives may be used to gain market exposure in an efficient and timely manner; however, derivatives may not be used to leverage the portfolio beyond the market value of underlying investments.

The Company uses external consultants to assist in monitoring the investment strategy and asset mix for the Company’s plan assets.  To develop the Company’s expected long-term rate of return assumption on plan assets, the Company generally uses long-term historical return information for the targeted asset mix identified in asset and liability studies.  Adjustments are made to the expected long-term rate of return assumption when deemed necessary based upon revised expectations of future investment performance of the overall investment markets.

Contributions and Expected Future Benefit Payments

Based on actuarial calculations, the Company expects to contribute $28 million to the pension plans and $12 million to the postretirement benefit plan during 2018.  The Company may elect to make additional discretionary contributions during this period.






The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, are expected to be paid by the benefit plans:
 
 
Pension
Benefits
 
Postretirement
Benefits
 
(In millions)
2018
$
105

 
$
12

2019
112

 
12

2020
118

 
12

2021
125

 
12

2022
132

 
11

2023-2027
762

 
54