Old National’s loans consist primarily of loans made to consumers and commercial clients in various industries including manufacturing, agribusiness, transportation, mining, wholesaling, and retailing. Most of Old National’s lending activity occurs within our principal geographic markets of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. Old National manages concentrations of credit exposure by industry, product, geography, customer relationship, and loan size. While loans to lessors of both residential and non-residential real estate exceed 10% of total loans, no individual sub-segment category within those broader categories reaches the 10% threshold.

Commercial loans are primarily based on the identified cash flows of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The cash flows of borrowers, however, may not be as expected and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. Most commercial loans are secured by the assets being financed or other business assets such as accounts receivable or inventory and may incorporate a personal guarantee; however, some loans may be made on an unsecured basis. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers.

These loans are viewed primarily as cash flow loans and secondarily as loans secured by real estate. Commercial real estate lending typically involves higher loan principal amounts, and the repayment of these loans is generally dependent on the successful operation of the property securing the loan or the business conducted on the property securing the loan. Commercial real estate loans may be adversely affected by conditions in the real estate markets or in the general economy. The properties securing Old National’s commercial real estate portfolio are diverse in terms of type and geographic location. Management monitors and evaluates commercial real estate loans based on collateral, geography and risk grade criteria. In addition, management tracks the level of owner-occupied commercial real estate loans versus non-owner occupied loans.

Included with commercial real estate are construction loans, which are underwritten utilizing independent appraisal reviews, sensitivity analysis of absorption and lease rates, financial analysis of the developers and property owners, and feasibility studies, if available. Construction loans are generally based on estimates of costs and value associated with the complete project. These estimates may be inaccurate. Construction loans often involve the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project. Sources of repayment for these types of loans may be pre-committed permanent loans from approved long-term lenders (including Old National), sales of developed property, or an interim loan commitment from Old National until permanent financing is obtained. These loans are closely monitored by on-site inspections and are considered to have higher risks than other real estate loans due to their ultimate repayment being sensitive to interest rate changes, governmental regulation of real property, general economic conditions, and the availability of long-term financing.

The acquisition of Anchor (MN) on November 1, 2017 added $864.4 million of commercial real estate loans to our portfolio. At 211%, Old National Bank’s commercial real estate loans as a percentage of its risk-based capital remained well below the regulatory guideline limit of 300% at September 30, 2018.

With respect to residential loans that are secured by 1-4 family residences and are generally owner occupied, Old National typically establishes a maximum loan-to-value ratio and generally requires private mortgage insurance if that ratio is exceeded. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in residential property values. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers.

Home equity loans are typically secured by a subordinate interest in 1-4 family residences, and consumer loans are secured by consumer assets such as automobiles or recreational vehicles. Some consumer loans are unsecured such as small installment loans and certain lines of credit. Repayment of these loans is primarily dependent on the personal income of the borrowers, which can be impacted by economic conditions in their market areas such as unemployment levels. Repayment can also be impacted by changes in residential property or other collateral values. Risk is mitigated by the fact that the loans are of smaller individual amounts and spread over a large number of borrowers. Old National assumed student loans in the acquisition of Anchor (WI) in May 2016. Student loans are guaranteed by the government from 97% to 100% and totaled $68.2 million at December 31, 2017. Old National sold the remaining student loan portfolio totaling $64.9 million during the second quarter of 2018, resulting in a $2.2 million gain that is included in other income on the income statement.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level believed adequate by management to absorb probable losses incurred in the consolidated loan portfolio. Management’s evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is an estimate based on reviews of individual loans, pools of homogeneous loans, assessments of the impact of current and anticipated economic conditions on the portfolio, and historical loss experience. The allowance is increased through a provision charged to operating expense. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged to the allowance. Recoveries of loans previously charged-off are added to the allowance.

We utilize a PD and LGD model as a tool to determine the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses for performing commercial and commercial real estate loans. The PD is forecast using a transition matrix to determine the likelihood of a customer’s AQR migrating from its current AQR to any other status within the time horizon. Transition rates are measured using Old National’s own historical experience. The model assumes that recent historical transition rates will continue into the future. The LGD is defined as credit loss incurred when an obligor of the bank defaults. The sum of all net charge-offs for a particular portfolio segment are divided by all loans that have defaulted over a given period of time. The expected loss derived from the model considers the PD, LGD, and exposure at default. Additionally, qualitative factors, such as changes in lending policies or procedures, and economic business conditions are also considered.

We use historic loss ratios adjusted for economic conditions to determine the appropriate level of allowance for residential real estate and consumer loans.

No allowance was brought forward on any of the acquired loans as any credit deterioration evident in the loans was included in the determination of the fair value of the loans at the acquisition date. An allowance for loan losses will be established for any subsequent credit deterioration or adverse changes in expected cash flows.

Old National’s activity in the allowance for loan losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

				Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial			Real Estate			Residential			Consumer			Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,387		$	22,498		$	1,867		$	7,908		$	53,660
Charge-offs		(1,662	)		(241	)		(284	)		(2,074	)		(4,261	)
Recoveries		467			944			45			1,108			2,564
Provision		(473	)		(309	)		292			1,240			750
Balance at end of period	$	19,719		$	22,892		$	1,920		$	8,182		$	52,713

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	20,365		$	20,654		$	1,811		$	8,156		$	50,986
Charge-offs		(70	)		(1,148	)		(227	)		(1,376	)		(2,821	)
Recoveries		255			339			89			1,010			1,693
Provision		(23	)		180			236			(82	)		311
Balance at end of period	$	20,527		$	20,025		$	1,909		$	7,708		$	50,169

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	19,246		$	21,436		$	1,763		$	7,936		$	50,381
Charge-offs		(2,378	)		(675	)		(941	)		(6,006	)		(10,000	)
Recoveries		1,227			2,011			1,890			3,628			8,756
Provision		1,624			120			(792	)		2,624			3,576
Balance at end of period	$	19,719		$	22,892		$	1,920		$	8,182		$	52,713

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	21,481		$	18,173		$	1,643		$	8,511		$	49,808
Charge-offs		(951	)		(2,784	)		(954	)		(4,751	)		(9,440	)
Recoveries		1,647			3,086			196			2,859			7,788
Provision		(1,650	)		1,550			1,024			1,089			2,013
Balance at end of period	$	20,527		$	20,025		$	1,909		$	7,708		$	50,169

The following table provides Old National’s recorded investment in loans by portfolio segment at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and other information regarding the allowance:

			Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial		Real Estate		Residential		Consumer		Total
September 30, 2018
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	4,881	$	7,270	$	-	$	-	$	12,151
Collectively evaluated for impairment		14,831		15,478		1,919		8,031		40,259
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality		7		144		1		151		303
Total allowance for loan losses	$	19,719	$	22,892	$	1,920	$	8,182	$	52,713
Loans and leases outstanding:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	35,404	$	86,503	$	-	$	-	$	121,907
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,909,643		4,377,382		2,156,492		1,691,777		11,135,294

Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality		4,230		17,669		9,711		3,848		35,458
Total loans and leases outstanding	$	2,949,277	$	4,481,554	$	2,166,203	$	1,695,625	$	11,292,659

December 31, 2017
Allowance for loan losses:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	3,424	$	6,654	$	-	$	-	$	10,078
Collectively evaluated for impairment		15,790		14,782		1,763		7,802		40,137
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality		32		-		-		134		166
Total allowance for loan losses	$	19,246	$	21,436	$	1,763	$	7,936	$	50,381
Loans and leases outstanding:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	26,270	$	66,061	$	-	$	-	$	92,331
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,685,847		4,266,665		2,155,750		1,874,002		10,982,264
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality		5,152		21,826		11,303		5,245		43,526
Total loans and leases outstanding	$	2,717,269	$	4,354,552	$	2,167,053	$	1,879,247	$	11,118,121

Old National’s management monitors the credit quality of its loans in an on-going manner. Internally, management assigns an AQR to each non-homogeneous commercial and commercial real estate loan in the portfolio, with the exception of certain FICO-scored small business loans. The primary determinants of the AQR are based upon the reliability of the primary source of repayment and the past, present, and projected financial condition of the borrower. The AQR will also consider current industry conditions. Major factors used in determining the AQR can vary based on the nature of the loan, but commonly include factors such as debt service coverage, internal cash flow, liquidity, leverage, operating performance, debt burden, FICO scores, occupancy, interest rate sensitivity, and expense burden. Old National uses the following definitions for risk ratings:

Criticized. Special mention loans that have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the institution’s credit position at some future date.

Classified – Substandard. Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans so classified have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Classified – Nonaccrual. Loans classified as nonaccrual have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, in doubt.

Classified – Doubtful. Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as nonaccrual, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Pass rated loans are those loans that are other than criticized, classified – substandard, classified – nonaccrual, or classified – doubtful.

The risk category of commercial and commercial real estate loans by class of loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was as follows:

(dollars in thousands)					Commercial				Commercial
					Real Estate -				Real Estate -
Corporate Credit Exposure	Commercial				Construction				Other
Credit Risk Profile by	September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,		September 30,		December 31,
Internally Assigned Grade	2018		2017		2018		2017		2018		2017
Grade:
Pass	$	2,789,061	$	2,577,824	$	505,930	$	357,438	$	3,734,727	$	3,762,896
Criticized		79,866		74,876		22,130		14,758		79,170		98,451
Classified - substandard		43,835		37,367		-		-		58,364		58,584
Classified - nonaccrual		28,151		24,798		14,168		2,110		30,624		30,108
Classified - doubtful		8,364		2,404		-		-		36,441		30,207
Total	$	2,949,277	$	2,717,269	$	542,228	$	374,306	$	3,939,326	$	3,980,246

Old National considers the performance of the loan portfolio and its impact on the allowance for loan losses. For residential and consumer loan classes, Old National also evaluates credit quality based on the aging status of the loan and by payment activity. The following table presents the recorded investment in residential and consumer loans based on payment activity at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

			Consumer
			Home
(dollars in thousands)	Residential		Equity		Auto		Other
September 30, 2018
Performing	$	2,142,768	$	494,510	$	1,056,681	$	136,801
Nonperforming		23,435		3,815		2,296		1,522
Total	$	2,166,203	$	498,325	$	1,058,977	$	138,323

December 31, 2017
Performing	$	2,144,882	$	502,322	$	1,145,977	$	217,819
Nonperforming		22,171		5,185		2,695		5,249
Total	$	2,167,053	$	507,507	$	1,148,672	$	223,068

Large commercial credits are subject to individual evaluation for impairment. Retail credits and other small balance credits that are part of a homogeneous group are not tested for individual impairment unless they are modified as a TDR. A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that contractual interest and principal payments will not be collected either for the amounts or by the dates as scheduled in the loan agreement. If a loan is impaired, a portion of the allowance is allocated so that the loan is reported net, at the present value of estimated cash flows using the loan’s existing rate or at the fair value of collateral if repayment is expected solely from the collateral. Old National’s policy, for all but PCI loans, is to recognize interest income on impaired loans unless the loan is placed on nonaccrual status.

The following table shows Old National’s impaired loans at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Only purchased loans that have experienced subsequent impairment since the date acquired (excluding loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality) are included in the table below.

			Unpaid
	Recorded		Principal		Related
(dollars in thousands)	Investment		Balance		Allowance
September 30, 2018
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial	$	20,332	$	21,083	$	-
Commercial Real Estate - Other		45,740		47,168		-
Residential		2,335		2,355		-
Consumer		1,301		1,425		-
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial		15,072		15,125		4,881
Commercial Real Estate - Construction		14,168		14,973		2,474
Commercial Real Estate - Other		26,595		26,727		4,796
Residential		792		792		40
Consumer		1,901		1,901		95
Total	$	128,236	$	131,549	$	12,286

December 31, 2017
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial	$	20,557	$	21,483	$	-
Commercial Real Estate - Other		38,678		44,564		-
Residential		2,443		2,464		-
Consumer		1,685		2,105		-
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial		5,713		5,713		3,424
Commercial Real Estate - Construction		905		1,371		401
Commercial Real Estate - Other		26,478		26,902		6,253
Residential		870		870		44
Consumer		2,211		2,228		110
Total	$	99,540	$	107,700	$	10,232

The average balance of impaired loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are included in the table below.

	Three Months Ended				Nine Months Ended
	September 30,				September 30,
(dollars in thousands)		2018		2017		2018		2017
Average Recorded Investment
With no related allowance recorded:
Commercial	$	19,960	$	24,234	$	20,445	$	27,197
Commercial Real Estate - Other		45,302		33,268		42,209		31,258
Residential		2,303		2,482		2,289		2,405
Consumer		1,392		1,755		1,617		1,786
With an allowance recorded:
Commercial		14,771		7,792		10,393		8,086
Commercial Real Estate - Construction		11,307		-		7,537		-
Commercial Real Estate - Other		24,305		30,846		26,537		28,580
Residential		863		1,011		887		1,059
Consumer		1,909		2,163		2,013		2,136
Total	$	122,112	$	103,551	$	113,927	$	102,507

Old National does not record interest on nonaccrual loans until principal is recovered. Interest income recognized on impaired loans during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 was immaterial.

For all loan classes, a loan is generally placed on nonaccrual status when principal or interest becomes 90 days past due unless it is well secured and in the process of collection, or earlier when concern exists as to the ultimate collectibility of principal or interest. Interest accrued during the current year on such loans is reversed against earnings. Interest accrued in the prior year, if any, is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Cash interest received on these loans is applied to the principal balance until the principal is recovered or until the loan returns to accrual status. Loans may be returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current, remain current for a prescribed period, and future payments are reasonably assured.

Loans accounted for under FASB ASC Topic 310-30 accrue interest, even though they may be contractually past due, as any nonpayment of contractual principal or interest is considered in the periodic re-estimation of expected cash flows and is included in the resulting recognition of current period loan loss provision or prospective yield adjustments.

Old National’s past due financing receivables at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:

					Past Due
					90 Days or
	30-59 Days		60-89 Days		More and				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Accruing		Nonaccrual (1)		Past Due		Current
September 30, 2018
Commercial	$	588	$	72	$	1	$	36,515	$	37,176	$	2,912,101
Commercial Real Estate:
Construction		354		-		-		14,168		14,522		527,706
Other		1,858		25		-		67,065		68,948		3,870,378
Residential		23,977		3,352		190		23,435		50,954		2,115,249
Consumer:
Home equity		1,449		190		271		3,815		5,725		492,600
Auto		5,319		1,224		441		2,296		9,280		1,049,697
Other		663		561		77		1,522		2,823		135,500
Total loans	$	34,208	$	5,424	$	980	$	148,816	$	189,428	$	11,103,231

December 31, 2017
Commercial	$	986	$	360	$	144	$	27,202	$	28,692	$	2,688,577
Commercial Real Estate:
Construction		-		-		-		2,110		2,110		372,196
Other		2,247		89		-		60,315		62,651		3,917,595
Residential		18,948		3,416		-		22,171		44,535		2,122,518
Consumer:
Home equity		1,467		230		68		5,185		6,950		500,557
Auto		6,487		1,402		532		2,695		11,116		1,137,556
Other		3,967		1,514		150		5,249		10,880		212,188
Total loans	$	34,102	$	7,011	$	894	$	124,927	$	166,934	$	10,951,187

Old National has loan participations, which qualify as participating interests, with other financial institutions. At September 30, 2018, these loans totaled $752.3 million, of which $371.2 million had been sold to other financial institutions and $381.1 million was retained by Old National. The loan participations convey proportionate ownership rights with equal priority to each participating interest holder; involve no recourse (other than ordinary representations and warranties) to, or subordination by, any participating interest holder; all cash flows are divided among the participating interest holders in proportion to each holder’s share of ownership; and no holder has the right to pledge the entire financial asset unless all participating interest holders agree.

Old National may choose to restructure the contractual terms of certain loans. The decision to restructure a loan, versus aggressively enforcing the collection of the loan, may benefit Old National by increasing the ultimate probability of collection.

Any loans that are modified are reviewed by Old National to identify if a TDR has occurred, which is when for economic or legal reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, Old National Bank grants a concession to the borrower that it would not otherwise consider. Terms may be modified to fit the ability of the borrower to repay in line with its current financial status. The modification of the terms of such loans include one or a combination of the following: a reduction of the stated interest rate of the loan, an extension of the maturity date at a stated rate of interest lower than the current market rate of new debt with similar risk, or a permanent reduction of the recorded investment of the loan.

Loans modified in a TDR are typically placed on nonaccrual status until we determine the future collection of principal and interest is reasonably assured, which generally requires that the borrower demonstrate a period of performance according to the restructured terms for six months.

If we are unable to resolve a nonperforming loan issue, the credit will be charged off when it is apparent there will be a loss. For large commercial type loans, each relationship is individually analyzed for evidence of apparent loss based on quantitative benchmarks or subjectively based upon certain events or particular circumstances. Generally, Old National charges off small commercial loans scored through our small business credit center with contractual balances under $250,000 that are 90 days or more delinquent and do not have adequate collateral support. For residential and consumer loans, a charge off is recorded at the time foreclosure is initiated or when the loan becomes 120 to 180 days past due, whichever is earlier.

For commercial TDRs, an allocated reserve is established within the allowance for loan losses for the difference between the carrying value of the loan and its computed value. To determine the value of the loan, one of the following methods is selected: (1) the present value of expected cash flows discounted at the loan’s original effective interest rate, (2) the loan’s observable market price, or (3) the fair value of the collateral value, if the loan is collateral dependent. The allocated reserve is established as the difference between the carrying value of the loan and the collectable value. If there are significant changes in the amount or timing of the loan’s expected future cash flows, impairment is recalculated and the valuation allowance is adjusted accordingly.

When a residential or consumer loan is identified as a TDR, the loan is typically written down to its collateral value less selling costs.

The following table presents activity in TDRs for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

				Commercial
(dollars in thousands)	Commercial			Real Estate			Residential			Consumer			Total
Three Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	9,043		$	34,927		$	3,771		$	3,398		$	51,139
(Charge-offs)/recoveries		(7	)		753			-			3			749
(Payments)/disbursements		453			(6,601	)		(75	)		(200	)		(6,423	)
Additions		1,954			-			-			-			1,954
Balance at end of period	$	11,443		$	29,079		$	3,696		$	3,201		$	47,419

Three Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	20,064		$	33,059		$	3,640		$	3,644		$	60,407
(Charge-offs)/recoveries		59			6			-			39			104
(Payments)/disbursements		(1,488	)		(361	)		(294	)		(134	)		(2,277	)
Additions		3,157			-			-			644			3,801
Balance at end of period	$	21,792		$	32,704		$	3,346		$	4,193		$	62,035

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period	$	12,088		$	34,705		$	3,315		$	3,895		$	54,003
(Charge-offs)/recoveries		(158	)		731			23			(19	)		577
(Payments)/disbursements		(3,525	)		(7,570	)		(144	)		(1,107	)		(12,346	)
Additions		3,038			1,213			502			432			5,185
Balance at end of period	$	11,443		$	29,079		$	3,696		$	3,201		$	47,419

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
Balance at beginning of period	$	16,802		$	18,327		$	2,985		$	2,602		$	40,716
(Charge-offs)/recoveries		(5	)		366			-			(58	)		303
(Payments)/disbursements		(7,604	)		(3,418	)		(576	)		(919	)		(12,517	)
Additions		12,599			17,429			937			2,568			33,533
Balance at end of period	$	21,792		$	32,704		$	3,346		$	4,193		$	62,035

TDRs included with nonaccrual loans totaled $29.9 million at September 30, 2018 and $34.0 million at December 31, 2017. Old National has allocated specific reserves to customers whose loan terms have been modified in TDRs totaling $3.0 million at September 30, 2018 and $5.7 million at December 31, 2017. At September 30, 2018, Old National had not committed to lend additional funds to customers with outstanding loans that are classified as TDRs.

The pre-modification and post-modification outstanding recorded investments of loans modified as TDRs during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 are the same except for when the loan modifications involve the forgiveness of principal. The following table presents loans by class modified as TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:

		Pre-modification		Post-modification
	Number	Outstanding Recorded		Outstanding Recorded
(dollars in thousands)	of Loans	Investment		Investment
Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
TDR:
Commercial	5	$	3,038	$	3,038
Commercial Real Estate - Other	2		1,213		1,213
Residential	1		502		502
Consumer	1		432		432
Total	9	$	5,185	$	5,185

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017
TDR:
Commercial	9	$	12,599	$	12,599
Commercial Real Estate - Other	10		17,429		17,429
Residential	6		937		937
Consumer	7		2,568		2,568
Total	32	$	33,533	$	33,533

The TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 did not have a material impact on the allowance for loan losses and resulted in no charge-offs during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. The TDRs that occurred during the nine months ended September 30, 2017 increased the allowance for loan losses by $3.2 million and resulted in no charge-offs.

A loan is considered to be in payment default once it is 90 days contractually past due under the modified terms.

TDRs for which there was a payment default within twelve months following the modification were insignificant during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

The terms of certain other loans were modified during 2018 that did not meet the definition of a TDR. It is our process to review all classified and criticized loans that, during the period, have been renewed, have entered into a forbearance agreement, have gone from principal and interest to interest only, or have extended the maturity date. In order to determine whether a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, an evaluation is performed of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on its debt in the foreseeable future without the modification. The evaluation is performed under our internal underwriting policy. We also evaluate whether a concession has been granted or if we were adequately compensated through a market interest rate, additional collateral or a bona fide guarantee. We also consider whether the modification was insignificant relative to the other terms of the agreement or the delay in a payment.

PCI loans are not considered impaired until after the point at which there has been a degradation of cash flows below our expected cash flows at acquisition. If a PCI loan is subsequently modified, and meets the definition of a TDR, it will be removed from PCI accounting and accounted for as a TDR only if the PCI loan was being accounted for individually. If the PCI loan is being accounted for as part of a pool, it will not be removed from the pool. As of September 30, 2018, it has not been necessary to remove any loans from PCI accounting.

In general, once a modified loan is considered a TDR, the loan will always be considered a TDR, and therefore impaired, until it is paid in full, otherwise settled, sold or charged off. However, guidance also permits for loans to be removed from TDR status when subsequently restructured under these circumstances: (1) at the time of the subsequent restructuring, the borrower is not experiencing financial difficulties, and this is documented by a current credit evaluation at the time of the restructuring, (2) under the terms of the subsequent restructuring agreement, the institution has granted no concession to the borrower; and (3) the subsequent restructuring agreement includes market terms that are no less favorable than those that would be offered for a comparable new loan. For loans

subsequently restructured that have cumulative principal forgiveness, the loan should continue to be measured in accordance with ASC 310-10, Receivables – Overall. However, consistent with ASC 310-40-50-2, Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors, Creditor Disclosure of Troubled Debt Restructurings, the loan would not be required to be reported in the years following the restructuring if the subsequent restructuring meets both of these criteria: (1) has an interest rate at the time of the subsequent restructuring that is not less than a market interest rate; and (2) is performing in compliance with its modified terms after the subsequent restructuring.

Purchased loans acquired in a business combination are recorded at estimated fair value on their purchase date with no carryover of the related allowance for loan and lease losses. In determining the estimated fair value of purchased loans, management considers a number of factors including, among others, the remaining life of the acquired loans, estimated prepayments, estimated loss ratios, estimated value of the underlying collateral, and net present value of cash flows expected to be received. Purchased loans are accounted for in accordance with guidance for certain loans acquired in a transfer (ASC 310-30), when the loans have evidence of credit deterioration since origination and it is probable at the date of acquisition that the acquirer will not collect all contractually required principal and interest payments. The difference between contractually required payments and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the non-accretable difference. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will generally result in a provision for loan and lease losses. Subsequent increases in expected cash flows will result in a reversal of the provision for loan losses to the extent of prior charges and then an adjustment to accretable yield, which would have a positive impact on interest income prospectively.

Old National has purchased loans for which there was, at acquisition, evidence of deterioration of credit quality since origination and it was probable, at acquisition, that all contractually required payments would not be collected. For these loans that meet the criteria of ASC 310-30 treatment, the carrying amount was as follows:

The outstanding balance of loans accounted for under ASC 310-30, including contractual principal, interest, fees and penalties, was $236.1 million at September 30, 2018 and $235.9 million at December 31, 2017.

The accretable difference on PCI loans is the difference between the expected cash flows and the net present value of expected cash flows with such difference accreted into earnings using the effective yield method over the term of the loans. Accretion recorded as loan interest income totaled $1.9 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 and $8.9 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, compared to $5.4 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017 and $12.8 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Improvement in cash flow expectations has resulted in a reclassification from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield as shown in the table below.

Accretable yield of PCI loans, or income expected to be collected, is as follows:

Included in Old National’s allowance for loan losses is $0.3 million related to the purchased loans disclosed above at September 30, 2018 and $0.2 million at December 31, 2017.

PCI loans purchased during 2017 for which it was probable at acquisition that all contractually required payments would not be collected were as follows:

Income would not be recognized on certain purchased loans if Old National could not reasonably estimate cash flows to be collected. Old National had no purchased loans for which it could not reasonably estimate cash flows to be collected.