Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2017

Aaron’s, Inc. (the "Company") is a leading omnichannel provider of lease-purchase solutions to individual consumers. As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s operating segments are Progressive Leasing, Aaron’s Business and DAMI.

Progressive Leasing is a virtual lease-to-own company that provides lease-purchase solutions in 46 states and the District of Columbia. It does so by purchasing merchandise from third-party retailers desired by those retailers’ customers and, in turn, leasing that merchandise to the customers on a lease-to-own basis. Progressive Leasing consequently has no stores of its own, but rather offers lease-purchase solutions to the customers of traditional retailers.

The Aaron’s Business segment offers furniture, consumer electronics, home appliances and accessories to consumers primarily on a month-to-month, lease-to-own basis with no credit needed through the Company’s Aaron’s-branded stores in the United States and Canada. This operating segment also supports franchisees of its Aaron’s-branded stores. In addition, the Aaron’s Business segment includes the operations of Woodhaven Furniture Industries, which manufactures and supplies the majority of the upholstered furniture and bedding leased and sold in Company-operated and franchised stores.

DAMI, which was acquired by Progressive Leasing on October 15, 2015, partners with merchants to provide a variety of revolving credit products originated through two third-party federally insured banks to customers that may not qualify for traditional prime lending (called "second-look" financing programs).

Basis of Presentation

The preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("U.S. GAAP") requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in these consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Generally, actual experience has been consistent with management’s prior estimates and assumptions. Management does not believe these estimates or assumptions will change significantly in the future absent unidentified and unforeseen events.

Principles of Consolidation and Variable Interest Entities

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aaron’s, Inc. and its subsidiaries, each of which is wholly owned. Intercompany balances and transactions between consolidated entities have been eliminated.

Revenue Recognition

Lease Revenues and Fees

The Company provides merchandise, consisting primarily of furniture, consumer electronics, home appliances and accessories, to its customers for lease under certain terms agreed to by the customer. The Company’s Aaron's-branded stores offer leases with month-to-month terms that can be renewed up to 12, 18 or 24 months. The Company’s Progressive Leasing segment offers virtual lease-purchase solutions, typically over 12 months, to the customers of traditional retailers. The Company does not require deposits upon inception of customer agreements. The customer has the right to acquire ownership either through a purchase option or through payment of all required lease payments.

Aaron's Business lease revenues are recognized as revenue net of related sales taxes in the month they are due. Lease payments received prior to the month due are recorded as deferred lease revenue, and this amount is included in customer deposits and advance payments in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Progressive Leasing lease revenues are earned prior to the lease payment due date and are recorded net of related sales taxes as earned. Revenue recorded prior to the payment due date results in unbilled accounts receivable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

All of the Company’s customer agreements are considered operating leases. The Company maintains ownership of the lease merchandise until all payment obligations are satisfied under sales and lease ownership agreements. Initial direct costs related to Progressive Leasing's lease purchase agreements are capitalized as incurred and amortized over the estimated lease term. The capitalized costs have been classified within prepaid expenses and other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Initial direct costs related to Aaron's Business customer agreements are expensed as incurred and have been classified as operating expenses in the Company’s consolidated statements of earnings. The statement of earnings effects of expensing the initial direct costs of the Aaron's Business as incurred are not materially different from amortizing initial direct costs over the lease term.

Retail and Non-Retail Sales

Revenues from the sale of merchandise to franchisees are recognized when title and risk of ownership transfer to the franchisee upon its receipt of the merchandise. Revenues from the sale of merchandise to other customers are recognized at the time of shipment, at which time title and risk of ownership are transferred to the customer.

Substantially all of the amounts reported as non-retail sales and non-retail cost of sales in the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings relate to the sale of lease merchandise to franchisees. The Company classifies the sale of merchandise to other customers as retail sales in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Franchise Royalties and Fees

The Company franchises its Aaron’s stores in markets where the Company has no immediate plans to enter. Franchisees pay an ongoing royalty of 6% of the weekly cash revenue collections.

In addition, franchisees typically pay a non-refundable initial franchise fee from $15,000 to $50,000 depending upon market size. Franchise fees and area development fees are generated from the sale of rights to develop, own and operate sales and lease ownership stores. These fees are recognized as franchise fee revenue when substantially all of the Company’s obligations per location are satisfied, generally at the date of the store opening. The Company guarantees certain debt obligations of some of the franchisees and receives guarantee fees based on the outstanding debt obligations of such franchisees. The Company recognizes finance fee revenue as the guarantee obligation is satisfied. Refer to Note 9 to these consolidated financial statements for additional discussion of the Company’s franchise-related guarantee obligation.

Interest and Fees on Loans Receivable

DAMI extends or declines credit to an applicant through its bank partners based upon the applicant’s credit rating and other factors. Qualifying applicants receive a credit card to finance their initial purchase and to use in subsequent purchases at the merchant or other participating merchants for an initial 24-month period, which DAMI may renew if the cardholder remains in good standing.

DAMI acquires the loan receivable from merchants through its third-party bank partners at a discount from the face value of the loan. The discount is comprised of a merchant fee discount and a promotional fee discount.

The merchant fee discount represents a pre-negotiated, nonrefundable discount that generally ranges from 3% to 25% of the loan face value. The discount is designed to cover the risk of loss related to the portfolio of cardholder charges and DAMI’s direct origination costs. The merchant fee discount and origination costs are netted on the consolidated balance sheet in loans receivable. Cardholders generally have an initial 24-month period that the card is active. The merchant fee discount, net of the origination costs, is amortized on a net basis and is recorded as interest and fee revenue on loans receivable in the consolidated statements of earnings on a straight-line basis over the initial 24-month period.

The discount from the face value of the loan on the acquisition of the loan receivable from the merchant through the third-party bank partners also includes a promotional fee discount, which generally ranges from 1% to 8%. The promotional fee discount is intended to compensate the holder of the loan receivable (e.g. DAMI) for deferred or reduced interest rates that are offered to the cardholder for a specified period on the outstanding loan balance (generally for six, 12 or 18 months). The promotional fee discount is amortized as interest and fee revenue on loans receivable in the consolidated statements of earnings on a straight-line basis over the promotional interest period (i.e., over six, 12 or 18 months, depending on the promotion).

The customer is required to make periodic minimum payments that are generally 3.5% of the outstanding loan balance, which includes outstanding interest. Fixed and variable interest rates, typically 17.90% to 29.99%, are compounded daily for cards that do not qualify for deferred or reduced interest promotional periods. Interest income, which is recognized based upon the amount of the loans outstanding, is recognized as interest and fees on loans receivable in the billing period in which they are assessed if collectability is reasonably assured. For credit cards that provide for deferred or reduced interest, if the balance is not paid off during the promotional period, interest is billed to the customers at standard rates and the cumulative amount owed is charged to the cardholder account in the month that the promotional period expires or defaults. The Company recognizes interest revenue during the promotional period based on its historical experience related to cardholders that fail to pay off balances during the promotional period.

Annual fees are charged to cardholders at the commencement of the loan and on each subsequent anniversary date. Annual fees are deferred and recognized into revenue on a straight-line basis over a one year period. Under the provisions of the credit card agreements, the Company also may assess fees for service calls or for missed or late payments, which are recognized as revenue in the billing period in which they are assessed if collectability is reasonably assured.

Lease Merchandise

The Company’s lease merchandise consists primarily of furniture, consumer electronics, home appliances and accessories and is recorded at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The cost of merchandise manufactured by our Woodhaven Furniture Industries operations is recorded at cost and includes overhead from production facilities, shipping costs and warehousing costs. The Company-operated stores begin depreciating merchandise at the earlier of twelve months and one day or when the item is leased and depreciate merchandise to a 0% salvage value over the lease agreement period when on lease, generally 12 to 24 months, and generally 36 months when not on lease. The Company’s Progressive Leasing segment, at which substantially all merchandise is on lease, depreciates merchandise generally over 12 months. Depreciation is accelerated upon early payout.

The following is a summary of lease merchandise, net of accumulated depreciation and allowances:



	December 31,
(In Thousands)	2017		2016
Merchandise on Lease	$	908,268	$	786,936
Merchandise Not on Lease	243,867		212,445
Lease Merchandise, net of Accumulated Depreciation and Allowances	$	1,152,135	$	999,381

The Company’s policies require weekly lease merchandise counts at its store-based operations, which include write-offs for unsalable, damaged, or missing merchandise inventories. In addition to monthly cycle counting, full physical inventories are generally taken at the fulfillment and manufacturing facilities annually and appropriate provisions are made for missing, damaged and unsalable merchandise. In addition, the Company monitors lease merchandise levels and mix by division, store, and fulfillment center, as well as the average age of merchandise on hand. If obsolete lease merchandise cannot be returned to vendors, its carrying amount is adjusted to its net realizable value or written off.

All lease merchandise is available for lease or sale. On a monthly basis, all damaged, lost or unsalable merchandise identified is written off. The Company records a provision for write-offs on the allowance method, which estimates the merchandise losses incurred but not yet identified by management as of the end of the accounting period based on historical write-off experience. The provision for write-offs is included in operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings.

Retail and Non-Retail Cost of Sales

Included in cost of sales is the net book value of merchandise sold, primarily using specific identification. It is not practicable to allocate operating expenses between selling and lease operations.

Shipping and Handling Costs

The Company classifies shipping and handling costs as operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings

Advertising

The Company expenses advertising costs as incurred. Advertising production costs are initially recognized as a prepaid advertising asset and are expensed when an advertisement appears for the first time. Total advertising costs amounted to $34.0 million, $40.8 million and $39.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and are classified within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. These advertising costs are shown net of cooperative advertising considerations received from vendors, which represents reimbursement of specific, identifiable and incremental costs incurred in selling those vendors’ products. The amount of cooperative advertising consideration recorded as a reimbursement of such advertising expense was $22.5 million, $22.2 million and $36.3 million in 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The prepaid advertising asset was $1.4 million and $1.2 million at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, and is reported within prepaid expenses and other assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has stock-based employee compensation plans, which are more fully described in Note 12 to these consolidated financial statements. The Company estimates the fair value for the options granted on the grant date using a Black-Scholes-Merton option-pricing model. The fair value of each share of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), restricted stock awards ("RSAs") and performance share units ("PSUs") awarded is equal to the market value of a share of the Company’s common stock on the grant date.

Deferred Income Taxes

Deferred income taxes represent primarily temporary differences between the amounts of assets and liabilities for financial and tax reporting purposes. The Company’s largest temporary differences arise principally from the use of accelerated depreciation methods on lease merchandise for tax purposes.

Earnings Per Share

Earnings per share is computed by dividing net earnings by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. The computation of earnings per share assuming dilution includes the dilutive effect of stock options, RSUs, RSAs and PSUs (collectively, "share-based awards") as determined under the treasury stock method. The following table shows the calculation of dilutive share-based awards:



	Year Ended December 31,
(Shares In Thousands)	2017	2016	2015
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding	70,837	72,354	72,568
Dilutive Effect of Share-Based Awards	1,284	659	475
Weighted Average Shares Outstanding Assuming Dilution	72,121	73,013	73,043

Approximately 140,000, 939,000 and 460,000 weighted-average share-based awards were excluded from the computations of earnings per share assuming dilution during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, as the awards would have been anti-dilutive for the periods presented.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies highly liquid investments with maturity dates of three months or less when purchased as cash equivalents. The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in a limited number of banks. Bank balances typically exceed coverage provided by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. However, due to the size and strength of the banks in which the balances are held, any exposure to loss is believed to be minimal.

Investments

At December 31, 2017 and 2016, investments classified as held-to-maturity securities consisted of British pound-denominated notes issued by Perfect Home. The Perfect Home Notes ("Notes") consisted of outstanding principal and accrued interest of £15.1 million ($20.4 million) and £16.6 million ($20.5 million) at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The Notes are classified as held-to-maturity securities because the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the investments to maturity. The Perfect Home notes are carried at amortized cost in investments in the consolidated balance sheets. The British pound-denominated notes are remeasured into U.S. dollars at each period end with remeasurement gains and losses recorded as a component of other non-operating income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Notes matured on June 30, 2017. As a result of Perfect Home’s constrained liquidity, the Company ceased accruing additional interest income of the annualized 12% stated interest rate on the Notes effective April 1, 2017.

On December 5, 2017, Perfect Home entered into an agreement with a third party to obtain alternative sources of senior debt financing. In connection with that transaction, the Company also entered into agreements with Perfect Home to extend and refinance its debt investment in Perfect Home with the following terms: (i) payment of £2.0 million of the outstanding Note balance due to the Company upon closing of the refinanced agreement, which was paid in December 2017 and reduced the outstanding investment balance recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets; (ii) extension of the maturity date to the earlier of December 31, 2019 or the occurrence of certain events such as a sale of Perfect Home or initial public offering; and (iii) issuance of warrants to buy non-voting shares of Perfect Home stock with a purchase price of £0.00001 per share. The interest rate remains 12% under the refinanced agreement, which we believe approximates market rates for investments of similar credit quality. In accordance with the terms of the refinanced agreement, Perfect Home began making monthly interest payments on the Notes in January 2018.

In light of the additional financing obtained by Perfect Home, which may lead to improvement in Perfect Home's future operating results and the Company's security interest, the Company believes no impairment has occurred as of December 31, 2017. The Company continues to retain a subordinated security interest in the assets of Perfect Home, which consists primarily of outstanding loans receivable, merchandise inventory and cash. The Notes will remain on nonaccrual status until Perfect Home demonstrates it has the ability to make consistent payments on the remaining Note balance. If Perfect Home fails to execute on its business strategy to improve operating results, there could be a change in the valuation of the Notes that may result in an impairment loss in future periods.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable consist primarily of receivables due from customers of Progressive Leasing and Company-operated stores, corporate receivables incurred during the normal course of business (primarily for in-transit credit card transactions, real estate leasing activities and vendor consideration) and franchisee obligations.

Accounts receivable, net of allowances, consist of the following:



	December 31,
(In Thousands)	2017		2016
Customers	$	48,661	$	36,227
Corporate	23,431		26,375
Franchisee	27,795		33,175
	$	99,887	$	95,777

The Company maintains an accounts receivable allowance, which primarily relates to its Progressive Leasing operations and its store-based operations. The Company’s policy for its Progressive Leasing segment is to accrue for uncollected amounts due based on historical collection experience. The provision is recognized as bad debt expense, which is classified in operating expenses within the consolidated statements of earnings. The Progressive Leasing segment writes-off lease receivables that are 120 days or more contractually past due.

For the Company’s store-based operations, contractually required lease payments are accrued when due; however, they are not always collected and customers can terminate the lease agreements at any time. For customers that do not pay timely, the Company’s store-based operations generally focus on obtaining a return of the lease merchandise. Therefore the Company’s policy for its store-based operations is to accrue a provision for returns and uncollectible contractually due renewal payments based on historical collection experience, which is recognized as a reduction of lease revenues and fees. Store-based operations write-off lease receivables that are 60 days or more past due on pre-determined dates occurring twice monthly.

Loans Receivable

Gross loans receivable represents the principal balances of credit card charges at DAMI’s participating merchants that remain outstanding to cardholders, plus unpaid interest and fees due from cardholders. The allowances and unamortized fees represents an allowance for uncollectible amounts; merchant fee discounts, net of capitalized origination costs; promotional fee discounts; and deferred annual card fees.

Loans acquired in the October 15, 2015 DAMI acquisition (the "Acquired Loans") were recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date. The projected net cash flows from expected payments of principal, interest, fees and servicing costs and anticipated charge-offs were included in the determination of fair value; therefore, an allowance for loan losses and an amount for unamortized fees were not recognized for the Acquired Loans. The difference, or discount, between the expected cash flows to be received and the fair value of the Acquired Loans is accreted to interest and fees on loans receivable based on the effective interest method. At each period end, the Company evaluates the appropriateness of the accretable discount on the Acquired Loans based on actual and revised projected future cash receipts.

Losses on loans receivable are recognized when they are incurred, which requires the Company to make its best estimate of probable losses inherent in the portfolio. The Company evaluates loans receivable collectively for impairment. The method for calculating the best estimate of probable losses takes into account the Company’s historical experience, adjusted for current conditions and the Company’s judgment concerning the probable effects of relevant observable data, trends and market factors. Economic conditions and loan performance trends are closely monitored to manage and evaluate exposure to credit risk. Trends in delinquency ratios are an indicator of credit risk within the loans receivable portfolio, including the migration of loans between delinquency categories over time (roll rates). Charge-off rates represent another indicator of the potential for future credit losses. The risk in the loans receivable portfolio is correlated with broad economic trends, such as unemployment rates, gross domestic product growth and gas prices, which can have a material effect on credit performance. To the extent that actual results differ from estimates of uncollectible loans receivable, the Company’s results of operations and liquidity could be materially affected.

The Company calculates the allowance for loan losses based on actual delinquency balances and historical average loss experience on loans receivable by aging category for the prior eight quarters. The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to cover probable losses of principal, interest and fees on active loans in the loans receivable portfolio. The adequacy of the allowance is evaluated at each period end.

Delinquent loans receivable are those that are 30 days or more past due based on their contractual billing dates. The Company places loans receivable on nonaccrual status when they are greater than 90 days past due or upon notification of cardholder bankruptcy, death or fraud. The Company discontinues accruing interest and fees and amortizing merchant fee discounts and promotional fee discounts for loans receivable in nonaccrual status. Loans receivable are removed from nonaccrual status when cardholder payments resume, the loan becomes 90 days or less past due and collection of the remaining amounts outstanding is deemed probable. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are allocated according to the same payment hierarchy methodology applied to loans that are accruing interest. Loans receivable are charged off at the end of the month following the billing cycle in which the loans receivable become 120 days past due.

DAMI extends or declines credit to an applicant through its bank partners based upon the applicant’s credit rating.

Property, Plant and Equipment

The Company records property, plant and equipment at cost. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from five to 40 years for buildings and improvements and from one to 15 years for other depreciable property and equipment.

Costs incurred to develop software for internal use are capitalized and amortized over the estimated useful life of the software, which ranges from five to 10 years. The Company primarily develops software for use in its Progressive Leasing and store-based operations. The Company uses an agile development methodology in which feature-by-feature updates are made to its software. Costs are capitalized when management, with the relevant authority, authorizes and commits to funding a feature update and it is probable that the project will be completed and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Capitalization of costs ceases when the feature update is substantially complete and ready for its intended use. Generally, the life cycle for each feature update implementation is one month.

Gains and losses related to dispositions and retirements are recognized as incurred. Maintenance and repairs are also expensed as incurred, and leasehold improvements are capitalized. Depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment is included in operating expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of earnings and was $54.8 million, $53.6 million and $52.0 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Amortization of previously capitalized internal use software development costs, which is a component of depreciation expense for property, plant and equipment, was $11.5 million, $9.2 million and $7.4 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The Company assesses its long-lived assets other than goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be fully recoverable. If it is determined that the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable, the Company compares the carrying amount of the asset to its fair value as estimated using discounted expected future cash flows, market values or replacement values for similar assets. The amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value of the asset, if any, is recognized as an impairment loss.

Assets Held for Sale

Certain properties, consisting of parcels of land and commercial buildings, met the held for sale classification criteria as of December 31, 2017 and 2016. Assets held for sale are recorded at the lower of their carrying value or fair value less estimated cost to sell and are classified within prepaid expenses and other assets in the consolidated balance sheets. Depreciation is suspended on assets upon classification to held for sale.

The carrying amount of the properties held for sale as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $10.1 million and $8.9 million, respectively. The Company estimated the fair values of real estate properties using the market values for similar properties. These properties are considered Level 2 assets as defined below.

The Company recorded impairment charges on assets held for sale of $0.7 million, $5.8 million and $0.5 million during the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively, in other operating (income) expense, net within the consolidated statements of earnings. These impairment charges related to the impairment of various parcels of land and buildings that the Company decided not to utilize for future expansion as well as the sale of the net assets of the HomeSmart disposal group in May 2016 as described below. Additionally, the Company recorded impairment charges on assets held for sale of $0.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2017 in restructuring expenses within the consolidated statements of earnings related to the impairment of land and buildings that the Company closed under the 2016 restructuring plan described in Note 10 to these consolidated financial statements.

On May 13, 2016, the Company sold its 82 remaining Company-operated HomeSmart stores for $35.0 million and ceased operations of that segment. The sale did not represent a strategic shift that would have a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results and therefore the HomeSmart segment was not classified as discontinued operations. The cash proceeds were recorded in proceeds from dispositions of businesses and contracts, net in the consolidated statements of cash flows. During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $4.3 million on the disposition and recorded additional charges of $1.1 million related to exiting the HomeSmart business, primarily consisting of impairment charges on certain assets related to the division that were not included in the May 2016 disposition. The impairment loss and additional charges were recorded in other operating (income) expense, net in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Gains and losses on the disposal of assets held for sale were not significant in 2017 and 2015. The disposal of assets held for sale resulted in the recognition of net gains of $11.4 million in 2016 due mainly to the sale of the Company's former corporate headquarters building in January 2016 for cash of $13.6 million, resulting in a gain of $11.1 million. The cash proceeds were recorded in proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment in the consolidated statements of cash flows and the gain was recorded in other operating (income) expense, net in the consolidated statements of earnings.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the identifiable net tangible and intangible assets acquired in connection with business acquisitions. Impairment occurs when the carrying amount of goodwill is not recoverable from future cash flows. The Company’s goodwill is not amortized but is subject to an impairment test at the reporting unit level annually as of October 1 and more frequently if events or circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. Factors which could necessitate an interim impairment assessment include a sustained decline in the Company’s stock price, prolonged negative industry or economic trends and significant underperformance relative to historical or projected future operating results. The Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 1, 2017 and determined that no impairment had occurred. The Company determined that there were no events that occurred or circumstances that changed in the fourth quarter of 2017 that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Other Intangibles

Other intangibles include favorable operating leases, customer relationships, customer lease contracts, non-compete agreements and reacquired franchise rights acquired in connection with store-based business acquisitions, including the acquisition of SEI. The favorable operating lease intangible asset is amortized to rent expense, which is recorded within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings, on a straight-line basis over the remaining lease terms. The customer relationship intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over a two-year estimated useful life. The customer lease contract intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over a one-year estimated useful life. The non-compete intangible asset is amortized on a straight-line basis over the life of the agreement (generally one to five years). Acquired franchise rights are amortized on a straight-line basis over the unexpired life of the franchisee’s ten year license term.

Other intangibles also include the identifiable intangible assets acquired as a result of the DAMI and Progressive Leasing acquisitions, which the Company recorded at the estimated fair value as of the respective acquisition dates. As more fully described in Note 2 to these consolidated financial statements, the Company amortizes the definite-lived intangible assets acquired as a result of the DAMI acquisition on a straight-line basis over five years. The Company amortizes the definite-lived intangible assets acquired as a result of the Progressive Leasing acquisition on a straight-line basis over periods ranging from one to three years for customer lease contracts and internal use software and ten to 12 years for technology and merchant relationships.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets represent the value of trade names acquired as part of the Progressive Leasing acquisition. At the date of acquisition, the Company determined that no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or other factors limit the useful life of the trade name intangible asset and, therefore, the useful life is considered indefinite. The Company reassesses this conclusion quarterly and continues to believe the useful life of this asset is indefinite.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized but are subject to an impairment test annually and when events or circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. The Company performs the impairment test for its indefinite-lived intangible assets on October 1 by comparing the asset’s fair value to its carrying amount. The Company estimates the fair value based on projected discounted future cash flows under a relief from royalty method. An impairment charge is recognized if the asset’s estimated fair value is less than its carrying amount.

The Company completed its indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment test as of October 1, 2017 and determined that no impairment had occurred.

Insurance Reserves

Estimated insurance reserves are accrued primarily for workers compensation, vehicle liability, general liability and group health insurance benefits provided to the Company’s employees. Insurance reserves are recorded within accrued insurance costs in accounts payable and accrued expense in the consolidated balance sheets. Estimates for these insurance reserves are made based on actual reported but unpaid claims and actuarial analysis of the projected claims run off for both reported and incurred but not reported claims. This analysis is based upon an assessment of the likely outcome or historical experience. The Company makes periodic prepayments to its insurance carrier to cover the projected claims run off for both reported and incurred but not reported claims, considering its retention or stop loss limits.

Asset Retirement Obligations

The Company accrues for asset retirement obligations, which relate to expected costs to remove exterior signage, in the period in which the obligations are incurred. These costs are accrued at fair value. When the related liability is initially recorded, the Company capitalizes the cost by increasing the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset. Over time, the liability is accreted to its settlement value and updated for changes in estimates. Upon settlement of the liability, the Company recognizes a gain or loss for any differences between the settlement amount and the liability recorded. Asset retirement obligations, which are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the consolidated balance sheets, amounted to approximately $2.5 million as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset.

Fair Value Measurement

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. To increase the comparability of fair value measures, the following hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation methodologies used to measure fair value:

Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 2—Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3—Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.

The Company measures assets held for sale at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and records impairment charges when they are deemed to be impaired. The Company maintains certain financial assets and liabilities, including investments and fixed-rate long term debt, that are not measured at fair value but for which fair value is disclosed.

The fair values of the Company’s other current financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable, approximate their carrying values due to their short-term nature. The fair value for the loans receivable, net of allowances, and any revolving credit borrowings also approximate their carrying amounts.

Foreign Currency

The financial statements of the Company’s Canadian subsidiary are translated from the Canadian dollar to U.S. dollars using month-end rates of exchange for assets and liabilities, and average rates of exchange for revenues, costs and expenses. Translation gains and losses of the subsidiary are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income as a component of shareholders’ equity.

Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses are recorded as a component of other non-operating income (expense), net in the consolidated statements of earnings and were gains of approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 and losses of $3.7 million and $2.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Adopted

Share-Based Payments. In March 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-09, Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The objective of the update is to simplify the accounting for employee share-based awards, including the income tax effects of awards and the classification on the statement of cash flows. The Company adopted this ASU in the first quarter of 2017.

The ASU requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies that result from the difference between what is deductible for tax purposes and the compensation cost recognized for financial reporting purposes to be recognized prospectively as income tax benefit or expense in the statement of earnings in the reporting period in which they occur. Previously, the excess tax benefits and deficiencies were recognized in additional paid-in capital. During the year ended December 31, 2017, the recognition of tax benefits on exercised options and vested restricted stock increased the Company's income tax benefit by $1.1 million.

The ASU also requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies to be classified as an operating activity on the statement of cash flows. Prior to the update, excess tax benefits and deficiencies were classified as a financing activity. This amendment has been adopted by the Company on a retrospective basis and as a result we have reclassified $0.7 million and $0.3 million of excess tax deficiencies and benefits, respectively, previously disclosed as a financing activity in the statement of cash flows to operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.

The ASU requires cash paid by the Company when directly withholding shares for tax-withholding purposes to be classified retrospectively as a financing activity on the statement of cash flows. As a result, cash outflows of $2.5 million and $0.4 million representing cash payments to tax authorities for shares withheld during the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, were reclassified from operating activities to financing activities.

The Company elected to continue to estimate forfeitures in determining the amount of stock compensation expense.

Pending Adoption

Revenue Recognition. In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 replaces substantially all existing revenue recognition guidance with a single, comprehensive revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods and services to customers at the amount to which it expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring those goods or services. Companies may use either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU 2014-09, and, as a result of a subsequent update, it will be effective in annual reporting periods, and interim periods within that period, beginning after December 15, 2017. While the majority of the Company’s revenues are related to leasing activities and not within the scope of ASU 2014-09, certain of the Company’s revenue streams related to its franchise business will result in changes to the timing of revenue recognition as well as the presentation of certain revenues.

The standard will change the timing of recognition of pre-opening revenue from franchisees. The Company’s current accounting policy is to recognize initial franchise pre-opening revenue when earned, which is generally when a new store opens. Under the new standard, the initial franchise pre-opening services are not distinct from the continuing franchise services as they would not transfer a benefit to the franchisee directly without use of the franchise license and should be bundled with the franchise license as a single performance obligation. As a result, the pre-opening revenues will be recognized from the store opening date over the remaining life of the franchise license term.

The standard will change the presentation of advertisement fees charged to franchisees. Advertising fees charged to franchisees are currently recorded as a reduction to advertising expense, which is classified within operating expenses in the consolidated statements of earnings. The new standard will result in the presentation of advertisement fees charged to franchisees to be reported on a gross basis within franchise royalties and fee revenue in the consolidated statements of earnings. The Company does not currently believe these matters will result in a material impact to the consolidated statements of earnings. The changes associated with the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will not require significant changes to controls and procedures around the revenue recognition process. The Company adopted the standard on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective approach and recorded an adjustment to opening retained earnings and deferred revenue of $2.4 million on January 1, 2018.

Business Combinations. In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The objective of the update is to add guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The definition of a business affects many areas of accounting including acquisitions, disposals, goodwill, and consolidation. Companies must use a prospective approach to adopt ASU 2017-01, which is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted.

The Company believes the new standard will result in certain store acquisitions (disposals) which do not transfer a substantive process to be accounted for as asset acquisitions (disposals). The Company has identified a separate "expanded customer base" intangible asset, which will be separately valued and recorded in asset acquisitions as a result of the new definition of a business standard. The "expanded customer base" represents the estimated fair value of the acquisition purchase price paid by the Company for the ability to advertise and execute lease agreements with a larger pool of customers in the respective markets. This intangible asset is currently subsumed in goodwill in a business combination. In situations in which the purchase price exceeds the fair value of the assets acquired, any remaining economic goodwill will be allocated on a relative fair value basis to all acquired assets, including merchandise inventory. In situations in which the fair value of the assets acquired exceeds the purchase price, the acquisition will be treated as a bargain purchase with the excess allocated on a relative fair value basis to all assets. This will result in the recognition of the initial asset bases at less than fair value, including merchandise inventory.

The Company routinely enters into arrangements to acquire lease merchandise inventory and the related customer lease agreements of a store; however, the arrangement does not transfer a substantive process. These acquisitions will result in all of the purchase price getting assigned to definite lived assets, instead of a portion going to goodwill, which will result in higher depreciation and amortization expense under the new standard. Transactions that will now be accounted for as asset disposals, instead of business disposals, will not result in the write-off of goodwill as part of the disposal.

The Company will adopt the new standard in the first quarter of 2018. The impact of this new standard on the Company's consolidated statements of earnings will depend on the quantity and magnitude of future acquisitions (disposals) that will be treated as an asset acquisition (or disposal) in accordance with ASU 2017-01.

Leases. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases, which would require lessees to recognize assets and liabilities for most leases and would change certain aspects of today’s lessor accounting, among other things. ASU 2016-02 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted. Companies must use a modified retrospective approach to adopt ASU 2016-02. A majority of the Company’s revenue generating activities will be within the scope of ASU 2016-02. The Company has preliminarily determined that the new standard will not materially impact the timing of revenue recognition. The new standard will likely result in the Company classifying bad debt expense incurred within its Progressive Leasing segment as a reduction of lease revenue and fees within the consolidated statements of earnings. The new standard will impact the Company as a lessee by requiring substantially all of its operating leases to be recognized on the balance sheet as a right-to-use asset and lease liability. The Company is currently quantifying the impacts of its operating leases to the consolidated financial statements, as well as evaluating the other impacts of adopting ASU 2016-02. The Company intends to adopt the new standard in the first quarter of 2019.

Financial Instruments - Credit Losses. In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The main objective of the update is to provide financial statement users with more decision-useful information about the expected credit losses on financial instruments and other commitments to extend credit held by companies at each reporting date. For trade and other receivables, held to maturity debt securities and other instruments, companies will be required to use a new forward-looking "expected losses" model that generally will result in the recognition of allowances for losses earlier than under current accounting guidance. The standard will be adopted on a prospective basis with a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective. ASU 2016-13 is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. The Company has not yet determined the potential effects of adopting ASU 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements.