National Research Corporation (“NRC” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of analytics and insights that facilitate revenue growth, patient, employee and customer retention and patient engagement for healthcare providers, payers and other healthcare organizations. The Company’s ten largest clients accounted for 22%, 20%, and 19% of the Company’s total revenue in 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company’s Canadian subsidiary uses as its functional currency the local currency of the country in which it operates. It translates its assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. It translates its revenue and expenses at the average exchange rate during the period. The Company includes translation gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of shareholders’ equity. Gains and losses related to transactions denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of the countries in which the Company operates and short-term intercompany accounts are included in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of income. Since the undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are considered to be indefinitely reinvested, the components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) have not been tax effected.

The Company derives a majority of its operating revenue from its annually renewable services, which include performance measurement and improvement services, healthcare analytics and governance education services. The Company provides these services to its clients under annual client service contracts, although such contracts are generally cancelable on short or no notice without penalty. The Company also derives some revenue from its custom and other research projects.

Certain contracts are fixed-fee arrangements with a portion of the project fee billed in advance and the remainder billed periodically over the duration of the project. Revenue and direct expenses for services provided under these contracts are recognized under the proportional performance method. Under the proportional performance method, the Company recognizes revenue based on output measures or key milestones such as survey set-up, survey mailings, survey returns and reporting. The Company measures its progress based on the level of completion of these output measures and recognizes revenue accordingly. Management judgments and estimates must be made and used in connection with revenue recognized using the proportional performance method. If management made different judgments and estimates, then the amount and timing of revenue for any period could differ materially from the reported revenue.

The Company also derives revenue from hosting arrangements where our propriety software is offered as a service to our customers through our data processing facilities. The Company’s revenue also includes software-related revenue for software license revenue, installation services, post-contract support (maintenance) and training. Software-related revenue is recognized in accordance with the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 985-605, Software-Revenue Recognition.

Hosting arrangements to provide customers with access to the Company’s propriety software are marketed under long-term arrangements generally over periods of one to three years. Under these arrangements, the customer is not provided the contractual right to take possession of the licensed software at any time during the hosting period without significant penalty, and the customer is not provided the right to run the software on their own hardware or contract with another party unrelated to us to host the software. Upfront fees for setup services are typically billed for our hosting arrangements, however, these arrangements do not qualify for separation from the ongoing hosting services due to the absence of standalone value for the set-up services. Therefore, we account for these arrangements as service contracts and recognize revenue ratably over the hosting service period when all other conditions to revenue are met. Other conditions that must be met before the commencement of revenue recognition include achieving evidence of an arrangement, determining that the collection of the revenue is probable, and determining that fees are fixed and determinable.

The Company’s software arrangements typically involve the sale of a time-based license bundled with installation services, post-contract support (“PCS”) and training. License terms range from one year to three years, and require an annual fee for bundled elements of the arrangement. PCS is also contractually provided for a period that is co-terminus with the term of the time-based license. The Company’s installation services are not considered to be essential to the functionality of the software license. The Company does not achieve vendor-specific objective evidence (“VSOE”) of the fair value of the undelivered elements of its software arrangements (primarily PCS) and, therefore, these arrangements are accounted for as a single unit of accounting with revenue recognized ratably over the minimum bundled PCS period.

The Company’s revenue arrangements (not involving software elements) may include multiple elements. In assessing the separation of revenue for elements of such arrangements, we first determine whether each delivered element has standalone value based on whether we, or other vendors, sell the services separately. We also consider whether there is sufficient evidence of the fair value of the elements in allocating the fees in the arrangement to each element. Revenue allocated to an element is limited to revenue that is not subject to refund or otherwise represent contingent revenue.

On January 1, 2011, the Company prospectively adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2009-13, Revenue Recognition (Topic 605): Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements (ASU 2009-13). For arrangements entered into or materially modified beginning January 1, 2011, we allocated revenue to arrangements with multiple elements based on relative selling price using a selling price hierarchy. The selling price for a deliverable is based on its VSOE if it exists, otherwise third-party evidence of selling price. If neither exists for a deliverable, the best estimate of the selling price is used for that deliverable based on list price, representing a component of management’s market strategy, and an analysis of historical prices for bundled and standalone arrangements.

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount. The allowance for doubtful accounts is the Company’s best estimate of the amount of probable credit losses in the Company’s existing accounts receivable. The Company determines the allowance based on specific account analysis and on the Company’s historical write-off experience. The Company reviews the allowance for doubtful accounts monthly. Past due balances over 90 days and over a specified amount are reviewed individually for collectability and provisions are made for accounts not specifically reviewed. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Property and equipment is stated at cost. Major expenditures to purchase property or to substantially increase useful lives of property are capitalized. Maintenance, repairs and minor renewals are expensed as incurred. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, their costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and resulting gains or losses are included in income.

For costs of software developed for internal use, the Company expenses computer software costs as incurred in the preliminary project stage, which involves the conceptual formulation, evaluation and selection of technology alternatives. Costs incurred related to the design, coding, installation and testing of software during the application project stage are capitalized. Costs for training and application maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company has capitalized approximately $636,000, $840,000 and $900,000, of internal and external costs incurred for the development of internal-use software for the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, respectively, with such costs classified as property and equipment.

The Company provides for depreciation and amortization of property and equipment using annual rates which are sufficient to amortize the cost of depreciable assets over their estimated useful lives. The Company uses the straight-line method of depreciation and amortization over estimated useful lives of three to ten years for furniture and equipment, three to five years for computer equipment, three to five years for capitalized software, and seven to forty years for the Company’s office building and related improvements.

Leases are categorized as operating or capital at the inception of the lease. Assets under capital lease obligations are reported at the lower of fair value or the present value of the aggregate future minimum lease payments at the beginning of the lease term. The Company depreciates capital lease assets without transfer-of-ownership or bargain-purchase-options using the straight-line method over the lease terms, excluding any lease renewals, unless the lease renewals are reasonably assured. Capital lease assets with transfer-of-ownership or bargain-purchase-options are depreciated using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives.

Long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and purchased intangible assets subject to amortization, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third-party independent appraisals, as considered necessary. No impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011, or 2010.

Intangible assets include customer relationships, trade names, non-compete agreements and goodwill. Intangible assets with estimable useful lives are amortized over their respective estimated useful lives to their estimated residual values and reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. The Company reviews intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually as of October 1 and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable.

When performing the impairment assessment, the Company will first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is necessary to recalculate the fair value of the intangible assets with indefinite lives. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangibles is less than their carrying amount, the Company calculates the fair value using a market approach. If the carrying value of intangible assets with indefinite lives exceeds their fair value, then the intangible assets are written-down to their fair values. The Company did not recognize any impairments related to long-lived assets during 2012, 2011, or 2010.

Goodwill is an asset representing the future economic benefits arising from other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized. All of the Company’s goodwill is allocated to its reporting units, which are the same as its operating segments. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually, as of October 1, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of goodwill may not be recoverable.

The Company reviews for goodwill impairment by first assessing qualitative factors to determine whether any impairment may exist. If the Company believes, as a result of the qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, a quantitative two-step test is required; otherwise, no further testing is required. Under the first step of the quantitative test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared with its carrying value (including goodwill). If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, step two does not need to be performed. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an indication of goodwill impairment exists for the reporting unit and the entity must perform step two of the impairment test (measurement). Under step two, an impairment loss is recognized for any excess of the carrying amount of the reporting unit’s goodwill over the fair value of that goodwill. The fair value of goodwill is determined by allocating the fair value of the reporting unit in a manner similar to a purchase price allocation and the residual fair value after this allocation is the fair value of the reporting unit goodwill.

In instances when a step two is required, the fair value of the reporting unit is determined using an income approach and comparable market multiples. Under the income approach, there are a number of inputs used to calculate the fair value using a discounted cash flow model, including operating results, business plans, projected cash flows and a discount rate. Discount rates, growth rates and cash flow projections are the most sensitive and susceptible to change as they require significant management judgment. Discount rates are determined by using a weighted average cost of capital, which considers market and industry data. Operational management develops growth rates and cash flow projections for each reporting unit considering industry and Company-specific historical and projected information. Terminal value rate determination follows common methodology of capturing the present value of perpetual cash flow estimates beyond the last projected period assuming a constant weighted average cost of capital and low long-term growth rates. Under the market approach, the Company considers its market capitalization, comparisons to other public companies’ data, and recent transactions of similar businesses within the Company’s industry.

No impairments were recorded during the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 or 2010. The most recent quantitative analysis was performed as of October 1, 2011. That analysis indicated that the fair value of our reporting units, including goodwill, was significantly in excess of their carrying values. The Company performed a qualitative analysis as of October 1, 2012 which did not indicate that it was more likely than not that the carrying values of the reporting units exceeded fair value.

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under that method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis using enacted tax rates. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances, if any, are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. The Company uses the deferral method of accounting for its investment tax credits related to state tax incentives. During the years ended December 31, 2012, 2011 and 2010, the Company recorded income tax benefits relating to these tax credits of $289,000, $229,000, and $251,000, respectively.

The Company had an unrecognized tax benefit at December 31, 2012, and 2011, of $224,000 and $266,000, respectively, excluding interest of $11,000 and $43,000, respectively, and no penalties. Of this amount, $224,000 and $266,000 at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively, represents the net unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably impact the effective income tax rate. The Company accrues interest and penalties related to uncertain tax position in the statements of income as income tax expense. The Company is not subject to tax examinations for years prior to 2009 in the U.S. and 2008 in Canada.

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents were $7.5 million and $7.9 million as of December 31, 2012, and 2011, respectively, consisting primarily of money market accounts and funds invested in commercial paper. At certain times, cash equivalent balances may exceed federally insured limits.

The Company’s valuation techniques are based on maximizing observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect the Company’s market assumptions. The inputs are then classified into the following hierarchy: (1) Level 1 Inputs—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities; (2) Level 2 Inputs—observable market-based inputs other than Level 1 inputs, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for similar or identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; (3) Level 3 Inputs—unobservable inputs.

The Company's long-term debt is recorded at historical cost. The fair value of long-term debt is classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy and was estimated based primarily on estimated current rates available for debt of the same remaining duration and adjusted for nonperformance and credit. The following are the carrying amount and estimated fair values of long-term debt:

The Company believes that the carrying amounts of accounts receivable, accounts payable, and accrued expenses approximate their fair value. All non-financial assets that are not recognized or disclosed at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis, which includes goodwill and non-financial long-lived assets, are measured at fair value in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). As of December 31, 2012 and 2011, there was no impairment related to property and equipment, goodwill and other intangible assets.

From time to time, the Company is involved in certain claims and litigation arising in the normal course of business. Management assesses the probability of loss for such contingencies and recognizes a liability when a loss is probable and estimable. At December 31, 2012, the Company was not engaged in any legal proceedings that are expected, individually or in the aggregate, to have a material effect on the Company.

Net income per share has been calculated and presented for “basic” and “diluted” per share data. Basic net income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. Diluted income per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares adjusted for the dilutive effects of options and restricted stock. At December 31, 2012, 2011, and 2010, the Company had 30,820, 119,569 and 384,652 options, respectively, which have been excluded from the diluted net income per share computation because the exercise price exceeds the fair market value.

The Company has eight operating segments that are aggregated into one reporting segment because they have similar economic characteristics and meet the other aggregation criteria from the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance on segment disclosure. The eight operating segments are as follows: NRC Picker U.S. and NRC Picker Canada, which each offer renewable performance tracking and improvement services, custom research, subscription-based educational services and a renewable syndicated service; Ticker, which offers stand-alone market information as well as a comparative performance database to allow the Company’s clients to assess their performance relative to the industry, to access best practice examples, and to utilize competitive information for marketing purposes; Payer Solutions, which offers functional disease-specific and health status measurement tools; The Governance Institute (“TGI”), which offers subscription-based governance information and educational conferences designed to improve the effectiveness of hospital and healthcare systems by continually strengthening their healthcare boards, medical leadership and management performance in the United States; My InnerView (“MIV”), which provides quality and performance improvement solutions to the senior care industry; Outcome Concept Systems, Inc. (“OCS”), a provider of clinical, financial and operational benchmarks and analytics to home care and hospice providers; and Illuminate, a patient outreach and discharge program designed to facilitate service and clinical recovery within the critical hours after a patient is discharged from a healthcare setting within the acute care, skilled nursing, physician and home health environments.

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income, which amends ASC 220, Comprehensive Income, by requiring all non-owner changes in shareholders’ equity be presented either in a single continuous statement of comprehensive income or in two separate but consecutive statements. The guidance was effective retrospectively for fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2011. In December 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-12, Deferral of the Effective Date for Amendments to the Presentation of Reclassifications of Items Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income in Accounting Standards Update No. 2011-05, which defers certain portions of ASU No. 2011-05 indefinitely and will be further deliberated by the FASB at a future date. The Company adopted the requirements of ASU 2011-05 and ASU 2011-12 by presenting a Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income immediately following the Consolidated Statement of Income. There was no other impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In September 2011, the FASB issued ASU No. 2011-08, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. ASU No. 2011-08 allows entities to first assess qualitatively whether it is necessary to perform the two-step goodwill impairment test. If an entity believes, as a result of its qualitative assessment, that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, the quantitative two-step goodwill impairment test is required. An entity has the unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company adopted the requirements of ASU 2011-08 and performed the qualitative assessment when performing the annual goodwill assessment in the fourth quarter of 2012. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In July 2012, the FASB issued ASU No. 2012-02, Testing Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets for Impairment. Similar to the guidance in ASU 2011-08 for goodwill, ASU No. 2012-02 allows entities to first perform a qualitative assessment of its indefinite-lived intangible assets. The Company is not required to perform further analysis, unless, based on the qualitative assessment, the Company concludes that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived intangible assets are impaired. The Company has the option to bypass the qualitative assessment and perform the quantitative assessment. The Company adopted the requirements of ASU No. 2012-02 and performed the qualitative assessment when performing its annual assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets in the fourth quarter of 2012. The adoption of this standard did not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.